New York’ta Yaşayan Türkçe-İngilizce İkidilli Yetişkinlerin Dil Değiştirmelerine Yönelik Tutumları

Year 2016, Issue: 24, 151 - 172, 12.08.2016

Didem Koban Koç

Abstract

Bu araştırma New York’ta yaşayan birinci ve ikinci kuşak Türkçe ve İngilizce konuşan ikidilli Türklerin dil değiştirmeye yönelik tutumlarını değerlendirmeyi amaçlamıştır. Bu araştırma için veri New York’ta yaşayan ve birinci ve ikinci kuşak Türkler olmak üzere 35 kişiden oluşan bir grubun cevapladığı bir anketten elde edilmiştir. Katılımcılardan Türkçe’den İngilizce’ye olmak üzere dil değiştirmeye yönelik görüşleri doğrultusunda anketi cevaplamaları istenmiştir. Sonuçlar, katılımcıların dil değiştirme hakkında nötr bir tutum sergilediklerini göstermiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları kimlik ve dil sürdürümü gibi kavramlar bakımından tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Türkçe, dil değiştirme, dil tutumu, ikidillilik, dil sürdürümü.

ATTITUDES TOWARDS ORAL CODE-SWITCHING AMONG TURKISH-ENGLISH BILINGUAL SPEAKERS IN NEW YORK CITY

Abstract

This study is an exploratory study in which the views of first and second generation Turkish-English bilingual speakers in New York City (NYC) were analyzed with the purpose of finding out their attitudes towards code-switching (CS). Data for this study were mainly obtained through a questionnaire completed by 35 first and second generation speakers living in NYC. Speakers were asked to respond to a variety of statements regarding their perceptions of Turkish and English CS in discourse. The results indicated that the speakers had a neutral attitude towards CS. The results are discussed in relation to concepts such as identity and language maintenance.

Keywords

Turkish, code-switching, language attitude, bilingualism, language maintenance.

References

• Auer, P. (1998). Code-switching in Conversation: Language, Interaction, and Identity. London: Routledge.
• Auer, P. and İnci, D. (2000). On the Use of Turkish Routines by Adolescents of Non-Turkish Descent in Hamburg. (A. Holmen and J. N. Jørgensen, Eds.), Deter Conversation 801, Değil mi? Perspectives on the Bilingualism of Turkish Speaking Children and Adolescents in North Western Europe, Copenhagen Studies in Bilingualism in (pp.157-194). The Danish University of Education, Copenhagen.
• Backus, A. (1992). Patterns of Language Mixing. A Study in Turkish-Dutch Bilingualism. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Backus, A. (1996). Two in One. Bilingual Speech of Turkish Immigrants in the Neth- erlands. Tilburg: Tilburg University Press.
• Backus, A. (1999). The Intergenerational Code-switching Continuum in an Immigrant Community. (G. Extra and L. Verhoeven, Eds.), Bilingualism and Migration. (Studies on Language Acquisition 14) in (pp. 261-279). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Backus, A. (2000). The Role of the Lexicon in Alternational Codeswitching. Paper Presented at 7th International Conference on Pragmatics, Budapest.
• Backus, A. and Boeschoten, H. (1996). Turkish-Dutch Codeswitching and Levels of Lexical Structure. Paper Presented at Linguistic Society of America Annual Conference, San Diego.
• Backus, A. & Van der Heijden, H. (1998). Life and Birth of a Bilingual: The Mixed Code of Bilingual Children and Adults in the Turkish Community in the Netherlands. L. Johanson, in cooperation with (E. Csato, V. Locke, A. Menz and D. Winterling, Eds.), The Mainz Meeting. Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Turkish Linguistics, August 3-6, 1994. (Turkologica 32) in (pp. 527-551). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
• Backus, A. and Van der Heijden, H. (2002). Language Mixing by Young Turkish Children in the Netherlands. Psychology of Language and Communication, 6, 55-73.
• Bentahila, A. and Davies, E. (1992). Code-switching and Language Dominance. Advances in Psychology, 83, 443–468.
• Baker, C. (2006). Foundations of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism. Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters.
• Berthele, R. (2012). The Influence of Code-mixing and Speaker Information on Perception and Assessment of Foreign Language Proficiency: An Experimental Study. International Journal of Bilingualism, 16(4), 453–466. DOİ:10.1177/1367006911429514.
• Boeschoten, H. and Verhoeven, L. (1987). Language-mixing in Children’s Speech: Dutch Language Use in Turkish Discourse. Language Learning, 37, 191-215.
• Bullock, B. E. & Toribio, A. J. (2009). Themes in the study of code-switching. (B. E. Bullock and A. J. Toribio, Eds.), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching in (pp. 1-17). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Dewaele, J. and Wei, L. (2014). Attitudes towards Code-switching among Adult Mono-and Multilingual Language Users. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(3), 235-251, DOİ: 10.1080/01434632.2013.859687.
• Díaz, C. P. (2004). What do Bilinguals Think about Their Code-switching?. 20 December 2015, retrieved from Asociación Española de Lingüística Aplicada, AESLA, Dialnet OAI Articles website, http://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/fichero_articulo?codigo=1396245&orden=64908.
• Fernández, R. (1990). Actitudes hacia los cambios de código en Nuevo México: Reacciones de un sujeto a ejemplos de su habla. (J. J. Bergen, Ed.), Spanish in the United States: Sociolinguistic Issues in (pp. 49–58). Washington, D.C: Georgetown University Press.
• Fought, C. (2003). Chicano English in Context. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Gardner-Chloros, P., McEntee-Atalianis, L.J. and Finnis, K. (2005). Language Attitudes and Use in a Transplanted Setting: Greek Cypriots in London. International Journal of Multilingualism, 2(1), 52–80. DOİ:10.1080/17501220508668376.
• Grosjean, F. (1982). Life with Two Languages: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Gross, S. (2006). Code-switching. (K. Brown, Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics in (pp. 508--511). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
• Gumperz, J. (1982). Discourse Strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hamers, J. F. and Blanc, M. H. A. (2000). Bilinguality and Bilingualism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hammink, J. (2000). A Comparison of the Code-switching Behavior and Knowledge of Adults and Children. 15 November 2015, retrieved from http://hamminkj.cafeprogressive.com/CS_paper.htm .
• Haugen, E. (1956). Bilingualism in the Americas: A Bibliography and Research Guide. Montgomery: University of Alabama Press.
• Heller, M. (1988). CS: Anthropological and Sociolinguistic Perspectives. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Johanson, L. (1993). Code-copying in immigrant Turkish. (G. Extra and L. Verhoeven, Eds.), Immigrant Languages in Europe in (pp. 197-221). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters. Joinson, A. N., C. Paine, Buchanan, T., and Reips, U. D. (2008). Measuring Self-disclosure Online: Blurring and Non-response to Sensitive Items in Web-based Surveys. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 2158–2171. DOİ:10.1016/j.chb.2007.10.005.
• Koban, D. (2013). Intra-sentential and Inter-sentential Code-switching in Turkish-English Bilinguals in New York City, U.S. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 70, 1174 – 1179.
• Koch, L., Gross, A., and Kolts, R. (2001). Attitudes toward Black English and Code- switching. Journal of Black Psychology, 27, 29-42.
• Labov, W. (1972). The Isolation of Contextual Styles. (W. Labov, Ed.), Sociolinguistic Patterns in (pp. 70-109). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
• Lambert, W. E., Hodgson, R. C., Gardner, R. C. and Fillenbaum, S. (1960). Evaluational Reactions to Spoken Languages. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 50, 44-51.
• Lewis, G., Jones, B. and Baker, C. (2012). Translanguaging: Developing its Conceptualisation and Contextualization. Educational Research and Evaluation. An International Journal on Theory and Practice, 18, 655-670.
• Lipski, J. M. (2014). Spanish-English Code-switching among Low-fluency Bilinguals: Towards an Expanded Typology. SOLS, 8, 23-55.
• Mendieta, E. (1999). El Préstamo en el Español de los Estados Unidos. New York: Peter Lang.
• Mesthrie, R., Swann, J., Deumert A., and Leap, W. L. (2000). Introducing Sociolinguistics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Migge, B. (2007). Code-switching and Social Identities in the Eastern Maroon Community of Suriname and French Guiana. Journal of Sociolinguistics, 11, 53-73.
• Milroy, L. and Muysken, P. (1995). One Speaker, Two Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Montes-Alcalá, C. (2000). Attitudes Towards Oral and Written Code-switching in Spanish-English Bilingual Youths. (A. Roca, Ed.), Research on Spanish in the United States: Linguistic Issues and Challenges in (pp. 218-227). Somerville: Cascadilla Press.
• Montes-Alcalá, C. (2001). Written Code-switching: Powerful Bilingual Images. (R. Jacobson, Ed.), Code-switching Worldwide II in (pp. 193-219). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
• Montes-Alcalá, C. (2005). ¡Mándame un e-mail! Cambio de códigos español-inglés online. (L. A. O. López and M. Lacorte, Eds.), Contactos y Contextos Lingüísticos: El español en los Estados Unidos y en contacto con otras lenguas in (pp. 173-185). Madrid: Iberoamericana.
• Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social Motivations for Code-switching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Myers-Scotton, C. (2006). Multiple Voices: An Introduction to Bilingualism. Malden: Blackwell Publishing.
• Palmer, D. K. (2009). Code-switching and Symbolic Power in a Second-grade Two-way Classroom: A Teacher's Motivation System Gone Awry. Bilingual Research Journal, 32, 42-59.
• Pena, C. (2004). What Do Bilinguals Think about Their ‘Code-switching’?. RAEL: Revista Electrónica de Lingüística Aplicada, 3, 146–157.
• Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I’ll Start a Sentence in Spanish y Termino en Español: Toward a Typology of Code-switching. Linguistics, 18, 581-618.
• Reyes, I. (2004). Functions of Code-switching in School Children's Conversations. Bilingual Research Journal, 28, 77-98.
• Schaufeli, A. (1991). Turkish in an Immigrant Setting. A Comparative Study of the First Language of Monolingual and Bilingual Turkish Children. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.
• Simon, B. L. and Murray, T. E. (1999). How Suite it is: Using Combined Methodologies to Explore Dialect Questions. Journal of English Linguistics, 27, 27-39.
• Toribio, A. J. (2002). Spanish-English Code-switching among US Latinos. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 158, 89-119.
• Trudgill, P. (2000). Sociolinguistics: An Introduction to Language and Society. London: Penguin Books.
• Türker, E. (2000). Turkish-Norwegian Codeswitching. Evidence from Intermediate and Second Generation Turkish Immigrants in Norway. Oslo: Unipub Forlag.
• Tyler, A. and Toribio, A. J. (2007). Attitudes towards Lexical Borrowing and Intra-sentential Code-switching among Spanish-English Bilinguals. Spanish in Context, 4, 217-240.
• United States Census Bureau. (2008). American Community Survey: People Reporting Ancestry. November 8, 2016 retrieved from http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2011/tables/11s0052.xls.
• Valerio, T. B. M.A. (2015). Filipino – English Code-switching Attitudes and Practices and their Relationship to English Academic Performance among Freshman Students of Quirino State University. International Journal of English Language Teaching, 2(1), 76-98.
• Van der Heijden, H. and Verhoeven, L. (1994). Early Bilingual Development of Turkish Children in the Netherlands. (G. Extra and L. Verhoeven, Eds.), The Cross-lin- guistic Study of Bilingual Development in (pp. 51-73). Amsterdam: Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen.
• Zentella, A. C. (1997). Growing up Bilingual. Malden: Blackwell Publishers.