Determination of trace heavy metals Content of various herbal drinks marketed in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 71 - 77, 20.12.2024

Suleman Olokoba

https://doi.org/10.51435/turkjac.1493128

Abstract

The study encompasses an evaluation of the health risk and hazard profiles of heavy metals contents in various herbal drinks (AGBO) products marketed in Ilorin metropolis, Nigeria. Twenty (20) herbal drinks samples from four (4) different study (saw-mil, Osere, Oja-oba and Oke-odo) areas were collected randomly, digested and analyzed. Zinc, Lead, Copper, Iron, Manganese, Cadmium, Chromium and Nickel were analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The results of this study indicated that most of the heavy metals (Zn, Pb, Cu and Mn) in the herbal drinks were below the WHO recommended permissible limits. Chromium (Cr) and Cadmium (Cd) are not detected in all of the herbal drinks analyzed. However, sample C2 and D2 among other analyzed herbal samples contained unsafe concentrations of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) that exceeded the WHO recommended permissible limits. From the health point of view, the EDIs value of all the herbal drinks are below the daily reference dose. The non-cancerous (HQ) and hazard index (HI) value of all the herbal samples are less than one (1). Based on the results obtained in this study, there would be a non-carcinogenic health risk and hazard effects to the people taking and consuming the herbal drinks marketed in all the study areas.

Keywords

Herbal product, Heavy metals, Estimated daily intakes EDIs, non-cancerous HQ, Hazard index

Supporting Institution

Kwaea State University

Project Number

1493128

References

• R. Dghaim, S. Khatib, H. Rasool, M. Khan, Determination of heavy metals concentration in traditional herbs commonly consumed in the United Arab Emirates, J Environ Health Sci Eng, 2015, 236-257.
• C.T. Onwordi, N. Agbo, I.A. Ogunwande, Levels of potentially toxic metals in selected herbal medicines in Lagos, Nigeria, J Environ Health Sci Eng, 2015, 3186, 148-157.
• T. Quds, M. Ahmed, S. Shakeel, N. Jalbani, I. Azhar, Determination of the heavy metal contents of frequently used herbal products in Pakistan, Trop J Pharm Res, 2021, 377-382.
• D. Eskinazi, M. Blumenthal, N. Farnsworth, C. Riggins, Botanical Medicine: Efficacy, Quality, Assurance, and Regulation, 1999, New York: Mary Ann Liebert.
• I. Kandić, M. Kragović, J. Petrović, P. Janaćković, M. Gavrilović, M. Momčilović, M. Stojmenović, Heavy metals content in selected medicinal plants produced and consumed in Serbia and their daily intake in herbal infusions, Toxics, 2023, 11, 198.
• M. Idu, O. Oghale, A. Jimoh, Heavy metals contamination of some polyherbal products from Lagos state, Nigeria, J Ayurveda Holist Med, 2015, 1(2), 45-50.
• C.O. Nwoko, L. Mgbeahuruike, Heavy metal contamination of ready-to-use herbal remedies in South Eastern Nigeria, Pak J Nutr, 2011, 10, 959-964.
• N.S. Mokgalaka, R.I. McCrindle, B.M. Botha, Multielement analysis of tea leaves by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry using slurry nebulisation, J Anal At Spectrom, 2004, 19, 1375-1378.
• World Health Organization, Guideline for Good Manufacturing Practices for Herbal Medicine, Geneva, 2007.
• S.I. Korfali, T. Hawi, M. Mroueh, Evaluation of heavy metals content in dietary supplements in Lebanon, Chem Cent J, 2013, 7, 10.
• A.M. Bobaker, I. Alakili, S.B. Sarmani, N. Al-ansari, Determination and assessment of the toxic heavy metal elements abstracted from the traditional plant cosmetics and medical remedies, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2019, 16, 1957.
• A.A. Adu, O.J. Aderinola, V. Kusemiju, Heavy metals concentration in garden lettuce grown along Badagry Expressway, Lagos, Nigeria, Transnatl J Sci Technol, 2012, 2, 115-130.
• L. Zheng, Q. Zhang, Z. Li, R. Sun, S. Zhong, Exposure risk assessment of nine metal elements in Chongqing hotpot seasoning, RSC Adv, 2020, 10(4), 1971-1980.
• F. Adusei-Mensah, D. Essumang, R. Agjei, J. Kauhanen, C. Tikkanen-Kaukanen, M. Ekor, Heavy metal content and health risk assessment of commonly patronized herbal medicinal preparations from the Kumasi metropolis of Ghana, J Environ Health Sci Eng, 2019, 17(2), 609-618.
• M. Aschale, Y. Sileshi, M. Kelly-Quinn, Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements via consumption of vegetables irrigated with polluted river water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Environ Syst Res, 2019, 8(1), 29.
• T. Adefa, M. Tefera, Heavy metal accumulation and health risk assessment in Moringa oleifera from Awi zone, Ethiopia, Chem Afr, 2020, 3, 1073-1079.
• United States Environmental Protection Agency, MidAtlantic Risk Assessment: Human Health Risk Assessment, 2014.
• H.R. Gebeyehu, L.D. Bayissa, Levels of heavy metals in soil and vegetables and associated health risks in Mojo area, Ethiopia, PLoS One, 2020, 15(1), e0227883.
• WHO, Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality, 3rd ed., Chapter 8, DRAFT, Geneva, 2023.
• World Health Organization. Guideline for Good Manufacturing Practices for Herbal Medicine, Geneva. 2007.
• M. Aschale, Y. Sileshi, M. Kelly-Quinn, Health risk assessment of potentially toxic elements via consumption of vegetables irrigated with polluted river water in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, Environ Syst Res, 2019, 8(1), 29.
• USEPA, Guidelines for the health risk assessment of chemical mixtures, Fed Regist, 1986, 51, 34014-34025.
• C. Meng, P. Wang, Z. Hao, Z. Gao, Q. Li, H. Gao, F. Feng, Ecological and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil and Chinese herbal medicines, Environ Geochem Health, 2022, 44(3), 817-828.
• R.O. Ayanniyi, S.O. Folami, H.A. Olumoh-Abdul, S.A. Atunwa, I.A. Oreagba, Heavy metal content of commonly consumed herbal bitters in Ilorin, West Afr J Pharm, 2017, 28(1), 147.
• R.N. Asomugha, N.A. Udowelle, S.J. Offor, C.J. Njoku, I.V. Ofoma, C.C. Chukwuogo, O.E. Orisakwe, Heavy metals hazards from Nigerian spices, Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig, 2016, 67(3), 309-314.
• I.A. Maghrabi, Determination of some mineral and heavy metals in Saudi Arabia popular herbal drugs using modern techniques, Afr J Pharm Pharmacol, 2014, 8(36), 893-898.
• J. Zhang, R. Yang, R. Chen, Y. Peng, X. Wen, L. Gao, Accumulation of heavy metals in tea leaves and potential health risk assessment: A case study from Puan County, Guizhou Province, China, Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2018, 15, 133.