Important Fungal Diseases in Medicinal and Aromatic Plants and Their Control

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 239 - 259, 30.06.2021

Meltem Avan

Abstract

Aromatic plants constitute the main raw materials of the perfumery, food and cosmetics industry and in recent years with the increasing demand for therapeutic herbal medicines, interest in medicinal and aromatic plants has increased. Raw materials from medicinal and aromatic plants have recently begun to be used and spread in the food sector, especially in industrial sectors such as paint and perfumery. For this reason, growing healthy plant material is very important in terms of the protection of these crops. However, fungal diseases such as root rot, wilt, leaf spots, blight and anthracnose, which are problems during the cultivation of both medicinal and aromatic plants, negatively affect both the quantity and quality of these plants. For this reason, an integrated management practices including cultural measures, herbal products, biological control and, if necessary, chemical control methods with especially these fungal diseases are very important. In this review, 27 medicinal and aromatic plants, 37 fungal diseases, their chemical and biological control were included, and 161 references were used.

Keywords

Medicinal and aromatic plants, Fungal diseases, Chemical control, Biological control

References

• Abdullahi AA (2011). Trends and challenges of traditional medicine in Africa. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(5 Suppl): 115-123.
• Afshan NS, Khalid AN and Niazi AR (2012). Three new Caeoma species on Rosa spp. from Pakistan. Mycotaxon, 120: 239-246.
• Ağaner GT and Cer C (2017). Denizli ve Manisa illeri kekik alanlarında kök ve kök boğazı çürüklüğüne neden olan fungal hastalık etmenlerinin saptanması. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 57(3): 337-347.
• Aktaruzzaman M, Kim JY, Afroz T and Kim BS (2015). First report of web blight of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG-1-IB in Korea. Mycobiology, 43(2): 170-173.
• Alam M, Khan AM and Husain A (1983). Leaf blight and leaf spot diseases of Java citronella caused by Curvularia andropogonis. Indian Phytopathology, 36: 480-483.
• Alam M, Sattar A, Chourasia HK and Janardhanan KK (1996). Damping-off, a new disease of opium poppy caused by Pythium dissotocum. Indian Phytopathology, 49: 94-97.
• Amoretti M, Zizzo GV, Pasini C and D'Aquila F (2005). Control of powdery mildew of roses in greenhouse conditions. In IV International Symposium on Rose Research and Cultivation 751 (pp. 247-249).
• Arumugam T, Premalakshmi V and Theradimani M (2010). Effect of biopesticides, organic amendments and chemicals on the incidence of leaf spot (Cercospora rauvolfiae) in sarpagandha. Green Farming, 1: 633-635.
• Avan M. (2021). Türkiye’de ve Dünya’da görülen önemli tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler, özellikleri ve hastalıkları üzerine araştırmalar. Uluslararası Doğu Anadolu Fen Mühendislik ve Tasarım Dergisi, 3(1): 129-156.
• Avan M and Kotan R (2021). Fungusların mikrobiyal gübre veya biyopestisit olarak tarımda kullanılması. Uluslararası Doğu Anadolu Fen Mühendislik ve Tasarım Dergisi, 3(1): 167-191.
• Ayvar-Serna S, Díaz-Nájera JF, Mena-Bahena A, Ortiz-Montes BE, Alvarado-Gómez OG, Lima NB and Tovar-Pedraza JM (2020). First report of leaf anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum tropicale on oregano (Origanum vulgare) in Mexico. Plant Disease, 104(6): 1855-1855.
• Bakkali F, Averbeck S, Averbeck D and Idaomar M (2008). Biological effects of essential oils–a review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2): 446-475.
• Baradaran GR, Aminaee MM and Assari MJ (2012). Identification of fungal diseases of Rosa damascena in Kerman province of Iran. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 45(9): 1087-1095.
• Barguil BM, Viana FMP, Anjos RM and Cardoso JE (2009). First report of dry rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum on rose (Rosa spp.) in Brazil. Plant Disease, 93(7): 766-766.
• Basavand E, Babaeizad V, Mirhosseini HA and Niri MD (2020). Occurrence of leaf spot disease caused by Phoma herbarum on oregano in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology, 102: 575-576.
• Bhagat S, Birah A, Kumar R, Yadav MS and Chattopadhyay C (2014). Plant disease management: prospects of pesticides of plant origin. In: D. Singh (ed.) Advances in Plant Biopesticides. India: Springer, pp. 119-129.
• Bhandari S, Harsh NSK, Sharma AK, Mao LP and Thakur S (2014). A database of diseases of medicinal plants in Uttarakhand. Indian Forester, 140: 518–527.
• Bhat SA, Lone SA and Ahmad SS (2014). Biocontrol of damping off in Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal. International Research Journal of Microbiology, 5 (4): 73-79.
• Boby VU and Bagyaraj DJ (2003). Biological control of root-rot of Coleus forskohlii Briq.using microbial inoculants. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 19: 175-180.
• Bubak E (1906). Neue Oder kritische Pilze [New or critical fungi]. Annales Mycologici, 4: 105-124.
• Burns JR and Benson DM (2000). Biocontrol of damping-off of Catharanthus roseus caused by Pythium ultimum with Trichoderma virens and binucleate Rhizoctonia fungi. Plant Disease, 84: 644-648.
• Carkacı N and Maden S (1998). Investigation of the causes of wilting in some Salvia species and controlling the disease. Ph.D. Thesis, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey.
• Chauhan P and Ravi S (2020). Optimization of media and appraisement of fungicides and bioagents on leaf spot of ashwagandha, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal caused by Alternaria alternata. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(5): 1049-1052.
• Chathuri PM, Jyothi NS, Chikabire UG and Girisha ST (2011). Biocontrol of root rot disease of Coleus forskohlii and Coleus amboinicus by using plant extracts as antifungal agents. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 44(9): 888–893.
• Dadwal VS and Bhartiya S (2012). New report of a leaf spot disease of Chlorophytum borivillianum caused by Macrophomina phaseolina from India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 42: 397–398.
• Demirezer LÖ (2010). Our responsibilities for the use of herbs in medicine. Herbal Therapy Symposium. 5-6 June 2010, Zeytinburnu / Istanbul Proceedings Book, pp: 87- 88.
• DMAPR (2006). Annual report. Directorate of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, India.
• DMAPR (2012). Annual report. Directorate of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, India.
• DMAPR (2014). Annual report. Directorate of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, India.
• Douglas SM (2003). Geranium diseases. The Connecticut Agriculture Experiment Station, New Haven, CT, USA.
• Dung JK, Schroeder BK and Johnson DA (2010). Evaluation of Verticillium wilt resistance in Mentha arvensis and M. longifolia genotypes. Plant Disease, 94: 1255-1260.
• Edney KL (1967). The development of Botrytis cinerea on cut flowers of carnation. Annals of Applied Biology, 60(3): 367-374.
• Elena K (2006). First report of Phomopsis asparagi causing stem blight of asparagus in Greece. Plant Pathology 55: 300-300.
• Elewa IS, Sahab AF, Mostafa MH and Ziedan EH (2011). Direct effect of biocontrol agents on wilt and root-rot diseases of sesame. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 44(5): 493-504.
• Enikuomehin OA (2006). Cercospora leaf spot disease management in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) with plant extracts. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 43: 19-23.
• Erzurum K, Demirci F, Karakaya A, Cakır E, Tuncer G and Maden S (2005). Passalora blight of anise (Pimpinella anisum) and its control in Turkey. Phytoparasitica, 33(3): 261-266.
• Falloon PG and Tate KG (1986). Major diseases of asparagus in New Zealand. Proceedings Agronomy Society of N.Z. 16: 17-28.
• FAO (2005). Trade in Medicinal Plants, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/008/af285e/af285e00.pdf (20/09/2020). Garibaldi A, Minuto A, Minuto G and Gullino ML (2004). First report of downy mildew on basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Italy. Plant Disease, 88: 312-312.
• Garibaldi A, Rapetti S, Rossi J and Gullino ML (2007). First report of leaf spot caused by Corynespora cassiicola on basil (Ocimum basilicum) in Italy. Plant Disease, 91(10): 1361-1361.
• Garibaldi A, Gilardi G, Bertoldo C and Gullino ML (2011). First report of a leaf spot of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) caused by Alternaria alternata in Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology, 93(4, Supplement): S4.63-S4.89.
• Garibaldi A, Pensa P, Bertetti D, Poli ANNA and Gullino ML (2013). First report of Sclerotinia blight caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on spearmint in northern Italy. Plant Disease, 97(10): 1384-1384.
• Garibaldi A, Bertetti D, Pensa P, Ortu G, Gullino ML and Agrarie DS (2015a). Phytophthora cryptogea on Common Sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in Italy. Plant Disease, 99(1): 161.
• Garibaldi A, Gilardi G, Ortu and Gullino ML (2015b). First report of leaf blight caused by Phoma multirostrata var. macrospora on oregano in Italy. Plant Disease, 99(11): 1646.
• Gatak S, Polley SK, Ghosh SK and Chakrabarty N (2020). Biological Control (In Vitro) of the pathogen causing leaf blight disease of mint (Mentha arvensis L.). Plant Cell Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, 21: 57-67.
• Gautam AK (2014). The genera Colletotrichum: an incitant of numerous new plant diseases in India. Journal on New Biological Reports, 3(1): 09-21.
• Ghosal S, Biswas K, Chakrabarti DK and Basu Chaudhary KC (1977). Control of Fusarium wilt of safflower by mangiferin. Phytopathology, 67(4): 548-550.
• Gilardi G, Demarchi S, Garibaldi A and Gullino ML (2013). Management of downy mildew of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) caused by Peronospora belbahrii by means of resistance inducers, fungicides, biocontrol agents and natural products. Phytoparasitica, 41(1): 59-72.
• Gindrat D, Varady C and Neury G (1984). Asperge: une nouvelle maladie du feuillage, provoquee par un Stemphylium. Revue Suisse de Viticulture Arboriculture Horticulture, 16: 81-85.
• Gnanaprakash S, Yesu Raja I, Manonmani K and Balasubramanian P (2015). Integrated strategies for the management of root rot disease of medicinal coleus (Coleus forskohlii Briq.) incited by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi.) Goid. In III International Symposium on Underutilized Plant Species 1241 (pp. 507-514).
• Govindappa M, Lokesh S, Rai VR, Naik VR and Raju SG (2010). Induction of systemic resistance and management of safflower Macrophomina phaseolina root-rot disease by biocontrol agents. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 43(1): 26-40.
• Gupta ML, Kumar S, Pandey R, Shukla RS, Khaliq A, Kalra A and Singh HN (2000). Leaf blight disease and its effect on essential oil content of palmarosa. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences 22 (1B): 504–505.
• Gupta ML, Misra HO, Kalra A and Khanuja SPS (2004). Root-rot and wilt: a new disease of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera caused by Fusarium solani. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 26: 285-287.
• Gupta S, Kaul S, Singh B, Vishwakarma RA and Dhar MK (2016). Production of gentisyl alcohol from Phoma herbarum endophytic in Curcuma longa L. and its antagonistic activity towards leaf spot pathogen Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 180 (6): 1093-1109.
• Guleria S and Kumar A (2006). Azadirachta indica leaf extract induces resistance in sesame against Alternaria leaf spot disease. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, 5(2): 81-86.
• Humphreys-Jones DR, Barnes AV and Lane CR (2008). First report of the downy mildew Peronospora lamii on Salvia officinalis and Rosmarinus officinalis in the UK. Plant Pathology, 57 (2): 372.
• IIHR (2016). Annual Report. Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.
• Ingle RW, Shende S, Deshmukh VV and Joshi MS (2014). Interaction effect of sowing dates and different treatments on disease incidence and intensity of Phoma sp. on safed musli. International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied and Natural Sciences, 7(1): 69-73.
• Isman MB (2000). Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop protection, 19(8-10): 603-608.
• Jat RS, Reddy RN, Bansal R and Manivel P (2015). Good Agricultural Practices: Ashwagandha, Isabgol. Extension Bulletin, Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, India.
• Jones DR (1972). In vitro culture of carnation rust, Uromyces dianthi. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 58(1): 29-IN5.
• Kadam J, Gadre UA, Navathe S and Agale RC (2014). Efficacy of fungicides and reaction of turmeric cultivars to leaf blight incited by Colletetrichum gloeosporioides (Penz. and Sacc.). Discovery Agriculture, 2(8): 54-58.
• Kahkashan P (2003). Interactive Effects of Meloidogyne Incognita and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Mentha arvensis and their Management. PhD thesis. (Doctoral dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University). India.
• Kalra A, Singh HB, Pandey R, Samad A, Patra NK and Kumar S (2005) Diseases in mint: causal organisms, distribution, and control measures. Journal of Herbs, Spices and Medicinal Plants, 11: 71-91.
• Kalra A, Singh HB, Pandey R, Samad A, Patra NK and Kumar S (2008). Diseases in Mint: causal organisms, distribution, and control measures. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 11: 71-91.
• Kamalakannan A, Mohan L, Kavitha K, Harish S, Radjacommare R, Nakkeeran S, Parthiban VK, Karuppiah R, and Angayarkanni T (2003). Enhancing resistance to stem and stolon rot of peppermint (Mentha piperita Lin.) using biocontrol agents. Acta Phytopathologica et Entomologica Hungarica, 38 (3-4): 293-305.
• Kamalakannan A, Mohan L, Valluvaparidasan V, Mareeswari P and Karuppiah R (2006) First report of Macrophomina root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina) on medicinal coleus (Coleus forskohlii) in India. Plant Pathology, 55: 302-302.
• Khare CP (2008). Indian medicinal plants: an illustrated dictionary. Springer Science & Business Media.
• Kishore RAJ, Tripathi RD, Johri JK and Shukla DS (1985). Some new fungal diseases of opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Indian Journal of Plant Pathology, 3(2): 213-217.
• Koike ST, Subbarao KV, Roelfs AP, Hennen JF and Tjosvold SA (1998). Rust disease of oregano and sweet marjoram in California. Plant Disease, 82(10): 1172-1172.
• Kulkarni RN and Ravindra NS (1988). Resistance to Pythium aphanidermatum in diploids and induced autotetraploids of Catharanthus roseus. Planta Medica, 54(4): 356-359.
• Kulkarni RN, Kalra A and Ravindra NS (1992). Integration of soil solarization with host resistance in the control of dieback and collar and root rot diseases of periwinkle. Tropical Agriculture, 69: 217-222.
• Kulkarni MS, Ramaprasad S, Hedgey Y, Laxminarayan H and Hedge NK (2007). Management of collar rot complex disease of Coleus forskohlii (Willd.) Briq. Using bioagents, organic amendments and chemicals. Biomed, 2: 37-40.
• Kumar S, Shukla RS, Singh KP and Husain A (1984). Alternaria leaf spot disease of Hyoscyamus muticus in India. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 14(2): 176.
• Kumar SP (2014). Adulteration and substitution in endangered ASU medicinal plants of India: a review. International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 4(1): 56-73.
• Lakpale N (2011). In vitro efficacy of various inhibitors against spore germination of Curvularia andropogonis inciting leaf blight of lemon grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus). Journal of Soils and Crops, 21(2): 174-179.
• Landa BB, Montes‐Borrego M, Muñoz‐Ledesma FJ, Sa A and Jiménez‐Díaz RM (2005). First report of downy mildew of opium poppy caused by Peronospora arborescens in Spain. Plant Disease, 89: 338.
• Li YQ, Yang GH, Kong BH, Chen HR and Yang BC (2008). Identification and pathogenicity of Rhizoctonia solani causing damping-off of carnation in Yunnan [J]. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 2.
• López-Guisa D, Yáñez-Morales MJ and Alanis-Martínez I (2013). First report of Peronospora sparsa on Rosa spp. in Mexico. Journal of Plant Pathology, 95(4, Supplement).
• Maiti S and Geetha KA (2013). Country status report on medicinal and aromatic plants in India. In: Expert Consultation on Promotion of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in the Asia-Pacific Region: Proceedings, pp. 101- 123.
• Margina A and Zheljazkov V (1995a). Evaluation of some fungicides against rust and black spot in Rosa damascena cv. trigintipetala. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 7: 515-525.
• Margina A and Zheljazkov V (1995b). Fungal pathogens from uredinales on some medicinal and aromatic plants in Bulgaria and their control. In International Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 426 (pp. 333-344).
• Martini P, Pane A, Raudino F, Chimento A, Scibetta S and Cacciola SO (2009). First report of Phytophthora tentaculata causing root and stem rot of oregano in Italy. Plant Disease, 93(8): 843-843.
• McGrath MT and LaMarsh KA (2013). Evaluation of fungicides for managing downy mildew in basil, 2012. Plant Disease Management Reports, 7: V015.
• McGrath MT and LaMarsh KA (2015). Evaluation of organic and conventional fungicide programs for downy mildew in basil, 2014. Plant Disease Management Reports, 9: V026.
• Meena RP and Kadam VA (2021). Characterization of Macrophomina phaseolina associated with leaf blight disease on Chlorophytum borivilianum Santapau & RR Fern. and its fungicidal susceptibility. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 20: 100288.
• Mehrotra MD and Thapar HS (1990). Rhizoctonia leaf spotting and blight of Rauvolfia serpentina, a new disease from India. Indian Forester, 116(5): 372-374.
• Mekonnen M, Begashaw M and Beemnet M (2014). Screening of botanical extracts for the control of spearmint leaf rust in greenhouse and field conditions. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 10(2): 42-47.
• Mekonnen M, Manahile B and Mengesha B (2015). Screening of botanical extracts for the control of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.) Leaf rust (Puccinia menthae) in greenhouse and field condition. African Journal of Crop Science, 3(7): 201-205.
• Mekonnen M and Manahlie B (2018). Screening of fungicides for the control of Aloe vera rust under field condition. Results of Plant Protection Research, pp. 147-157.
• Minuto A, Bogliolo A, Vinotti P, Delfino G and Minuto G (2012). Chemical control of Peronospora lamii on potted Salvia officinalis. Giornate Fitopatologiche 2012, Milano Marittima (RA), 13-16 Marzo 2012, 587-592.
• Mondal G, Dasgupta B and Sharma R (2018). Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants and their management. Recent Approaches for Management of Plant Diseases, 251-283.
• Moorman GW (2017). Geranium diseases. Penn State College of Agriculture Science, University Park, Pennsylvania, PhD thesis, USA.
• Moreira ZPM, dos Santos PO, de Oliveira TAS and de Souza JT (2015). Occurrence of basil leaf spot caused by Pseudomonas cichorii in Bahia State, Brazil. Summa Phytopathologica, 41(1): 73.
• Musheer N and Ashraf S (2017). Effect of Trichoderma spp. on Colletotrichum gleosporiodes Penz and Sacc. causal organism of Turmeric leaf spot disease. Trends in Biosciences, 10(48): 9605-9608.
• Mueller DS, Jeffers SN and Buck JW (2004). Effect of timing of fungicide applications on development of rusts on daylily, geranium and sunflower. Plant Disease, 88(7): 657–681.
• Nagpal A and Karki MB (2004). A study on marketing opportunities for medicinal, aromatic, and dye plants in South Asia. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Program in Asia. No: 120936, pp: 1-116.
• Nelson PE, Tammen J and Baker R (1960). Control of vascular wilt diseases of carnation by culture-indexing. Phytopathology, 50: 356-60.
• Oogi MM, Nikkhah MJ, Ahmadzadeh M, Yazdani D and Sharifi Tehrani A (2009). Rhizoctonia root and crown rot disease of rosemary medicinal plant Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in Karaj. In Natural Resources. 21: 78-83.
• Qazi NA, Ahmad K, Bieg MA, Dar GH, Yousuf V and Ganai NA (2006). Prevalence of major carnation diseases in Kashmir and Management of leaf spot (Alternaria dianthi Stev. & Hall) of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Applied Biological Research, 8(1 and 2): 29-32.
• Panda H (2015). Aromatic plants: cultivation, processing and uses. Asian Pacific Business Press Inc., Delhi, India.
• Parameswaran TN, Kalra A, Mehta VK and Radhakrishnan K (2000). Chemical control of tip burn and blight of scented geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporoides under south Indian hill condition. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Science, 22: 666-668.
• Parashurama TR and Shivanna MB (2013). Fungal foliar disease of Rauvolfolia serpentina in wild, its seasonal occurrence, seed transmission and disease management. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46: 1609–1621.
• Pesticideinfo (2021). https://www.pesticideinfo.org/ (01/03/2021).
• Prakash O (2012). IPM schedule for aonla pests. Ext. Bull. No. 5, National Horticulture Mission, Ministry of Agriculture and Co-operation, Government of India, Delhi, India.
• Rai PK and Tetrawal ML (2010). Biochemical changes in senna (Cassia angustifolia Vahl.) leaves infected with Alternaria alternata. Progressive Agriculture, 10: 168-169.
• Ramadevi OK, Nagaveni HC and Muthukrishnan R (2005). Pests and siseases of sandalwood plants in nurseries and their management. Finnish Forest Research Institute. Working paper no. 11.
• Ramappa PT and Shivanna MB (2013). Fungal foliar diseases of Rauwolfia serpentina in wild, its seasonal occurrence, seed transmission and disease management. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46: 1609-1621.
• Romero IH, Ruales C, Caviedes M and Leon-Reyes A (2017). Post-harvest evaluation of natural coatings and antifungal agents to control Botrytis cinerea in Rosa sp. Phytoparasitica, 45(1): 9-30.
• Saber WI, Ghoneem KM, El-Metwally MM and Elwakil MA (2009). Identification of Puccinia pimpinellae on anise plant in Egypt and its control. Plant Pathology Journal (Faisalabad), 8(2): 32-41.
• Sahab AF, Elewa IS, Mostafa MH and Ziedan EH (2001). Integrated control of wilt and root-rot diseases of sesame in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Applied Sciences, 16(7): 448-462.
• Sain SK and Sharma MP (1999). Factors affecting development of downy mildew (Pseudoperonospra plantaginis) of isabgol (Plantago ovata Frosk) and its control. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 29: 340-349.
• Saini AK (2017). Studies on blue mould rot of Aonla (Emblica officinalis Goerth.) caused by Penicillium islandicum (Sopp.) (Doctoral dissertation, CCSHAU).
• Salamone A, Scarito G, Scovazzo GC and Fascella G (2009). Control of powdery mildew in cut roses using natural products in the greenhouse. Roses, Floriculture and Ornamental Biotechnology’, Ed. DC Ziesak, Global Science Books, 3: 121-125.
• Samouel S, Iacovides T, Evangelides S and Kanetis L (2016). First report of Boeremia exigua var. exigua causing stem rot of Origanum dubium in Cyprus. Plant Disease, 100(2): 529.
• Sato T. and Ohkubo H. (1990). Newly discovered leaf blight of citronella grass caused by Curvularia andropogonis in the Philippines. Japan Agricultural Research Quarterly, 23(3): 170-175.
• Sato T, Kubota M and Tomioka K (2010). Pathogenicity of the leaf blight pathogen of oregano, Rhizoctonia solani AG-1 IB, to some horticultural plants of the genus Origanum. Annual Report of the Kanto-Tosan Plant Protection Society, 57: 51-53.
• Sattar A, Alam M, Saini S, Kalra A and Kumar S (2002). Anthracnose disease of Geranium caused by Colletotrichum acutatum in Northern Indian plains. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology (India), 32: 31-34.
• Sattar A, Alam M, Khaliq A, Shukla RS and Khanuja SPS (2006). First report of leaf blight of Chlorophytum borivilianum caused by Colletotrichum capsici in northern India. Plant Pathology, 55: 301-301.
• Senthamarai K, Poornima K, Subramanian S and Sudheer J (2008). Nematode-fungal disease complex involving Meloidogyne incognita and Macrophomina phaseolina on medicinal coleus, Coleus forskohlii Briq. Indian Journal of Nematology, 38: 30-33.
• Sharma JR, Amrate PK and Gill BS (2010a). Leaf soft disease of Aloe barbadensis and its management. Journal of Research, Punjab Agricultural University, 47(1-2): 22-24.
• Sharma JR, Singh P, Saini SS and Gill BS (2010b). Root rot of safed musli (Chlorophytum borovillianum) and its management. Journal of Research, Punjab Agricultural University, 47(1-2): 20-21.
• Sharma HC (2013). Climate change effects on insects: implications for crop protection and food security. In: Kang, M.S., Banga, S.S. (Eds.), Combating Climate Change: an Agricultural Perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, pp. 213-236.
• Sharma A, Arora R and Singh B (2014). Impact of climate change on agriculturally important insects. Journal of Insect Science, 27(2): 159-188.
• Shivanna MB, Parashurama TR, Achar KS and Vasanthakumari MM (2014). Fungal foliar diseases in Withania somnifera and its effect on secondary metabolites. Plant Biosystems-An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology, 148: 907-916.
• Shukla RS, Sattar A, Kumar S, Singh KP and Husain A (1981). Phytophthora leaf blight of Hibiscus moschatus-new record from India. Note. Indian Phytopathology, 34: 539.
• Shukla RS, Kumar S, Singh HN and Singh KP (1993). First report of aerial blight of Coleus-forskohlii caused by Rhizoctonia solani in India. Plant Disease, 77: 429-429.
• Shukla RS, Chauhan SS, Gupta ML, Singh VP, Naqvi AA, Patra NK, Kumar S, Kukreja AK, Dwivedi S and Singh AK (2000). Foliar diseases of Mentha arvensis their impact on yield and major constituents of oil. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 22: 453-455.
• Shukla RS, Alam M, Sattar A and Singh HN (2006). First report of Rhizopus stolonifer causing inflorescence and fruit rot of Rauvolfia serpentina in India. EPPO Bulletin, 36: 11-13.
• Shukla, AN, Srivastava, S and Rawat, AKS (2010). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of Rewa district, Madhya Pradesh. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge, 9(1): 191–202.
• Singh HB, Singh A, Tripathi A, Tiwari SK and Johri JK (2001). Collar rot of Chlorophytum borivilianum caused by Corticium rolfsii: a new disease. EPPO Bulletin, 31: 112-113.
• Singh A, Pandey R and Singh HB (2004). Important diseases of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. In: PC. Trivedi (ed.) Medicinal Plant Utilization and Conservation. India: Jaipur Aviskar, pp. 217-253.
• Singh A and Singh HB (2004). Control of collar rot in mint (Mentha spp.) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii using biological means. Current Science, 87(3): 362-366.
• Singh AK (2006). Flower Crops: Cultivation and management. New India Publishing Agency, New Delhi, India.
• Singh R, Parameswaran TN, Prakasha Rao EVS, Puttana K, Kalra A, Srinivas KNNS, Bagyaraj DJ and Divya S (2009). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens on root-rot and wilt, growth and yield of Coleus forskohlii. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 19: 835-841.
• Singh R, Gangwar SP, Singh D, Singh R, Pandey R and Kalra A (2011). Medicinal plant Coleus forskohlii briq. disease and management. Medicinal Plants-International Journal of Phytomedicines and Related Industries, 3: 1–7.
• Singh A, Gupta R, Saikia SK, Pant A and Pandey R (2016). Diseases of medicinal and aromatic plants, their biological impact and management. Plant Genetic Resources, 14(4): 370.
• Smitha GR, Varghese TS and Manivel P (2014). Cultivation of aromatic plants. Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat, India, 30.
• Soni KK, Pyasi A, Tiwari P and Verma RK (2011). Occurrence of Aloe vera rust (Uromyces aloës): A new record from Madhya Pradesh, India. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 41(4): 644-646.
• Stirling GR, Turaganivalu U, Stirling AM, Lomavatu MF and Smith MK (2009). Rhizome rot of ginger (Zingiber officinale) caused by Pythium myriotylum in Fiji and Australia. Australasian Plant Pathology, 38: 453-460.
• Subbiah VP, Riddick M and Peele D (1996). First report of Fusarium oxysporum on clary sage in North America. Plant Disease, 80: 1080.
• Szezeponek A and Mazur S (2006). Occurrence of fungal diseases on lemon balm (Mentha officinalis L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in the region of Malopolska. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 71(3): 1109-1118.
• Taba S, Takara A, Nasu K, Miyahira N, Takushi T and Moromizato ZI (2009). Alternaria leaf spot of basil caused by Alternaria alternata in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 75: 160-162.
• Tamuli P, Saikia M and Boruah P (2012). Efficacy of fungicides against leaf rust of aromatic Cymbopogons caused by Puccinia nakanishikii (Diet). Indian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Life Sciences, 2(1): 214 -216.
• Tekade A, Koche M and Raut B (2009). Influence of weather factor on fungal diseases of Musli. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 4(2): 173-175.
• Thaung MM (2008). Pathologic and taxonomic analysis of leaf spot and tar spot diseases in a tropical dry to wet monsoon ecosystem of lowland Burma. Australasian Plant Pthology, 37: 180-197.
• Thakur S and Harsh NSK (2014). Efficacy of volatile metabolites of phylloplane fungi of Rauwolfia serpentina against Alternaria alternata. Current Research in Environmental and Applied Mycology, 4: 152-156.
• Thines M, Telle S, Ploch S and Runge F (2009). Identity of the downy mildew pathogens of basil, coleus, and sage with implications for quarantine measures. Mycological Research, 113: 532-540.
• Titz A (2004). Policy, Research & Development and Commercialisation Strategies, Scope for Diversified and Sustainable Extraction, 22-26 July 2004. Bangalore, India. 72-80.
• TNAU (2013). Crop Production Techniques of Horticultural Crops. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.
• Trivedi M, Tiwari RK and Dhawan OP (2006). Genetic parameters and correlations of collar rot resistance with important biochemical and yield traits in opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal of Applied Genetics, 47: 29-38.
• Trujillo EE, Shimabuku R, Cavin CA and Aragaki M (1988). Rhizoctonia solani anastomosis groupings in carnation fields and their pathogenicity to carnation. Plant Disease, 72(10): 863-865. Valiyeva B, Rakhimova E and Byzova Z (2004). Fungi occurring on Rosa spp. in Kazakhstan. In I. International Rose Hip Conference 690 (pp. 175-180).
• Venegas-Portilla A, Solano-Báez AR, Leyva-Mir SG, Camacho-Tapia M, Lima NB, Tovar-Pedraza JM and Márquez-Licona G (2020). First Report of Golovinomyces neosalviae causing powdery mildew on common sage (Salvia officinalis) in Mexico. Plant Disease, 104(5): 1546.
• Vinodkumar S and Nakkeeran S (2017). Characterization and management of Botrytis cinerea inciting blossom blight of carnation under protected cultivation. Journal of Environmental Biology, 38 (4): 527.
• WHO (2014). Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014-2023, www.who.int/en/ (20.09.2020).
• WHO (2017). http://who.int/medicines/areas/traditional/definitions/en/ (27.02.2017).
• Wyenandt CA, Simon JE, Pyne RM, Homa K, McGrath MT, Zhang S, ... and Madeiras A (2015). Basil downy mildew (Peronospora belbahrii): Discoveries and challenges relative to its control. Phytopathology, 105(7): 885-894.
• Yadav RK, Ram J and Sharma MP (2010). Evaluation of fungicides for management of downy mildew of isabgol caused by Pseudoperonospora plantaginis in Rajasthan. Journal of Progressive Agriculture, 1(1): 39-41.
• Xiaoyin CNH (1982). The Alternaria Leaf-Spot of Dıanthus caryophyllus L. Journal of Plant Protection, 2. Zadotani N and Ikegami M (2002). Production of patchouli mild mosaic virus resistant patchouli plants by genetic engineering of coat protein precursor gene. Pest Management Science, 58(11): 1137-1142.
• Ziedan EH, Elewa IS, Mostafa MH and Sahab AF (2010). Application of mycorrhizae for controlling root diseases of sesame. First International Congress MCOMED. Moracoo, 11–13, October 2010, p. 97.
• Zimowska B (2008). Fungi threatening the cultivation of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in Southeastern Poland. Herba Polonica, 54(1): 15-24.
• Zimowska B (2015). Fungi threatening the cultivation of oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) in South-Eastern Poland. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Hortorum Cultus, 14(4): 65-78.