Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Influence of Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Pineapple Fiber and Snail Shell Particulates

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 278 - 288, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.1392828

Abstract

The growing environmental concern regarding synthetic materials in various engineering applications is driving increased research into the production of green composites. In this study, pineapple leaf fiber (PLF) and snail shell powder amended with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution, at concentration levels of 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8% for 30, 60 and 90 minutes, respectively, were used to produce various composite samples; and their mechanical properties tested in agreement with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International approved procedures. The laboratory test results revealed that both the NaOH concentration and treatment period considerably influenced the tensile and flexural strengths of the composite samples. It was observed that the composite samples, made with reinforcement materials modified with NaOH concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% for durations of 30, 60, and 90 minutes, exhibited tensile strengths of 8.12, 9.88, 11.04, 14.11, and 16.74 MPa; 10.93, 14.22, 17.04, and 15.71 MPa; and 12.27, 15.19, 14.06, and 13.84 MPa, respectively. Similarly, the results portrayed that the composite samples produced with reinforcement materials treated with 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% sodium hydroxide concentrations for durations of 30, 60 and 90 minutes, developed flexural strength of 31.98, 38.82, 43.97 and 49.03 MPa; 36.55, 44.17, 53.38 and 47.93 MPa; and 39.62, 46.08, 48.17 and 43.66 MPa, respectively. It was also interesting to observe that 6% NaOH treatment for 60 minutes yields the optimum tensile and bending strengths of 17.04 and 53.38 MPa respectively. This finding revealed the potential of using bio-composites for engineering applications, mostly where moderate tensile and flexural strengths characteristics are sought after.

References

  • Abiola OS (2017). Natural fibre cement composites. Advanced High Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction, 205-214.
  • Adeyanju BB, Oladele IO and Abosede O (2017). Characterization of snail shell reinforced polyester composites. International Journal of Research and Engineering, 4(9): 236-240.
  • Ahmad R, Hamid R and Osman SA (2019). Effect of fibre treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced blended cementitious composites. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 23(9): 4022-4034.
  • Asim M, Jawaid M, Abdan K and Ishak MR (2018). The effect of silanetreated fibre loading on mechanical properties of pineappleleaf/kenaf fibre filler phenolic composites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26: 1520-1527.
  • ASTM D3039/D3039M (2008). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. Available online at: https://www.astm.org/d3039_d3039m-08.html
  • ASTM D790 (2017). Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. Available online at: https://www.astm.org/d0790-17.html
  • Baarimah AO, Syed Mohsin SM, Alaloul WS and Ba-naimoon MS (2021). Effect of sodium hydroxide on mechanical characteristics of kenaf fibers reinforced concrete. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1962(1): 012013-012022.
  • Cao Y, Shibata S and Fukumoto I (2006). Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites reinforced with bagasse fibre before and after alkali treatments. Composites Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37: 423-429.
  • Cionita T, Siregar JP, Shing WL, Hee CW, Fitriyana DF, Jaafar J, Junid R, Irawan AP and Hadi AE (2022). The influence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites. Polymers, 14(15): 3063-3075.
  • David E and Niculescu VC (2021). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Environmental Pollutants: Occurrence and Mitigation Using Nanomaterials. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(24): 13147-13155.
  • Edafeadhe GOI, Agbi GG and Uguru H (2020). Effect of calcium nitrate application on the structural behavour of okra (cv. Kirikou) fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, 7(2): 69-74.
  • Edafiadhe ED, Nyorere O and Uguru H (2019). Compressive behaviours of oil bean shell and wood particulates/ epoxy composite board. Archives of Current Research International, 16(3): 1-8.
  • Ekwueme CC, Igwe IO and Anokwute OV (2019). End-use properties of pineapple leaf fibrefilled natural rubber. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 7: 435-445.
  • Farahani GN, Ahmad I and Mosadeghzad Z (2012). Effect of fibercontent, fiber length and alkali treatment on properties ofkenaf fiber/UPR composites based on recycled PET wastes. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 51: 634-639.
  • Fiore V, Di Bella G and Valenza A (2015). The effect of alkalinetreatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and theirepoxy composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 68: 14-21.
  • Hamidon MH, Sultan MTH, Ariffin AH and Shah AUM (2019). Effects of fibre treatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced composites: a review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(3): 3327-3337.
  • Igwe IO (2007). Studies on the properties of polypropylene filled with agricultural and domestic wastes. Journal of Research in Engineering, (4): 8-12.
  • Ijabo OJ, Irtwange SV and Uguru H (2019). Determination of effects of location of loading on mechanical properties of different cultivars of yam (Dioscorea Spp) Tubers. Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(11): 447-451.
  • Koronis G, Silva A and Fontul M (2013). Green composites: A review of adequate materials for automotive applications. Composites Part B: Engineering, 44: 120-127.
  • Liu F, Deng S, Zhang J. (2017). Mechanical properties of epoxy and its carbon fiber composites modified by nanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials, 1-9.
  • Meon MS, Othman MF, Husain H, Remeli MF and Syawal MSM (2012). Improving tensile properties of kenaf fibers treated with sodium hydroxide. Procedia Engineering, 41: 1587-1592.
  • Mohanty AK, Mubarak AK and Hinrichsen G (2000). Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance of biodegradable jute-fabric/Biopol composites. Composites Science and Technology, 60: 1115-1124.
  • Mohd Ghaztar MM, Nik Ibrahim NNI and Romli AZ (2022). Sodium hydroxide/silane treated kenaf fibre in unsaturated polyester matrix: effects of fibres length and fibres loading towards the composites flexural and morphological properties. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 19(2): 147-167.
  • Mukhlis M, Witono H and Rulan M (2021). The effect of treatment of coconut fiber with liquid smoke on mechanical properties of composite. E3S Web of Conferences, 328: 07010-07015.
  • Nnodu OC, Igwe IO, Ojingwa MA, Nwapa C, Oragwu PI and Okonkwo SN (2020). Effects of chemical modifications of pineapple leaf fibre on the properties of polypropylene composites. Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 5(1): 25-37.
  • Nwanze NE and Uguru H (2020). Optimizing the efficiency of eggplant fruits harvesting and handling machines. Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews, 6(3): 1-10.
  • Onuegbu GC and Igwe IO (2011). The Effects of filler contents and particle sizes on the mechanical and end-use properties of snail shell powder filled polypropylene. Materials Sciences and Application, 2: 811-817.
  • Pinkas A, Gonçalves CL and Aschner M (2017). Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: A review. Environmental Research, 158: 342-349.
  • Obukoeroro J and Uguru HE (2021). Evaluation of the mechanical and electrical properties of carbon black/carbonized snail shell powder hybridized conductive epoxy composite. International Journal of Innovative Scientific & Engineering Technologies Research, 9(1): 39-49.
  • Owen MM, Ishiaku US, Danladi A, Dauda BM and Romli AZ (2018). Mechanical properties of epoxy-coated sodium hydroxide and silane treated kenaf/recycled polyethylene tereph-thalate (RPET) composites: Effect of chemical treatment. AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5047159
  • Rádis-Baptista G (2023). Do synthetic fragrances in personal care and household products impact indoor air quality and pose health risks? Journal of xenobiotics, 13(1): 121-131.
  • Ray D, Sarkar BK, Rana AK and Bose NR (2001). The mechanical properties of vinylester resin matrix composites reinforced with alkali treated jute fibres. Composites Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing, 32: 119-127.
  • Siregar JP, Sapuan SM, Rahman MZA and Zaman HMDK (2010). The effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of short pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8(2): 1103-1108.
  • Sivakumar D, Ng LF, Lau SM and Lim KT (2017). Fatigue life behaviour ofglass/kenaf woven-ply polymer hybrid biocomposites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 1-9.
  • Tepsila S and Suksri A (2018). Silicone rubber insulator using organic filler from golden apple snail shells. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 10(3): 785-792.
  • Usman MA, Momohjimoh I and Gimba ASB (2016). Effect of groundnut shell powder on the mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene and its biodegradability. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 4: 228-240.
  • Uguru H, Akpokodje OI, Sami R, Aluta EO, Tayeb FJ, Elboughdiri N, Khan MI and Salih AMA (2022). Microbial quality and potential health risks assessment of frequently consume fresh fruits and nuts. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 16: 510-518.
  • Wijianto W, Rijal MDI and Adityarini H (2019). Effect of NaOH concentration treatment on tensile strength, flexure strength and elasticity modulus of banana fiber reinforced polyester resin. Materials Science Forum, 961: 10-15.
  • Zin MH, Abdan K, Mazlan N, Zainudin ES and Liew EK (2018). The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) and adhesion to epoxy resin. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 368: 012035-012946.
Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 278 - 288, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.1392828

Abstract

References

  • Abiola OS (2017). Natural fibre cement composites. Advanced High Strength Natural Fibre Composites in Construction, 205-214.
  • Adeyanju BB, Oladele IO and Abosede O (2017). Characterization of snail shell reinforced polyester composites. International Journal of Research and Engineering, 4(9): 236-240.
  • Ahmad R, Hamid R and Osman SA (2019). Effect of fibre treatment on the physical and mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced blended cementitious composites. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 23(9): 4022-4034.
  • Asim M, Jawaid M, Abdan K and Ishak MR (2018). The effect of silanetreated fibre loading on mechanical properties of pineappleleaf/kenaf fibre filler phenolic composites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 26: 1520-1527.
  • ASTM D3039/D3039M (2008). Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials. Available online at: https://www.astm.org/d3039_d3039m-08.html
  • ASTM D790 (2017). Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Unreinforced and Reinforced Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials. Available online at: https://www.astm.org/d0790-17.html
  • Baarimah AO, Syed Mohsin SM, Alaloul WS and Ba-naimoon MS (2021). Effect of sodium hydroxide on mechanical characteristics of kenaf fibers reinforced concrete. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1962(1): 012013-012022.
  • Cao Y, Shibata S and Fukumoto I (2006). Mechanical properties of biodegradable composites reinforced with bagasse fibre before and after alkali treatments. Composites Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing, 37: 423-429.
  • Cionita T, Siregar JP, Shing WL, Hee CW, Fitriyana DF, Jaafar J, Junid R, Irawan AP and Hadi AE (2022). The influence of filler loading and alkaline treatment on the mechanical properties of palm kernel cake filler reinforced epoxy composites. Polymers, 14(15): 3063-3075.
  • David E and Niculescu VC (2021). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) as Environmental Pollutants: Occurrence and Mitigation Using Nanomaterials. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(24): 13147-13155.
  • Edafeadhe GOI, Agbi GG and Uguru H (2020). Effect of calcium nitrate application on the structural behavour of okra (cv. Kirikou) fibre reinforced epoxy composite. Journal of Engineering and Information Technology, 7(2): 69-74.
  • Edafiadhe ED, Nyorere O and Uguru H (2019). Compressive behaviours of oil bean shell and wood particulates/ epoxy composite board. Archives of Current Research International, 16(3): 1-8.
  • Ekwueme CC, Igwe IO and Anokwute OV (2019). End-use properties of pineapple leaf fibrefilled natural rubber. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 7: 435-445.
  • Farahani GN, Ahmad I and Mosadeghzad Z (2012). Effect of fibercontent, fiber length and alkali treatment on properties ofkenaf fiber/UPR composites based on recycled PET wastes. Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, 51: 634-639.
  • Fiore V, Di Bella G and Valenza A (2015). The effect of alkalinetreatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibers and theirepoxy composites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 68: 14-21.
  • Hamidon MH, Sultan MTH, Ariffin AH and Shah AUM (2019). Effects of fibre treatment on mechanical properties of kenaf fibre reinforced composites: a review. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 8(3): 3327-3337.
  • Igwe IO (2007). Studies on the properties of polypropylene filled with agricultural and domestic wastes. Journal of Research in Engineering, (4): 8-12.
  • Ijabo OJ, Irtwange SV and Uguru H (2019). Determination of effects of location of loading on mechanical properties of different cultivars of yam (Dioscorea Spp) Tubers. Saudi Journal of Engineering and Technology, 4(11): 447-451.
  • Koronis G, Silva A and Fontul M (2013). Green composites: A review of adequate materials for automotive applications. Composites Part B: Engineering, 44: 120-127.
  • Liu F, Deng S, Zhang J. (2017). Mechanical properties of epoxy and its carbon fiber composites modified by nanoparticles. Journal of Nanomaterials, 1-9.
  • Meon MS, Othman MF, Husain H, Remeli MF and Syawal MSM (2012). Improving tensile properties of kenaf fibers treated with sodium hydroxide. Procedia Engineering, 41: 1587-1592.
  • Mohanty AK, Mubarak AK and Hinrichsen G (2000). Surface modification of jute and its influence on performance of biodegradable jute-fabric/Biopol composites. Composites Science and Technology, 60: 1115-1124.
  • Mohd Ghaztar MM, Nik Ibrahim NNI and Romli AZ (2022). Sodium hydroxide/silane treated kenaf fibre in unsaturated polyester matrix: effects of fibres length and fibres loading towards the composites flexural and morphological properties. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 19(2): 147-167.
  • Mukhlis M, Witono H and Rulan M (2021). The effect of treatment of coconut fiber with liquid smoke on mechanical properties of composite. E3S Web of Conferences, 328: 07010-07015.
  • Nnodu OC, Igwe IO, Ojingwa MA, Nwapa C, Oragwu PI and Okonkwo SN (2020). Effects of chemical modifications of pineapple leaf fibre on the properties of polypropylene composites. Journal of Polymer Science and Technology, 5(1): 25-37.
  • Nwanze NE and Uguru H (2020). Optimizing the efficiency of eggplant fruits harvesting and handling machines. Journal of Materials Science Research and Reviews, 6(3): 1-10.
  • Onuegbu GC and Igwe IO (2011). The Effects of filler contents and particle sizes on the mechanical and end-use properties of snail shell powder filled polypropylene. Materials Sciences and Application, 2: 811-817.
  • Pinkas A, Gonçalves CL and Aschner M (2017). Neurotoxicity of fragrance compounds: A review. Environmental Research, 158: 342-349.
  • Obukoeroro J and Uguru HE (2021). Evaluation of the mechanical and electrical properties of carbon black/carbonized snail shell powder hybridized conductive epoxy composite. International Journal of Innovative Scientific & Engineering Technologies Research, 9(1): 39-49.
  • Owen MM, Ishiaku US, Danladi A, Dauda BM and Romli AZ (2018). Mechanical properties of epoxy-coated sodium hydroxide and silane treated kenaf/recycled polyethylene tereph-thalate (RPET) composites: Effect of chemical treatment. AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5047159
  • Rádis-Baptista G (2023). Do synthetic fragrances in personal care and household products impact indoor air quality and pose health risks? Journal of xenobiotics, 13(1): 121-131.
  • Ray D, Sarkar BK, Rana AK and Bose NR (2001). The mechanical properties of vinylester resin matrix composites reinforced with alkali treated jute fibres. Composites Part A. Applied Science and Manufacturing, 32: 119-127.
  • Siregar JP, Sapuan SM, Rahman MZA and Zaman HMDK (2010). The effect of alkali treatment on the mechanical properties of short pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) reinforced high impact polystyrene (HIPS) composites. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 8(2): 1103-1108.
  • Sivakumar D, Ng LF, Lau SM and Lim KT (2017). Fatigue life behaviour ofglass/kenaf woven-ply polymer hybrid biocomposites. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 1-9.
  • Tepsila S and Suksri A (2018). Silicone rubber insulator using organic filler from golden apple snail shells. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, 10(3): 785-792.
  • Usman MA, Momohjimoh I and Gimba ASB (2016). Effect of groundnut shell powder on the mechanical properties of recycled polyethylene and its biodegradability. Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, 4: 228-240.
  • Uguru H, Akpokodje OI, Sami R, Aluta EO, Tayeb FJ, Elboughdiri N, Khan MI and Salih AMA (2022). Microbial quality and potential health risks assessment of frequently consume fresh fruits and nuts. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, 16: 510-518.
  • Wijianto W, Rijal MDI and Adityarini H (2019). Effect of NaOH concentration treatment on tensile strength, flexure strength and elasticity modulus of banana fiber reinforced polyester resin. Materials Science Forum, 961: 10-15.
  • Zin MH, Abdan K, Mazlan N, Zainudin ES and Liew EK (2018). The effects of alkali treatment on the mechanical and chemical properties of pineapple leaf fibres (PALF) and adhesion to epoxy resin. IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 368: 012035-012946.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Agricultural Structures
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Onyekachukwu Nicklette Akpenyi-aboh 0009-0000-6474-8518

Moses Akwenuke 0009-0005-1812-4022

Donatus Emozino Edafiadhe 0000-0001-9115-3229

Early Pub Date December 25, 2023
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 18, 2023
Acceptance Date December 20, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Akpenyi-aboh, O. N., Akwenuke, M., & Edafiadhe, D. E. (2023). Influence of Treatments on the Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin Hybrid Composites Reinforced with Pineapple Fiber and Snail Shell Particulates. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 4(2), 278-288. https://doi.org/10.46592/turkager.1392828

26831    32449  32450 32451 3245232453

International peer double-blind reviewed journal

The articles in the Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research are open access articles and the articles are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC-BY-NC-4.0)(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.en). This license allows third parties to share and adapt the content for non-commercial purposes with proper attribution to the original work. Please visit for more information this link https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ 

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER) is indexed/abstracted in Information Matrix for the Analysis of Journals (MIAR), EBSCO, CABI, Food Science & Technology Abstracts (FSTA), CAS Source Index (CASSI).

Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER) does not charge any application, publication, or subscription fees.

Publisher: Ebubekir ALTUNTAŞ

For articles citations to the articles of the Turkish Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research (TURKAGER), please click: