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Total freedom in physical activity via body schema: being for itself and being in the world

Year 2023, , 247 - 258, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1316448

Abstract

Although it is well-established that the highest forms of health and well-being are experienced by those who embody the greatest levels of autonomy, the Covid-19 pandemic disrupted autonomy and freedom in decision making, such as leading healthy lifestyles like physical activity, either because of disease-related issues (e.g., battling sickness and/or long covid or fear of catching covid 19) and/or governmentally imposed covid-19 mandates, such as lockdowns, social isolation, excessive screen use, face masks, and vaccines that proved to cause extensive harm and devastation in the health of the public. The paper draws on the philosophical underpinnings of embodied physical consciousness and body schema based on Merleau-Ponty’s (1945/2014) existential freedom about decision making for living the good life. Specifically, based on Merleau-Ponty’s seminal work, Phenomenology of Perception (1945/2014), the purpose of this concept-based paper is to attempt to emphasize the importance of a strong, embodied body schema (motor habit) to freedom in decision making regarding the value of and participation in physical activity. The manuscript is divided into six sections, showcasing that such (total) freedom can be achieved by finding a balance between the body as being for itself (with consciousness and autonomy) and the body as being in the world – influenced by external forces like disease (e.g., Covid 19), disability, socio-economic status, and socio-political systems (e.g., covid-19 mandates). Given the threats to total freedom (because of our being in the world), implications for the field of Kinesiology and movement education are discussed, emphasizing ways to build a healthy physical culture, by for example implementing well-studied, ethical, and humanistic policies/recommendations regarding life challenges (e.g., disease, disability, poverty). In this way, a strong body schema can be formed for health and well-being.

Supporting Institution

Louisiana State University

References

  • Abu-Raddad, L. J., Chemaitelly, H., & Bertollini, R. (2021). National study group for COVID-19 epidemiology: Severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections as compared with primary infections. N Engl J Med, 385(26), 2487-2489.
  • Alexander, P. E., Armstrong, R., Fareed, G., Lotus, J., Oskoui, R., Prodromos, C., … Gill, K. K. (2021). Early multidrug treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) and reduced mortality among nursing home (or outpatient/ambulatory) residents. Med Hypotheses, 153, 110622.
  • Allen-Collinson, J., & Hockey, J. (2011). Feeling the way: Notes toward a haptic phenomenology of scuba diving and distance running. Int Rev Sociol Sport, 46(3), 330-345.
  • Bardosh, K., de Figueiredo, A., Gur-Arie, R., Jamrozik, E., Doidge, J., Lemmens, T., … Baral, S. (2022). The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: Why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good. BMJ Global Health, 7(5), e008684.
  • Bardosh, K., Krug, A., Jamrozik, E., Lemmens, T., Keshavjee, S., Prasad, V., Makary, M. A., Baral, S., & Høeg, T. B. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine boosters for young adults: a risk benefit assessment and ethical analysis of mandate policies at universities. J Med Ethics, 1-13.
  • Bryant, A., Lawrie, T. A., Dowswell, T., Fordham, E. J., Mitchell, S., Hill, S. R., & Tham, T. C. (2021). Ivermectin for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis to inform clinical guidelines. Am J Ther, 28(4), e434-e460.
  • Buchanan, D. R. (2016). Promoting dignity: The ethical dimension of health. Community Health Equity Res Policy, 36(2), 99–104.
  • Chew, M. S., Blixt, P. J., Åhman, R., Engerström, L., Andersson, H., Berggren, R. K., … McIntyre, S. (2021). National outcomes and characteristics of patients admitted to Swedish intensive care units for COVID-19: A registry-based cohort study. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 38(4), 335-343.
  • Clegg, J. L., & Butryn, T. M. (2012). An existential phenomenological examination of parkour and freerunning. Qual Res Sport Exerc, 4, 320–340.
  • da Silveira, M. P., da Silva Fagundes, K. K., Bizuti, M. R., Starck, É., Rossi, R. C., de Resende e Silva, D. T. (2021). Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: An integrative review of the current literature. Clin Exp Med, 21, 15–28.
  • Dowd, E. (2022). "Cause unknown": The epidemic of sudden deaths in 2021 & 2022. Skyhorse.
  • Eddy, M. (2009). A brief history of somatic practices and dance: historical development of the field of somatic education and its relationship to dance. J Dance Somat Pract, 1, 5–27.
  • Gandhi, D. B., Sterba, A., Khatter, H., & Pandian, J. D. (2020). Mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation: Current perspectives. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 16, 75-85.
  • Gazit, S., Shlezinger, R., Perez, G., Lotan, R., Peretz, A., Ben-Tov, A., … Patalon, T. (2022). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) naturally acquired immunity versus vaccine-induced Immunity, reinfections versus breakthrough infections: A Retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis, 75(1), e545-e551.
  • Gramlich, J. (2023, March 2). Mental health and the pandemic: What U.S. surveys have found. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/03/02/mental-health-and-the-pandemic-what-u-s-surveys-have-found/
  • Haveri, A., Ekström, N., Solastie, A., Virta, C., Österlund, P., Isosaari, E., … Melin, M. (2021). Persistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Eur J Immunol, 51(12), 3202-3213.
  • Herby, J., Jonung, L., & Hanke, S. H. (2022). A literature review and meta-analysis of the effects of lockdowns on COVID-19 mortality. In Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise. Studies in Applied Economics, 1-61.
  • Kang, C. K., Shin, H. M., Park, W. B., & Kim, H. R. (2022). Why are children less affected than adults by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection? Cell Mol Immunol, 19(5), 555-557.
  • Kory, P., Meduri, G. U., Varon, J., Iglesias, J., & Marik, P. E. (2021). Review of the emerging evidence demonstrating the efficacy of Ivermectin in the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Am J Ther, 28(3), e299-e318.
  • Kosma, M. (2021). Play vs exergaming: A conceptual analysis as to why exergaming is not play. Turk J Kinesiol, 7, 141-151.
  • Kosma, M. (2022). Breaking away from dualisms: Exercise habitus and reflexivity are embodied. Int J Appl Sports Sci, 34(1), 35-49.
  • Kosma, M. (2023). Phenomenological body schema as motor habit in skill acquisition – Intentionality is in action. Athens J Sports, 10 (2), 83-94.
  • Kosma, M., & Buchanan, D. R. (2018). “Connect,” log it, track it, go! Techne—not technology—and embodiment to achieve phronesis in exercise promotion. Quest, 70, 100-113.
  • Kosma, M., & Buchanan, D. R. (2019). Aspects of depression among socio-economically disadvantaged African American young adults. Community Health Equity Res Policy, 39, 199-207.
  • Kosma, M., & Buchanan, D. R. (2021). Reconsidering the push for digitized physical activity education in lieu of the intrinsic value of embodied action. In C. Steinberg & B. Bonn (Eds.), Digitalisierung und Sportwissenschaft [Digitization and Sports Science] (pp. 63-71). Academia.
  • Kosma, M., Buchanan, D. R., & Hondzinski, J. M. (2015). The role of values in promoting physical activity. Quest, 67, 241-254.
  • Kosma, M., & Erickson, N. (2020a). The embodiment of aerial practice: Body, mind, emotion. J Dance Educ, 20, 224-233.
  • Kosma, M., & Erickson, N. (2020b). The love of aerial practice: art, embodiment, phronesis. Int J Kinesiol Sports Sci, 8, 14-25.
  • Kosma, M., Erickson, N., & Gremillion, A. (2023). The embodied nature of physical theater: Expression, creativity, communication. Res Q Exerc Sport, 94 (Supplement), A60-A61.
  • Kosma, M., Erickson, N., Savoie, C. J., & Gibson, M. (2021). Skill development vs. performativity among beginners in aerial practice: An embodied and meaningful learning experience. Community Health Equity Res Policy, 41, 173-187.
  • Kosma, M., Kim, M., Moon, D-H., & Fritts, S. (2023). Effects of Covid-19 mandates on college students’ exercise experiences and psychosocial health. Int J Sport, Exerc Health Res, 7, 1, 9-16.
  • Lamont, K., Chin, M., & Kogan, M. (2011). Mirror box therapy: Seeing is believing. Explore, 7(6), 369-72.
  • Li, X., Vanderloo, L. M., Keown-Stoneman, C. D. G., Cost, K. T., Charach, A., Maguire, J. L., Monga, S., Crosbie, J., Burton, C., Anagnostou, E., Georgiades, S., Nicolson, R., Kelley, E., Ayub, M., Korczak, D. J., & Birken, C. S. (2021). Screen use and mental health symptoms in Canadian children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open, 4(12), e2140875.
  • McClamrock, R. (2020, July 7). The embodied self: Merleau-Ponty on consciousness and the lived body. IAI news. https://iai.tv/articles/merleau-ponty-and-the-embodied-self-consciousness-auid-1582&_auid=2020
  • McCullough, P. A., Alexander, P. E., Armstrong, R., Arvinte, C., Bain, A. F., Bartlett, R. P., … Zelenko, V. (2020). Multifaceted highly targeted sequential multidrug treatment of early ambulatory high-risk SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). Rev Cardiovasc Med, 21 (4), 517-530.
  • McKune, S. L, Acosta, D., Diaz, N., Brittain, K., Joyce-Beaulieu, D., Maurelli, A. T., & Nelson, E. J. (2021). Psychosocial health of school-aged children during the initial COVID-19 safer-at-home school mandates in Florida: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21, 1-11.
  • McPhillips, D. (2022, September 7). Nearly 1 in 4 young adults in US treated for mental health during pandemic, CDC survey finds. CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/07/health/mental-health-treatment-pandemic/index.html
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2014). Phenomenology of perception (D. A. Landes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1945).
  • Mohamed, A. A., & Alawna, M. (2021). The effect of aerobic exercise on immune biomarkers and symptoms severity and progression in patients with COVID-19: A randomized control trial. J Body Work Mov Ther, 28, 425-432.
  • Moya, P. (2014). Habit and embodiment in Merleau-Ponty. Front Hum Neurosci, 8, 1–3. Procter, B. C., Ross, C., Pickard, V., Smith, E., Hanson, C., & McCullough, P. A. (2020). Clinical outcomes after early ambulatory multidrug therapy for high-risk SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. Rev Cardiovasc Med, 21(4), 611-614.
  • Purser, A. (2018). ‘Getting it into the body’: Understanding skill acquisition through Merleau-Ponty and the embodied practice of dance. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health, 10, 318-332.
  • Santin, A. D., Scheim, D. E., McCullough, P. A., Yagisawa, M., & Borody, T. J. (2021). Ivermectin: A multifaceted drug of Nobel prize-honoured distinction with indicated efficacy against a new global scourge, COVID-19. New Microbes New Infect, 43, 100924.
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2019, May 23). Phenomenological approaches to self-consciousness. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/self-consciousness-phenomenological/#OneLevAccSelCon Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2023, January 6). Existentialism. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/#BeinWorl
  • Swiss Policy Research (2022, June). How effective are covid vaccines, really? https://swprs.org/how-effective-are-covid-vaccines-really/#vaccine-injuries
  • Swiss Policy Research. (2023a, April). Covid vaccine adverse events. https://swprs.org/covid-vaccine-adverse-events/
  • Swiss Policy Research. (2023b, June). Facts about covid. https://swprs.org/covid19-facts/
  • Tanaka, S. (2011). The notion of embodied knowledge. In P. Stenner, J. Cromby, J. Motzkau, J. Yen, & Y. Haosheng (Eds.), Theoretical psychology: Global transformations and challenges (pp. 149-157). Captus Press. Turni, C., & Lefringhausen, A. (2022). COVID-19 vaccines – An Australian review. J Clin Exp Immunol, 7(3), 491-508.
  • Wathelet, M., Duhem, S., Vaiva, G., Baubet, T., Habran, E., Veerapa, E., … D'Hondt, F. (2020). Factors associated with mental health disorders among university students in France confined during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open, 3(10), e2025591.
  • Wittkopf, P. G., & Johnson, M. I. (2017). Mirror therapy: a potential intervention for pain management. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 63(11), 1000-1005.
Year 2023, , 247 - 258, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1316448

Abstract

References

  • Abu-Raddad, L. J., Chemaitelly, H., & Bertollini, R. (2021). National study group for COVID-19 epidemiology: Severity of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections as compared with primary infections. N Engl J Med, 385(26), 2487-2489.
  • Alexander, P. E., Armstrong, R., Fareed, G., Lotus, J., Oskoui, R., Prodromos, C., … Gill, K. K. (2021). Early multidrug treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) and reduced mortality among nursing home (or outpatient/ambulatory) residents. Med Hypotheses, 153, 110622.
  • Allen-Collinson, J., & Hockey, J. (2011). Feeling the way: Notes toward a haptic phenomenology of scuba diving and distance running. Int Rev Sociol Sport, 46(3), 330-345.
  • Bardosh, K., de Figueiredo, A., Gur-Arie, R., Jamrozik, E., Doidge, J., Lemmens, T., … Baral, S. (2022). The unintended consequences of COVID-19 vaccine policy: Why mandates, passports and restrictions may cause more harm than good. BMJ Global Health, 7(5), e008684.
  • Bardosh, K., Krug, A., Jamrozik, E., Lemmens, T., Keshavjee, S., Prasad, V., Makary, M. A., Baral, S., & Høeg, T. B. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine boosters for young adults: a risk benefit assessment and ethical analysis of mandate policies at universities. J Med Ethics, 1-13.
  • Bryant, A., Lawrie, T. A., Dowswell, T., Fordham, E. J., Mitchell, S., Hill, S. R., & Tham, T. C. (2021). Ivermectin for prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection: A systematic review, meta-analysis, and trial sequential analysis to inform clinical guidelines. Am J Ther, 28(4), e434-e460.
  • Buchanan, D. R. (2016). Promoting dignity: The ethical dimension of health. Community Health Equity Res Policy, 36(2), 99–104.
  • Chew, M. S., Blixt, P. J., Åhman, R., Engerström, L., Andersson, H., Berggren, R. K., … McIntyre, S. (2021). National outcomes and characteristics of patients admitted to Swedish intensive care units for COVID-19: A registry-based cohort study. Eur J Anaesthesiol, 38(4), 335-343.
  • Clegg, J. L., & Butryn, T. M. (2012). An existential phenomenological examination of parkour and freerunning. Qual Res Sport Exerc, 4, 320–340.
  • da Silveira, M. P., da Silva Fagundes, K. K., Bizuti, M. R., Starck, É., Rossi, R. C., de Resende e Silva, D. T. (2021). Physical exercise as a tool to help the immune system against COVID-19: An integrative review of the current literature. Clin Exp Med, 21, 15–28.
  • Dowd, E. (2022). "Cause unknown": The epidemic of sudden deaths in 2021 & 2022. Skyhorse.
  • Eddy, M. (2009). A brief history of somatic practices and dance: historical development of the field of somatic education and its relationship to dance. J Dance Somat Pract, 1, 5–27.
  • Gandhi, D. B., Sterba, A., Khatter, H., & Pandian, J. D. (2020). Mirror therapy in stroke rehabilitation: Current perspectives. Ther Clin Risk Manag, 16, 75-85.
  • Gazit, S., Shlezinger, R., Perez, G., Lotan, R., Peretz, A., Ben-Tov, A., … Patalon, T. (2022). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) naturally acquired immunity versus vaccine-induced Immunity, reinfections versus breakthrough infections: A Retrospective cohort study. Clin Infect Dis, 75(1), e545-e551.
  • Gramlich, J. (2023, March 2). Mental health and the pandemic: What U.S. surveys have found. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2023/03/02/mental-health-and-the-pandemic-what-u-s-surveys-have-found/
  • Haveri, A., Ekström, N., Solastie, A., Virta, C., Österlund, P., Isosaari, E., … Melin, M. (2021). Persistence of neutralizing antibodies a year after SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans. Eur J Immunol, 51(12), 3202-3213.
  • Herby, J., Jonung, L., & Hanke, S. H. (2022). A literature review and meta-analysis of the effects of lockdowns on COVID-19 mortality. In Johns Hopkins Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise. Studies in Applied Economics, 1-61.
  • Kang, C. K., Shin, H. M., Park, W. B., & Kim, H. R. (2022). Why are children less affected than adults by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection? Cell Mol Immunol, 19(5), 555-557.
  • Kory, P., Meduri, G. U., Varon, J., Iglesias, J., & Marik, P. E. (2021). Review of the emerging evidence demonstrating the efficacy of Ivermectin in the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Am J Ther, 28(3), e299-e318.
  • Kosma, M. (2021). Play vs exergaming: A conceptual analysis as to why exergaming is not play. Turk J Kinesiol, 7, 141-151.
  • Kosma, M. (2022). Breaking away from dualisms: Exercise habitus and reflexivity are embodied. Int J Appl Sports Sci, 34(1), 35-49.
  • Kosma, M. (2023). Phenomenological body schema as motor habit in skill acquisition – Intentionality is in action. Athens J Sports, 10 (2), 83-94.
  • Kosma, M., & Buchanan, D. R. (2018). “Connect,” log it, track it, go! Techne—not technology—and embodiment to achieve phronesis in exercise promotion. Quest, 70, 100-113.
  • Kosma, M., & Buchanan, D. R. (2019). Aspects of depression among socio-economically disadvantaged African American young adults. Community Health Equity Res Policy, 39, 199-207.
  • Kosma, M., & Buchanan, D. R. (2021). Reconsidering the push for digitized physical activity education in lieu of the intrinsic value of embodied action. In C. Steinberg & B. Bonn (Eds.), Digitalisierung und Sportwissenschaft [Digitization and Sports Science] (pp. 63-71). Academia.
  • Kosma, M., Buchanan, D. R., & Hondzinski, J. M. (2015). The role of values in promoting physical activity. Quest, 67, 241-254.
  • Kosma, M., & Erickson, N. (2020a). The embodiment of aerial practice: Body, mind, emotion. J Dance Educ, 20, 224-233.
  • Kosma, M., & Erickson, N. (2020b). The love of aerial practice: art, embodiment, phronesis. Int J Kinesiol Sports Sci, 8, 14-25.
  • Kosma, M., Erickson, N., & Gremillion, A. (2023). The embodied nature of physical theater: Expression, creativity, communication. Res Q Exerc Sport, 94 (Supplement), A60-A61.
  • Kosma, M., Erickson, N., Savoie, C. J., & Gibson, M. (2021). Skill development vs. performativity among beginners in aerial practice: An embodied and meaningful learning experience. Community Health Equity Res Policy, 41, 173-187.
  • Kosma, M., Kim, M., Moon, D-H., & Fritts, S. (2023). Effects of Covid-19 mandates on college students’ exercise experiences and psychosocial health. Int J Sport, Exerc Health Res, 7, 1, 9-16.
  • Lamont, K., Chin, M., & Kogan, M. (2011). Mirror box therapy: Seeing is believing. Explore, 7(6), 369-72.
  • Li, X., Vanderloo, L. M., Keown-Stoneman, C. D. G., Cost, K. T., Charach, A., Maguire, J. L., Monga, S., Crosbie, J., Burton, C., Anagnostou, E., Georgiades, S., Nicolson, R., Kelley, E., Ayub, M., Korczak, D. J., & Birken, C. S. (2021). Screen use and mental health symptoms in Canadian children and youth during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open, 4(12), e2140875.
  • McClamrock, R. (2020, July 7). The embodied self: Merleau-Ponty on consciousness and the lived body. IAI news. https://iai.tv/articles/merleau-ponty-and-the-embodied-self-consciousness-auid-1582&_auid=2020
  • McCullough, P. A., Alexander, P. E., Armstrong, R., Arvinte, C., Bain, A. F., Bartlett, R. P., … Zelenko, V. (2020). Multifaceted highly targeted sequential multidrug treatment of early ambulatory high-risk SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19). Rev Cardiovasc Med, 21 (4), 517-530.
  • McKune, S. L, Acosta, D., Diaz, N., Brittain, K., Joyce-Beaulieu, D., Maurelli, A. T., & Nelson, E. J. (2021). Psychosocial health of school-aged children during the initial COVID-19 safer-at-home school mandates in Florida: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21, 1-11.
  • McPhillips, D. (2022, September 7). Nearly 1 in 4 young adults in US treated for mental health during pandemic, CDC survey finds. CNN Health. https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/07/health/mental-health-treatment-pandemic/index.html
  • Merleau-Ponty, M. (2014). Phenomenology of perception (D. A. Landes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1945).
  • Mohamed, A. A., & Alawna, M. (2021). The effect of aerobic exercise on immune biomarkers and symptoms severity and progression in patients with COVID-19: A randomized control trial. J Body Work Mov Ther, 28, 425-432.
  • Moya, P. (2014). Habit and embodiment in Merleau-Ponty. Front Hum Neurosci, 8, 1–3. Procter, B. C., Ross, C., Pickard, V., Smith, E., Hanson, C., & McCullough, P. A. (2020). Clinical outcomes after early ambulatory multidrug therapy for high-risk SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection. Rev Cardiovasc Med, 21(4), 611-614.
  • Purser, A. (2018). ‘Getting it into the body’: Understanding skill acquisition through Merleau-Ponty and the embodied practice of dance. Qual Res Sport Exerc Health, 10, 318-332.
  • Santin, A. D., Scheim, D. E., McCullough, P. A., Yagisawa, M., & Borody, T. J. (2021). Ivermectin: A multifaceted drug of Nobel prize-honoured distinction with indicated efficacy against a new global scourge, COVID-19. New Microbes New Infect, 43, 100924.
  • Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2019, May 23). Phenomenological approaches to self-consciousness. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/self-consciousness-phenomenological/#OneLevAccSelCon Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (2023, January 6). Existentialism. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/existentialism/#BeinWorl
  • Swiss Policy Research (2022, June). How effective are covid vaccines, really? https://swprs.org/how-effective-are-covid-vaccines-really/#vaccine-injuries
  • Swiss Policy Research. (2023a, April). Covid vaccine adverse events. https://swprs.org/covid-vaccine-adverse-events/
  • Swiss Policy Research. (2023b, June). Facts about covid. https://swprs.org/covid19-facts/
  • Tanaka, S. (2011). The notion of embodied knowledge. In P. Stenner, J. Cromby, J. Motzkau, J. Yen, & Y. Haosheng (Eds.), Theoretical psychology: Global transformations and challenges (pp. 149-157). Captus Press. Turni, C., & Lefringhausen, A. (2022). COVID-19 vaccines – An Australian review. J Clin Exp Immunol, 7(3), 491-508.
  • Wathelet, M., Duhem, S., Vaiva, G., Baubet, T., Habran, E., Veerapa, E., … D'Hondt, F. (2020). Factors associated with mental health disorders among university students in France confined during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open, 3(10), e2025591.
  • Wittkopf, P. G., & Johnson, M. I. (2017). Mirror therapy: a potential intervention for pain management. Rev Assoc Med Bras, 63(11), 1000-1005.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Activity and Health
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Maria Kosma 0000-0002-5892-4156

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date June 18, 2023
Acceptance Date August 27, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Kosma, M. (2023). Total freedom in physical activity via body schema: being for itself and being in the world. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 9(3), 247-258. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1316448

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