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A comprehensive special educational diagnostic assessment of five-year-old children with developmental coordination disorder (case studies)

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 10, 01.07.2016

Abstract

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder which affects different areas of an individual's everyday living and learning. Children with DCD are often diagnosed late, at school age, when difficulties with writing, organization and executive functions arise, even though one could have seen signs of probable DCD very early in childhood. The aim of this study was to further assess five-year-old, preschool children recognized as children with DCD, and develop a model for a comprehensive special educational diagnostic assessment of abilities and skills in five-year-old children with DCD. The comprehensive diagnostic assessment comprised observations and assessments of children’s everyday skills in their kindergartens. It also included semi-structured interviews with children, their parents and their preschool teachers. Further, children’s skills and abilities in all developmental domains (sensory and motor skills, cognitive abilities, social and emotional development, speech and language development, including emerging literacy skills, and early maths skills) were assessed. A qualitative analysis was undertaken to compare individual children’s comprehensive assessments. The developed model included both the strengths and weaknesses of the assessed children.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5thed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
  • Ayres AJ. Sensory integration and learning disorders. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1972.
  • Beery KE. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, VMI. (4thed., revised). New Jersey: Modern Curriculum Press, 1997.
  • Blank R, Smits-Engelsman B, Polatajko H, Wilson PH. European Academy for Childhood Disability (EACD): Recommendations on the definition, diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (long version). Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 2012; 54: 54–93.
  • Bonifacci P. Children with low motor ability have lower visual-motor integration ability but unaffected perceptual skills. Human Movement Science, 2004; 23(2): 157–168.
  • Cantell M, Crawford SG, Doyle-Baker PKT. Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence. Human Movement Science, 2008; 27: 344–362.
  • Causgrove Dunn JL, Dunn JGH. Psychosocial determinants of physical education behavior in children with movement difficulties. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2006; 23, 293–309.
  • Cermak SA. Somatodyspraxia. In A. G. Fisher, E. A. Murray, & A. C. Bundy (Eds.), Sensory integration: Theory and practice (pp. 46–68), Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1991.
  • Cermak SA. Developmental dyspraxia. In E. A. Roy (Ed.), Neuropsychological studies of apraxia and related disorders (pp. 225–248). Amsterdam: North Holland, 1985.
  • Cermak SA, Gubbay SS, Larkin D. What is developmental coordination disorder? In S. A. Cermak, & D. Larkin (Eds.), Developmental coordination disorder (pp. 2–22). Albany, NY: Delmar, 2002.
  • Chambers M, Sugden DA. The identification and assessment of young children with movement difficulties. International Journal of Early Years Education, 2002; 10(3): 157–176.
  • Coleman MR, Buysse V, Neitzel J. Recognition and response: An early intervening system for young children at risk for learning disabilities. Full report. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, FPG Child Development Institute, 2006.
  • Coleman R, Piek JP, Livesey DJ. A longitudinal study of motor ability and kinesthetic acuity in young children at risk of developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 2001; 20(1-2): 95–110.
  • Cousins M, Smyth MM. Developmental coordination impairments in adulthood. Human Movement Science, 2003; 22: 433–459.
  • Cratty BJ. Clumsy child syndromes: Description, evaluation and remediation. Chur: Harwood Academic Publisher, 1993.
  • Dewey D, Kaplan BJ, Crawford SG, Wilson BN. Developmental coordination disorder: Associated problems in attention, learning, and psychosocial adjustment. Human Movement Science, 2002; 21: 905–918.
  • Dowell LR, Mahone ME, Mostofsky SH. Associations of postural knowledge and basic motor skill with dyspraxia in autism: Implication for abnormalities in distributed connectivity and motor learning. Neuropsychology, 2009; 23(5): 563–570.
  • Elbasan B, Kayıhan H, Duzgun I. Sensory integration and activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2012; 38(14). Open access. Retrieved from http://www.ijponline.net/38/1/14.
  • European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education. Early Childhood Intervention. Progress and Developments 2005–2010. Retrieved from http://www.europeanagency.org/publications/ereports/early-childhood-intervention-progress-and-developments/early-childhood-intervention-progress-and-developments, 2010.
  • Gaines R, Missiuna C. Early identification: Are speech/language-impaired toddlers at increased risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder? Child: Care, Health & Development, 2007; 33(3): 325–332.
  • Goyen TA, Lui K. Developmental coordination disorder in "apparently normal" schoolchildren born extremely preterm. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2009; 94(4): 298–302.
  • Heinz Wiedl F, Carlson JS. The factorial structure of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1976; 36(2): 409–413.
  • Hellgren L, Gillberg IC, Bagenholm A, Gillberg C. Children with deficits inattention, motor control and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: Psychiatric and personality disorders at age 16 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1994; 35: 1255–1271.
  • Henderson SE, Sugden DA. Movement assessment battery for children – Movement ABC. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 2005.
  • Kadesjö B, Gillberg C. Attention deficits and clumsiness in Swedish seven-year-old children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1998; 40: 796–804.
  • Kirby A, Drew S. Guide to dyspraxia and developmental coordination disorders. New York: David Fulton Publishers, 2003.
  • Kremžar B, Petelin M. Child’s motor behavior. Ljubljana: Društvo za motopedagogiko in psihomotoriko, 2001.
  • LaFernier PJ, Dumas JE. Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Scale. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 2001.
  • Larkin D, Rakimov B. Children with motor learning difficulties in the school environment. ACHPER Health Lifestyles Journal, 2007; 53: 5–9.
  • Le Normand MT, Vaivre-Douret L, Payan C, Cohen H. Neuromotor development and language processing in developmental dyspraxia: A follow-up case study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2000; 22(3): 408–417.
  • Lingam R, Hunt LP, Golding J, Jongmans MJ, Emond A. Prevalence of developmental coordination disorder using the DSM-IV at 7 years of age: A UK population-based study. Pediatrics, 2009; 123(4): 693–700.
  • Losse A, Henderson SE, Elliman D, Hall D, Knight E, Jongmans M. Clumsiness in children – Do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow-up study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1991; 33(1): 55–68.
  • Magajna L. Traditional and new models of detection and diagnostic assessment of specific learning disabilities. In M.Košak Babuder, M. Kavkler, L. Magajna, S. Pulec Lah, Z. Stančič, & A. C. Morrison (Eds.), Third international conference on specific learning disabilities in Slovenia. Specific learning disabilities in all ages (pp 34–45). Ljubljana: Društvo Bravo, 2010.
  • Magajna L, Kavkler M, Čačinovič Vogrinčič G, Pečjak S, Bregar Golobič K. Specific learning disabilities in the elementary school: Intervention concepts. Ljubljana: The National Educational Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, 2008.
  • Majnemer A. Benefits of early intervention for children with developmental disabilities. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 1998; 5(1): 62–69.
  • Marjanovič Umek L, Kranjc S, Bajc K, Fekonja U. General speech development scales. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 2007.
  • Missiuna C, Gaines R, McLean J, DeLaat D, Egan M, Soucie H. Description of children identified by physicians as having developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 2008; 50: 839–844.
  • Missiuna C, Rivard L, Bartlett D. Early identification and risk management of children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2003; 15(1): 32–38.
  • Missiuna C, Rivard L, Pollock N. Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: At home, at school, and in the community. CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, 2011. Retrieved from http://dcd.canchild.ca/en/dcdfaqs/resources/dcdrevised.pdf.
  • Ozbič M. Detection of developmental dyspraxia and intervention for children with dyspraxia. In M. Kavkler, M. Klug, M. Košak Babuder, & M. Štrbenk (Eds.), Second international conference on specific learning disabilities in Slovenia. Children and adolescents with specific learning disabilities – enhancement, support and effective intervention(pp 96–102). Ljubljana: Bravo Society, 2006.
  • Piek JP, Bradbury GS, Elsley SC, Tate L. Motor coordination and social-emotional behaviour in preschool-aged children. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 2008; 55(2): 143–151.
  • Povše Ivkić V, Govedarica T. Practicum of general special educational diagnostics. Beograd: Institute for Mental Health, 2000.
  • Raven J, Raven JC, Court JH. Coloured progressive matrices. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 1999.
  • Rodger S, Ziviani J, Watter P, Ozanne A, Woodyatt G, Springfield E. Motor and functional skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot investigation of measurement issues. Human Movement Science, 2003; 22: 461–478.
  • Schoemaker MM, Kalverboer AF. Social and affective problems of children who are clumsy: How early do they begin? Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 1994; 11: 130–140.
  • Skinner R, Piek J. Psychosocial implications of poor motor control and coordinationin children and adolescents. Human Movement Science, 2001; 20: 73–94.
  • Sugden DA. (Ed.) Leeds consensus statement: Developmental coordination disorder as a specific learning difficulty. Leeds: DCD-UK/Discovery Centre, 2006.
  • Summers J, Larkin D, Dewey D. Activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder: Dressing, personal hygiene, and eating skills. Human Movement Science, 2008; 27: 215–229.
  • Terčon J, Filipčič T, Wilson BN. Slovenian adaptation of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire – a pilot study. In R. Pišot, P. Dolenc, I. Retar & S. Pišot (Eds.), The 7th international scientific and expert symposium A child in motion. A child in motion for healthy aging (pp 194–201). Koper: ZRS, Annales, 2012.
  • Van Waelvelde H, De Weerdt W, De Cock P, Smits-Engelsman B. Association between visual perceptual deficits and motor deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 2004; 46(10): 61–666.
  • Wilson BN, Crawford SG, Green D, Roberts G, Aylott A, Kaplan BJ. Psychometric properties of the revised developmental coordination disorder questionnaire. Journal of Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 2009; 29(2): 182– 202.
  • Zupančič M, Svetina M. Introduction into developmental psychology diagnostics. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni inštitut Filozofske fakultete, 2012.
Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 1 - 10, 01.07.2016

Abstract

References

  • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. (5thed.). Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013.
  • Ayres AJ. Sensory integration and learning disorders. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Services, 1972.
  • Beery KE. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, VMI. (4thed., revised). New Jersey: Modern Curriculum Press, 1997.
  • Blank R, Smits-Engelsman B, Polatajko H, Wilson PH. European Academy for Childhood Disability (EACD): Recommendations on the definition, diagnosis and intervention of developmental coordination disorder (long version). Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 2012; 54: 54–93.
  • Bonifacci P. Children with low motor ability have lower visual-motor integration ability but unaffected perceptual skills. Human Movement Science, 2004; 23(2): 157–168.
  • Cantell M, Crawford SG, Doyle-Baker PKT. Physical fitness and health indices in children, adolescents and adults with high or low motor competence. Human Movement Science, 2008; 27: 344–362.
  • Causgrove Dunn JL, Dunn JGH. Psychosocial determinants of physical education behavior in children with movement difficulties. Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 2006; 23, 293–309.
  • Cermak SA. Somatodyspraxia. In A. G. Fisher, E. A. Murray, & A. C. Bundy (Eds.), Sensory integration: Theory and practice (pp. 46–68), Philadelphia: F. A. Davis, 1991.
  • Cermak SA. Developmental dyspraxia. In E. A. Roy (Ed.), Neuropsychological studies of apraxia and related disorders (pp. 225–248). Amsterdam: North Holland, 1985.
  • Cermak SA, Gubbay SS, Larkin D. What is developmental coordination disorder? In S. A. Cermak, & D. Larkin (Eds.), Developmental coordination disorder (pp. 2–22). Albany, NY: Delmar, 2002.
  • Chambers M, Sugden DA. The identification and assessment of young children with movement difficulties. International Journal of Early Years Education, 2002; 10(3): 157–176.
  • Coleman MR, Buysse V, Neitzel J. Recognition and response: An early intervening system for young children at risk for learning disabilities. Full report. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, FPG Child Development Institute, 2006.
  • Coleman R, Piek JP, Livesey DJ. A longitudinal study of motor ability and kinesthetic acuity in young children at risk of developmental coordination disorder. Human Movement Science, 2001; 20(1-2): 95–110.
  • Cousins M, Smyth MM. Developmental coordination impairments in adulthood. Human Movement Science, 2003; 22: 433–459.
  • Cratty BJ. Clumsy child syndromes: Description, evaluation and remediation. Chur: Harwood Academic Publisher, 1993.
  • Dewey D, Kaplan BJ, Crawford SG, Wilson BN. Developmental coordination disorder: Associated problems in attention, learning, and psychosocial adjustment. Human Movement Science, 2002; 21: 905–918.
  • Dowell LR, Mahone ME, Mostofsky SH. Associations of postural knowledge and basic motor skill with dyspraxia in autism: Implication for abnormalities in distributed connectivity and motor learning. Neuropsychology, 2009; 23(5): 563–570.
  • Elbasan B, Kayıhan H, Duzgun I. Sensory integration and activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 2012; 38(14). Open access. Retrieved from http://www.ijponline.net/38/1/14.
  • European Agency for Development in Special Needs Education. Early Childhood Intervention. Progress and Developments 2005–2010. Retrieved from http://www.europeanagency.org/publications/ereports/early-childhood-intervention-progress-and-developments/early-childhood-intervention-progress-and-developments, 2010.
  • Gaines R, Missiuna C. Early identification: Are speech/language-impaired toddlers at increased risk for Developmental Coordination Disorder? Child: Care, Health & Development, 2007; 33(3): 325–332.
  • Goyen TA, Lui K. Developmental coordination disorder in "apparently normal" schoolchildren born extremely preterm. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 2009; 94(4): 298–302.
  • Heinz Wiedl F, Carlson JS. The factorial structure of the Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices Test. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 1976; 36(2): 409–413.
  • Hellgren L, Gillberg IC, Bagenholm A, Gillberg C. Children with deficits inattention, motor control and perception (DAMP) almost grown up: Psychiatric and personality disorders at age 16 years. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 1994; 35: 1255–1271.
  • Henderson SE, Sugden DA. Movement assessment battery for children – Movement ABC. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 2005.
  • Kadesjö B, Gillberg C. Attention deficits and clumsiness in Swedish seven-year-old children. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1998; 40: 796–804.
  • Kirby A, Drew S. Guide to dyspraxia and developmental coordination disorders. New York: David Fulton Publishers, 2003.
  • Kremžar B, Petelin M. Child’s motor behavior. Ljubljana: Društvo za motopedagogiko in psihomotoriko, 2001.
  • LaFernier PJ, Dumas JE. Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Scale. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 2001.
  • Larkin D, Rakimov B. Children with motor learning difficulties in the school environment. ACHPER Health Lifestyles Journal, 2007; 53: 5–9.
  • Le Normand MT, Vaivre-Douret L, Payan C, Cohen H. Neuromotor development and language processing in developmental dyspraxia: A follow-up case study. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 2000; 22(3): 408–417.
  • Lingam R, Hunt LP, Golding J, Jongmans MJ, Emond A. Prevalence of developmental coordination disorder using the DSM-IV at 7 years of age: A UK population-based study. Pediatrics, 2009; 123(4): 693–700.
  • Losse A, Henderson SE, Elliman D, Hall D, Knight E, Jongmans M. Clumsiness in children – Do they grow out of it? A 10-year follow-up study. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 1991; 33(1): 55–68.
  • Magajna L. Traditional and new models of detection and diagnostic assessment of specific learning disabilities. In M.Košak Babuder, M. Kavkler, L. Magajna, S. Pulec Lah, Z. Stančič, & A. C. Morrison (Eds.), Third international conference on specific learning disabilities in Slovenia. Specific learning disabilities in all ages (pp 34–45). Ljubljana: Društvo Bravo, 2010.
  • Magajna L, Kavkler M, Čačinovič Vogrinčič G, Pečjak S, Bregar Golobič K. Specific learning disabilities in the elementary school: Intervention concepts. Ljubljana: The National Educational Institute of the Republic of Slovenia, 2008.
  • Majnemer A. Benefits of early intervention for children with developmental disabilities. Seminars in Pediatric Neurology, 1998; 5(1): 62–69.
  • Marjanovič Umek L, Kranjc S, Bajc K, Fekonja U. General speech development scales. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 2007.
  • Missiuna C, Gaines R, McLean J, DeLaat D, Egan M, Soucie H. Description of children identified by physicians as having developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 2008; 50: 839–844.
  • Missiuna C, Rivard L, Bartlett D. Early identification and risk management of children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 2003; 15(1): 32–38.
  • Missiuna C, Rivard L, Pollock N. Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder: At home, at school, and in the community. CanChild Centre for Childhood Disability Research, 2011. Retrieved from http://dcd.canchild.ca/en/dcdfaqs/resources/dcdrevised.pdf.
  • Ozbič M. Detection of developmental dyspraxia and intervention for children with dyspraxia. In M. Kavkler, M. Klug, M. Košak Babuder, & M. Štrbenk (Eds.), Second international conference on specific learning disabilities in Slovenia. Children and adolescents with specific learning disabilities – enhancement, support and effective intervention(pp 96–102). Ljubljana: Bravo Society, 2006.
  • Piek JP, Bradbury GS, Elsley SC, Tate L. Motor coordination and social-emotional behaviour in preschool-aged children. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 2008; 55(2): 143–151.
  • Povše Ivkić V, Govedarica T. Practicum of general special educational diagnostics. Beograd: Institute for Mental Health, 2000.
  • Raven J, Raven JC, Court JH. Coloured progressive matrices. Ljubljana: Center za psihodiagnostična sredstva, 1999.
  • Rodger S, Ziviani J, Watter P, Ozanne A, Woodyatt G, Springfield E. Motor and functional skills of children with developmental coordination disorder: A pilot investigation of measurement issues. Human Movement Science, 2003; 22: 461–478.
  • Schoemaker MM, Kalverboer AF. Social and affective problems of children who are clumsy: How early do they begin? Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly, 1994; 11: 130–140.
  • Skinner R, Piek J. Psychosocial implications of poor motor control and coordinationin children and adolescents. Human Movement Science, 2001; 20: 73–94.
  • Sugden DA. (Ed.) Leeds consensus statement: Developmental coordination disorder as a specific learning difficulty. Leeds: DCD-UK/Discovery Centre, 2006.
  • Summers J, Larkin D, Dewey D. Activities of daily living in children with developmental coordination disorder: Dressing, personal hygiene, and eating skills. Human Movement Science, 2008; 27: 215–229.
  • Terčon J, Filipčič T, Wilson BN. Slovenian adaptation of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire – a pilot study. In R. Pišot, P. Dolenc, I. Retar & S. Pišot (Eds.), The 7th international scientific and expert symposium A child in motion. A child in motion for healthy aging (pp 194–201). Koper: ZRS, Annales, 2012.
  • Van Waelvelde H, De Weerdt W, De Cock P, Smits-Engelsman B. Association between visual perceptual deficits and motor deficits in children with developmental coordination disorder. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 2004; 46(10): 61–666.
  • Wilson BN, Crawford SG, Green D, Roberts G, Aylott A, Kaplan BJ. Psychometric properties of the revised developmental coordination disorder questionnaire. Journal of Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, 2009; 29(2): 182– 202.
  • Zupančič M, Svetina M. Introduction into developmental psychology diagnostics. Ljubljana: Znanstvenoraziskovalni inštitut Filozofske fakultete, 2012.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Other ID JA48YV34MU
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Tjasa Filipcic This is me

Jerneja Tercon This is me

Publication Date July 1, 2016
Submission Date July 1, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Filipcic, T., & Tercon, J. (2016). A comprehensive special educational diagnostic assessment of five-year-old children with developmental coordination disorder (case studies). Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 1(1), 1-10.

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