Yeni Emperyal Düzen: Geç On Dokuzuncu Yüzyılda Avrupa’nın Doğuyu Yeniden İnşası ve İngiliz Dergilerinin Rolü

Year 2016, Issue: 24, 111 - 140, 12.08.2016

Mehmet Önder Göncüoğlu

Abstract

On dokuzuncu yüzyılın Avrupa’nın yüzyılı olduğu söylenebilir. Bu yüzyılda, dünyanın pek çok bölgesi Avrupalı güçlerin kontrolü altına girdi ve bu güçler arasında el değiştirdi. Aynı zamanda Endüstri Devriminin yaşandığı bu dönemde, Batılı büyük güçler ham madde ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak için yeni pazarlar bulmak zorundaydı. Almanya, İtalya, Fransa ve Britanya özellikle okyanus ötesi bölgelerde birbirleriyle kıyasıya rekabete girerken sanayileşme sürecinde de yükselen bir ivme seyrettiler. Avrupa güçleri arasındaki alan çekişmesi, siyasi güç ve alan hâkimiyeti açısından artık gerilemekte olan imparatorluklar için, bilhassa İngiltere ve Rusya’nın sınır ötesi politikalarıyla beraber Garp ve Şark ilişkisinde önemli bir dönüm noktası yarattı. Deniz aşırı sömürgecilik faaliyetinde özellikle Britanya yeni bir dünya düzeninin kurulmasında önemli bir paya sahipti. Bu bağlamda Batı genelinde, özelde de İngiltere’de yayımlanan dergilerde yeni emperyal düzen çekişmesiyle ilgili pek çok görsele yer verildi. Bu makale özellikle Punch ve Harper’s Weekly gibi tanınmış İngiliz dergilerinde geç on dokuzuncu yüzyılda yayımlanmış ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu betimleyen görseller üzerinden görsel söylem çözümlemesini emperyalist propaganda ve özeleştiri kavramları etrafında yapmaktadır.

Keywords

Yeni emperyalizm, ‘büyük oyun’, Afrika’nın paylaşılması, doğu meselesi, geç on dokuzuncu yüzyıl, görsel inşa, dergi, süreli yayınlar, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu

A NEW IMPERIAL ORDER: THE EUROPEAN RECONSTRUCTION OF THE ORIENT IN THE LATE NINETEENTH CENTURY AND THE ROLE OF THE BRITISH PERIODICALS

Abstract

The nineteenth century was the century of Europe. Most of the earth’s surface passed under the control of one or another of the European powers. Both the need for raw materials and new markets caused industrializing European powers such as Germany, Italy, France, and Britain to compete ruthlessly with one another for overseas territorial acquisitions. This rivalry between European countries and Russia played an important role in the development of the West’s relationship with the world as a whole. Britain, specifically, as it traded and ruled in lands far from its shores, literally created a new world order, thereby causing the emergence of new understandings of some once wealthy empires with their own authentic cultural aspects. As a result, Western periodicals in general, and British periodicals in particular included the sketches, cartoons and drawings regarding the events occurring during this rivalry. In this respect, I will explore and discuss some selected visual materials focusing on the representation of the Ottoman Empire mostly published in well-known late nineteenth-century British periodicals such as Punch and Harper’s Weekly, and show how they functioned in terms of their discursive strategies with regard to imperialist propaganda or criticism of their own empires.

Keywords

New imperialism, ‘the great game’, the scramble for Africa, ‘the eastern question’, the late nineteenth century, visual construction, magazine, periodicals, The Ottoman Empire

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