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Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite

Year 2025, , 79 - 84, 31.05.2025

Kamel Ismet Benabadji , Tayeb Hocine , Oussama Bouras , Brahim Bouras , Noussaiba Kheir

https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1610186

Abstract

In the last decade, there is and increased interest to use biodegradable materials. In the present study, new composites based on activated bentonite (BNA)/ kappa-Carrageenan (k-C)/acrylamide (AM) have been prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and kappa-Carrageenan (k-C) in the presence of activated bentonite (BNA) clay powder, and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator. Different component concentrations of acrylamide (AM) and kappa-Carrageenan (k-C) were used by maintaining 1 g of activated bentonite (BNA) in all types of composites.
We focused on the interactions between mineral clay structure and polymer matrices.
The structure and morphology of these materials were investigated by FT-IR and XRD, while the thermal properties were tested using TGA.
Evidence of grafting and BNA interaction was obtained by comparison of FTIR and TGA spectra of the initial substrates and the composites. The apparition of new absorption bands in the composites spectra confirmed BNA- (k-C/AM) linkages. Electrostatic interactions and/or hydrogen bonds may have occurred between BNA and (k-C/AM) copolymer.
TGA analysis showed the thermal stability improved by adding BNA clay particles.
The formation of intercalated nanocomposites in the case of C1 ((BNA/k-C/AM) (1/0.5/0.5)), C2 ((BNA/k-C/AM) (1/1/0.5) ) and C3 ((BNA/k-C/AM) (1/0.5/1)) samples was confirmed by the shift of the principal peak of montmorillonite present in BNA to lower angles, while for C4(BNA/k-C/AM) (1/1/1), formation of exfolied nanocomposite was evident.

Keywords

Activated bentonite Carrageenan Acrylamide Composite

References

  • C. Erbil, D. Topuz, A. Gökçeören, B. Şenkal, Network parameters of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/montmorillonite hydrogels: effects of accelerator and clay content, Polym Adv Technol, 22, 2011, 1696-1704.
  • M. Ikeda, T. Yoshii, T. Matsui, T. Tanida, H. Komatsu, I. Hamachi, Montmorillonite-Supramolecular Hydrogel Hybrid for Fluorocolorimetric Sensing of Polyamines, J Am Chem Soc, 133, 2011, 1670-1673.
  • H. Kalaleh, M. Tally, Y. Atassi, Preparation of bentonite-g-poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent polymer composite for agricultural applications: Optimization and characterization, Polym Sci Ser B, 57, 2015, 750-758.
  • W. Huang, J. Shen, N. Li, M. Ye, Study on a new polymer/graphene oxide/clay double network hydrogel with improved response rate and mechanical properties, Polym Eng Sci, 55, 2015, 1361–1366.
  • J. Du, P. Chen, A. Adalati, S. Xu, R. Wu, J. Wang, C. Zhang, Preparation and mechanical properties of a transparent ionic nanocomposite hydrogel, J Polym Res, 21, 2014, 1–6.
  • A. Rashidzadeh, A. Olad, D. Salari, A. Reyhanitabar, On the preparation and swelling properties of hydrogel nanocomposite based on Sodium alginate-g-Poly(acrylic acid-co acrylamide)/Clinoptilolite and its application as slow release fertilizer, J Polym Res, 21, 2014,1–15.
  • A.A. Oun, J.W. Rhim, Carrageenan-based hydrogels and films: effect of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on the physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties, Food Hydrocoll, 67, 2017, 45–53.
  • Z. Yao, F.Wang, Z. Gao, L. Jin, H.Wu, Characterization of a κ-Carrageenase from marine Cellulophaga lytica strain N5-2 and analysis of its degradation products, Int J Mol Sci, 14, 2013, 24592–24602.
  • G. Sun, T. Liang, W. Tan, L. Wang, Rheological behaviors and physical properties of plasticized hydrogel films developed from κ-carrageenan incorporating hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Food Hydrocoll, 85, 2018, 61–68.
  • S. Lapwanit, T. Sooksimuang, T. Trakulsujaritchok, Adsorptive removal of cationic methylene blue dye by kappa-carrageenan/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) hydrogel beads: preparation and characterization, J Environ Chem Eng, 6, 2018, 6221-6230.
  • O. Levy-Ontman, C. Yanay, O. Paz-Tal, A. Wolfson, Iota-carrageenan as sustainable bio-adsorbent for the removal of europium ions from aqueous solutions, Mater Today Commun 32, 2022, 104111.
  • B.I. Dogaru, B. Simionescu, M.C. Popescu, Synthesis and characterization of κ-carrageenan bio-nanocomposite films reinforced with bentonite nanoclay, Int J Biologic Macromol, 154, 2020, 9-17.
  • O. Goncharuk, O. Siryk, M. Frac, N. Guzenko, K. Samchenko, K. Terpilowski, K. Szewzuk-Karpisz, Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of hybrid hydrogels based on alginate, κ-carrageenan, and chitosan filled with montmorillonite clay, Int J Biologic Macromol, 278, 2024, 134703.
  • A. El Halah, J. Contreras, L. Rojas-Rojas, M. Rivas, M. Romero, F. López-Carrasquero, New superabsorbent hydrogels synthesized by copolymerization of acrylamide and N-2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide with itaconic acid or itaconates containing ethylene oxide units in the side chain, J Polym Res, 22, 2015, 1-10.
  • M. Ikeda, T. Yoshii, T. Matsui, T. Tanida, H. Komatsu, I. Hamachi, Rational Molecular Design of Stimulus-Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Dipeptides, J Am Chem Soc, 133, 2011, 1670-1673.
  • J. Zhang, H. Chen, A. Wang, Study on superabsorbent composite-VII. Effects of organification of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/organo-attapulgite composite, Eur Polym J, 42, 2006, 101-108.
  • X. Qi, M. Liu, Z. Chen, Study on swelling behavior of poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)/attapulgite macroporous superabsorbent composite, Polym Eng Sci, 55, 2015, 681-687.
  • Q. Wang, W. Wang, J. Wu, A. Wang, Effect of Attapulgite Contents on Release Behaviors of a pH Sensitive Carboxymethyl Cellulose-g-Poly(acrylic acid)/ Attapulgite/Sodium Alginate Composite Hydrogel Bead Containing Diclofenac, J Appl Polym Sci, 124, 2012, 4424-4432.
  • AK. Pradhan, PK. Rana, PK. Sahoo, Biodegradability and swelling capacity of kaolin based chitosan-g-PHEMA nanocomposite hydrogel, Int J Biologic Macromol, 74, 2015, 620-626.
  • X. Chen, J. Li, C. Mao, X. Jiao, Y. Liu, J. Gong, Y. Zhao, A Novel Superabsorbent Composite Based on Poly(Aspartic Acid) and Organo-Kaolin, J Macromol Sci A, 51, 2014, 799-804.
  • A. Pourjavadi, H. Ghasemzadeh, R. Soleyman, Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior of alginate-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites, Appl Polym Sci, 105, 2007, 2631-2639.
  • YT. Zhang, LH. Fan, TT. Zhi, L. Zhang, H. Huang, HL. Chen, Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/hydrotalcite nanocomposite hydrogels for carbonic anhydrase immobilization, J Polym Sci A Polym Chem, 47, 2009, 3232-3240.
  • W-F. Lee, Y-C. Chen, Effects of intercalated hydrotalcite on drug release behavior for poly(acrylic acid-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide)/intercalated hydrotalcite hydrogels, Eur Polym J, 42, 2006, 1634-1642.
  • N. Limparyoon, N. Seetapan, S. Kiatkamjornwong, Acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and associated sodium salt superabsorbent copolymer nanocomposites with mica as fire retardants, Polym Degrad Stab, 96, 2011, 1054-1063.
  • LH. Fu, TH. Cao, ZW. Lei, H. Chen, YG. Shi, C. Xu, Biocompatible and biodegradable chitosan/sodium polyacrylate polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels with smart responsiveness, Mater Des, 94, 2016, 322-329.
  • H. Kalaleh, M. Tally, Y. Atassi, Preparation of bentonite-g-poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent polymer composite for agricultural applications: Optimization and characterization, Polym Sci Ser B, 57, 2015, 750-758.
  • G.B. Marandi, M. Baharloui, M. Kurdtabar, Hydrogel with high laponite content as nanoclay: swelling and cationic dye adsorption properties, Res Chem Intermed, 41, 2015, 7043-7058.
  • S. Merad Boudia, K.I. Benabadji, B. Bouras, Graphene Oxide/Activated Clay/Gelatin Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties, Phys Chem Res,10, 2022, 143-150.
  • A. M. Salgueiro, A L. Daniel-da-Silva, A V. Girão, P C. Pinheiro, T. Trindade, Unusual dye adsorption behavior of κ-carrageenan coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles, Chemical Engineering Journal, 229, 2013, 276-284.
  • R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler, T.C. Morrill, Spectrometric identification of organic compounds (7. edition), 2013, New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • O. Duman, T. Gürkan Polat, C. Özcan Diker, S. Tunç, Agar/κ-carrageenan composite hydrogel adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue from water, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 160, 2020, 823-835.
  • H. Ferfera-Harrar, H. Aiouaz, N. Dairi, Synthesis and Properties of Chitosan-Graft Polyacrylamide/Gelatin Superabsorbent Composites for Wastewater Purification World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, 9:7, 2015, 849-856.
  • N. Belhouchat, H. Zaghouane-Boudiaf, C. Viseras, Removal of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solution with activated organo-bentonite/sodium alginate encapsulated beads, Appl Clay Sci, 35, 2017, 9-15.
  • A. Ely, M. Baudu, J.P. Basly, M.O. Kankou, Copper and nitrophenol pollutants removal by Na-montmorillonite/alginate microcapsules, J Hazard Mater, 171, 2009, 405-409.
  • A.M. Ili Balqis, M.A.R. Nor Khaizura, A.R. Russly, Z.A. Nur Hanani, Effects of plasticizers on the physicochemical properties of kappa-carrageenan films extracted from Eucheuma cottonii, Int J Biol Macromol, 103, 2017, 721-732.
  • S. Shankara, J.P. Reddya, J.-W. Rhima, H.-Y. Kim, Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitin nanofibrils reinforced carrageenan nanocomposite films, Carbohydr. Polym. 117, 2015, 468-475.
  • M.J. Sanchis,M. Carsía, M. Culebras, C.M. Gómez, S. Rodriguez, F.G. Torres,Molecular dynamics of carrageenan composites reinforced with cloisite Na+ montmorillonite nanoclay, Carbohydr Polym, 176, 2017, 117-126.
  • A. Pourjavadi, Z. Bassampour, H. Ghasemzadeh,M. Nazari, L. Zolghadr, S.H. Hosseini, Porous carrageenan-g-polyacrylamide/bentonite superabsorbent composites: swelling and dye adsorption behavior, J Polym Res, 23, 2016, 60.

Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite

Year 2025, , 79 - 84, 31.05.2025

Kamel Ismet Benabadji , Tayeb Hocine , Oussama Bouras , Brahim Bouras , Noussaiba Kheir

https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1610186

Abstract

In the last decade, there is and increased interest to use biodegradable materials. In the present study, new composites based on activated bentonite (BNA)/ kappa-Carrageenan (k-C)/acrylamide (AM) have been prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylamide (AM) and kappa-Carrageenan (k-C) in the presence of activated bentonite (BNA) clay powder, and ammonium persulfate (APS) as initiator. Different component concentrations of acrylamide (AM) and kappa-Carrageenan (k-C) were used by maintaining 1 g of activated bentonite (BNA) in all types of composites.
We focused on the interactions between mineral clay structure and polymer matrices.
The structure and morphology of these materials were investigated by FT-IR and XRD, while the thermal properties were tested using TGA.
Evidence of grafting and BNA interaction was obtained by comparison of FTIR and TGA spectra of the initial substrates and the composites. The apparition of new absorption bands in the composites spectra confirmed BNA- (k-C/AM) linkages. Electrostatic interactions and/or hydrogen bonds may have occurred between BNA and (k-C/AM) copolymer.
TGA analysis showed the thermal stability improved by adding BNA clay particles.
The formation of intercalated nanocomposites in the case of C1 ((BNA/k-C/AM) (1/0.5/0.5)), C2 ((BNA/k-C/AM) (1/1/0.5) ) and C3 ((BNA/k-C/AM) (1/0.5/1)) samples was confirmed by the shift of the principal peak of montmorillonite present in BNA to lower angles, while for C4(BNA/k-C/AM) (1/1/1), formation of exfolied nanocomposite was evident.

Keywords

Activated bentonite Carrageenan Acrylamide Composite

References

  • C. Erbil, D. Topuz, A. Gökçeören, B. Şenkal, Network parameters of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)/montmorillonite hydrogels: effects of accelerator and clay content, Polym Adv Technol, 22, 2011, 1696-1704.
  • M. Ikeda, T. Yoshii, T. Matsui, T. Tanida, H. Komatsu, I. Hamachi, Montmorillonite-Supramolecular Hydrogel Hybrid for Fluorocolorimetric Sensing of Polyamines, J Am Chem Soc, 133, 2011, 1670-1673.
  • H. Kalaleh, M. Tally, Y. Atassi, Preparation of bentonite-g-poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent polymer composite for agricultural applications: Optimization and characterization, Polym Sci Ser B, 57, 2015, 750-758.
  • W. Huang, J. Shen, N. Li, M. Ye, Study on a new polymer/graphene oxide/clay double network hydrogel with improved response rate and mechanical properties, Polym Eng Sci, 55, 2015, 1361–1366.
  • J. Du, P. Chen, A. Adalati, S. Xu, R. Wu, J. Wang, C. Zhang, Preparation and mechanical properties of a transparent ionic nanocomposite hydrogel, J Polym Res, 21, 2014, 1–6.
  • A. Rashidzadeh, A. Olad, D. Salari, A. Reyhanitabar, On the preparation and swelling properties of hydrogel nanocomposite based on Sodium alginate-g-Poly(acrylic acid-co acrylamide)/Clinoptilolite and its application as slow release fertilizer, J Polym Res, 21, 2014,1–15.
  • A.A. Oun, J.W. Rhim, Carrageenan-based hydrogels and films: effect of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles on the physical, mechanical, and antimicrobial properties, Food Hydrocoll, 67, 2017, 45–53.
  • Z. Yao, F.Wang, Z. Gao, L. Jin, H.Wu, Characterization of a κ-Carrageenase from marine Cellulophaga lytica strain N5-2 and analysis of its degradation products, Int J Mol Sci, 14, 2013, 24592–24602.
  • G. Sun, T. Liang, W. Tan, L. Wang, Rheological behaviors and physical properties of plasticized hydrogel films developed from κ-carrageenan incorporating hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Food Hydrocoll, 85, 2018, 61–68.
  • S. Lapwanit, T. Sooksimuang, T. Trakulsujaritchok, Adsorptive removal of cationic methylene blue dye by kappa-carrageenan/poly(glycidyl methacrylate) hydrogel beads: preparation and characterization, J Environ Chem Eng, 6, 2018, 6221-6230.
  • O. Levy-Ontman, C. Yanay, O. Paz-Tal, A. Wolfson, Iota-carrageenan as sustainable bio-adsorbent for the removal of europium ions from aqueous solutions, Mater Today Commun 32, 2022, 104111.
  • B.I. Dogaru, B. Simionescu, M.C. Popescu, Synthesis and characterization of κ-carrageenan bio-nanocomposite films reinforced with bentonite nanoclay, Int J Biologic Macromol, 154, 2020, 9-17.
  • O. Goncharuk, O. Siryk, M. Frac, N. Guzenko, K. Samchenko, K. Terpilowski, K. Szewzuk-Karpisz, Synthesis, characterization and biocompatibility of hybrid hydrogels based on alginate, κ-carrageenan, and chitosan filled with montmorillonite clay, Int J Biologic Macromol, 278, 2024, 134703.
  • A. El Halah, J. Contreras, L. Rojas-Rojas, M. Rivas, M. Romero, F. López-Carrasquero, New superabsorbent hydrogels synthesized by copolymerization of acrylamide and N-2-hydroxyethyl acrylamide with itaconic acid or itaconates containing ethylene oxide units in the side chain, J Polym Res, 22, 2015, 1-10.
  • M. Ikeda, T. Yoshii, T. Matsui, T. Tanida, H. Komatsu, I. Hamachi, Rational Molecular Design of Stimulus-Responsive Supramolecular Hydrogels Based on Dipeptides, J Am Chem Soc, 133, 2011, 1670-1673.
  • J. Zhang, H. Chen, A. Wang, Study on superabsorbent composite-VII. Effects of organification of attapulgite on swelling behaviors of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/sodium humate/organo-attapulgite composite, Eur Polym J, 42, 2006, 101-108.
  • X. Qi, M. Liu, Z. Chen, Study on swelling behavior of poly(sodium acrylate-co-2-acryloylamino-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid)/attapulgite macroporous superabsorbent composite, Polym Eng Sci, 55, 2015, 681-687.
  • Q. Wang, W. Wang, J. Wu, A. Wang, Effect of Attapulgite Contents on Release Behaviors of a pH Sensitive Carboxymethyl Cellulose-g-Poly(acrylic acid)/ Attapulgite/Sodium Alginate Composite Hydrogel Bead Containing Diclofenac, J Appl Polym Sci, 124, 2012, 4424-4432.
  • AK. Pradhan, PK. Rana, PK. Sahoo, Biodegradability and swelling capacity of kaolin based chitosan-g-PHEMA nanocomposite hydrogel, Int J Biologic Macromol, 74, 2015, 620-626.
  • X. Chen, J. Li, C. Mao, X. Jiao, Y. Liu, J. Gong, Y. Zhao, A Novel Superabsorbent Composite Based on Poly(Aspartic Acid) and Organo-Kaolin, J Macromol Sci A, 51, 2014, 799-804.
  • A. Pourjavadi, H. Ghasemzadeh, R. Soleyman, Synthesis, characterization, and swelling behavior of alginate-g-poly(sodium acrylate)/kaolin superabsorbent hydrogel composites, Appl Polym Sci, 105, 2007, 2631-2639.
  • YT. Zhang, LH. Fan, TT. Zhi, L. Zhang, H. Huang, HL. Chen, Synthesis and characterization of poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide)/hydrotalcite nanocomposite hydrogels for carbonic anhydrase immobilization, J Polym Sci A Polym Chem, 47, 2009, 3232-3240.
  • W-F. Lee, Y-C. Chen, Effects of intercalated hydrotalcite on drug release behavior for poly(acrylic acid-co-N-isopropyl acrylamide)/intercalated hydrotalcite hydrogels, Eur Polym J, 42, 2006, 1634-1642.
  • N. Limparyoon, N. Seetapan, S. Kiatkamjornwong, Acrylamide/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and associated sodium salt superabsorbent copolymer nanocomposites with mica as fire retardants, Polym Degrad Stab, 96, 2011, 1054-1063.
  • LH. Fu, TH. Cao, ZW. Lei, H. Chen, YG. Shi, C. Xu, Biocompatible and biodegradable chitosan/sodium polyacrylate polyelectrolyte complex hydrogels with smart responsiveness, Mater Des, 94, 2016, 322-329.
  • H. Kalaleh, M. Tally, Y. Atassi, Preparation of bentonite-g-poly(acrylate-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent polymer composite for agricultural applications: Optimization and characterization, Polym Sci Ser B, 57, 2015, 750-758.
  • G.B. Marandi, M. Baharloui, M. Kurdtabar, Hydrogel with high laponite content as nanoclay: swelling and cationic dye adsorption properties, Res Chem Intermed, 41, 2015, 7043-7058.
  • S. Merad Boudia, K.I. Benabadji, B. Bouras, Graphene Oxide/Activated Clay/Gelatin Composites: Synthesis, Characterization and Properties, Phys Chem Res,10, 2022, 143-150.
  • A. M. Salgueiro, A L. Daniel-da-Silva, A V. Girão, P C. Pinheiro, T. Trindade, Unusual dye adsorption behavior of κ-carrageenan coated superparamagnetic nanoparticles, Chemical Engineering Journal, 229, 2013, 276-284.
  • R.M. Silverstein, G.C. Bassler, T.C. Morrill, Spectrometric identification of organic compounds (7. edition), 2013, New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • O. Duman, T. Gürkan Polat, C. Özcan Diker, S. Tunç, Agar/κ-carrageenan composite hydrogel adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue from water, International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 160, 2020, 823-835.
  • H. Ferfera-Harrar, H. Aiouaz, N. Dairi, Synthesis and Properties of Chitosan-Graft Polyacrylamide/Gelatin Superabsorbent Composites for Wastewater Purification World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Chemical and Molecular Engineering, 9:7, 2015, 849-856.
  • N. Belhouchat, H. Zaghouane-Boudiaf, C. Viseras, Removal of anionic and cationic dyes from aqueous solution with activated organo-bentonite/sodium alginate encapsulated beads, Appl Clay Sci, 35, 2017, 9-15.
  • A. Ely, M. Baudu, J.P. Basly, M.O. Kankou, Copper and nitrophenol pollutants removal by Na-montmorillonite/alginate microcapsules, J Hazard Mater, 171, 2009, 405-409.
  • A.M. Ili Balqis, M.A.R. Nor Khaizura, A.R. Russly, Z.A. Nur Hanani, Effects of plasticizers on the physicochemical properties of kappa-carrageenan films extracted from Eucheuma cottonii, Int J Biol Macromol, 103, 2017, 721-732.
  • S. Shankara, J.P. Reddya, J.-W. Rhima, H.-Y. Kim, Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of chitin nanofibrils reinforced carrageenan nanocomposite films, Carbohydr. Polym. 117, 2015, 468-475.
  • M.J. Sanchis,M. Carsía, M. Culebras, C.M. Gómez, S. Rodriguez, F.G. Torres,Molecular dynamics of carrageenan composites reinforced with cloisite Na+ montmorillonite nanoclay, Carbohydr Polym, 176, 2017, 117-126.
  • A. Pourjavadi, Z. Bassampour, H. Ghasemzadeh,M. Nazari, L. Zolghadr, S.H. Hosseini, Porous carrageenan-g-polyacrylamide/bentonite superabsorbent composites: swelling and dye adsorption behavior, J Polym Res, 23, 2016, 60.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Instrumental Methods
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Kamel Ismet Benabadji 0000-0003-0171-8420

Tayeb Hocine 0000-0002-3428-721X

Oussama Bouras 0000-0002-3110-8458

Brahim Bouras 0000-0001-5197-5885

Noussaiba Kheir 0009-0009-4232-0575

Publication Date May 31, 2025
Submission Date December 30, 2024
Acceptance Date March 14, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025

Cite

APA Benabadji, K. I., Hocine, T., Bouras, O., Bouras, B., et al. (2025). Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 7(2), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1610186
AMA Benabadji KI, Hocine T, Bouras O, Bouras B, Kheir N. Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite. TurkJAC. May 2025;7(2):79-84. doi:10.51435/turkjac.1610186
Chicago Benabadji, Kamel Ismet, Tayeb Hocine, Oussama Bouras, Brahim Bouras, and Noussaiba Kheir. “Synthesis and Characterization of Biocopolymer Kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-G-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite Composite”. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry 7, no. 2 (May 2025): 79-84. https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1610186.
EndNote Benabadji KI, Hocine T, Bouras O, Bouras B, Kheir N (May 1, 2025) Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry 7 2 79–84.
IEEE K. I. Benabadji, T. Hocine, O. Bouras, B. Bouras, and N. Kheir, “Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite”, TurkJAC, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 79–84, 2025, doi: 10.51435/turkjac.1610186.
ISNAD Benabadji, Kamel Ismet et al. “Synthesis and Characterization of Biocopolymer Kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-G-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite Composite”. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry 7/2 (May 2025), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1610186.
JAMA Benabadji KI, Hocine T, Bouras O, Bouras B, Kheir N. Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite. TurkJAC. 2025;7:79–84.
MLA Benabadji, Kamel Ismet et al. “Synthesis and Characterization of Biocopolymer Kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-G-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite Composite”. Turkish Journal of Analytical Chemistry, vol. 7, no. 2, 2025, pp. 79-84, doi:10.51435/turkjac.1610186.
Vancouver Benabadji KI, Hocine T, Bouras O, Bouras B, Kheir N. Synthesis and characterization of biocopolymer kappa-Carrageenan(k-C)-g-Polyacrylamide/Activated Bentonite composite. TurkJAC. 2025;7(2):79-84.