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Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 37 - 42, 30.09.2017

Abstract

References

  • Amrhein V, Korner-Nievergelt F, Roth T. The earth is flat (p> 0.05): Significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research (No. e2921v1). Peer J Preprints, 2017.
  • Brody EB, Hatfield BD. Psychology of athletic preparation and performance. In Baechle, T.R. & Earle, R. W. (Eds.), Essentials of strength training and conditioning (3rd ed.), (pp. 159-177). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2008.
  • Cox RH, Martens MP, Russell WD. Measuring anxiety in athletes: The Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2003; 25: 519-533.
  • Hackfort D, Schwenkmezger P. Measuring anxiety in sports: Perspectives and problems. In D. Hackfort & C. D. Speilberger (Eds.), Anxiety in Sports: An International Perspective (pp. 55-74). Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 1989.
  • Hanin YL. Interpersonal and intragroup anxiety in sports. In D. Hackfort & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Anxiety in sports: An International perspective (pp. 19-28). New York: Hemisphere, 1989.
  • Harman E. Principles of test selection and administration. In Baechle, T.R. & Earle, R.W. (Eds.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd ed.), (pp. 238-246). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2008.
  • Hoffman J. Norms for fitness, performance, and health. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, USA, 2006.
  • McCurdy K, Langford GA, Cline AL, Doscher M, Hoff R. The reliability of 1-and 3RM tests of unilateral strength in trained and untrained men and women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2004; 3(3): 190-196.
  • McDonald JH. Handbook of biological statistics. 3rd ed., Sparky House Publishing; Maryland, 2014.
  • McGuigan M. Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests. In Haff, G. & Triplett, T.N. (Eds.), Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.), (pp. 259-293). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2016.
  • Spielberger CD. Understanding stress and anxiety. HarperCollins Publishers, 1979.
  • Statler TA, DuBois AM. Psychology of athletic preparation and performance. In Haff, G. & Triplett, T.N. (Eds.), Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.), (pp. 155-172). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2016.
  • Tagesson SK, Kvist J. Intra-and interpreter reliability of the establishment of one repetition maximum on squat and seated knee extension. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2007; 21(3): 801-807.
  • Thompson T, Berning J, Harris C, Adams KJ, DeBeliso M. The effects of complex training in male high school athletes on the back squat and vertical jump. International Journal of Sports Science 2017; 7(2): 50-55.
  • Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 6th ed., Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2014.
  • Yerkes RM, Dodson JD. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit‐formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1908; 18(5): 459-482.

Effect of spotters on state anxiety and self-confidence during maximal squatting among male high school athletes

Year 2017, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 37 - 42, 30.09.2017

Abstract

The ideal performance state is manifested by psychological and physiological efficiency. The psychological effects of anxiety and self-confidence has been shown to alter the efficiency of performance. This study attempted to identify the state anxiety and self-confidence of high school athletes just prior to a one repetition maximum (1-RM) back squat and determine if the number of spotters affects an athlete’s level of state anxiety and/or self-confidence. Male high school athletes (10th and 11th grades) were randomly separated into two experimental groups who performed the 1-RM back squat (BSQ) with either 1 spotter (1SG: n=52) or 3 spotters (3SG: n=54). Following a dynamic warm-up period and several progressive BSQ warm-up sets, and just prior to attempts at a 1-RM BSQ, the participants completed the revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2R). The CSAI-2R included the number of spotters (1 or 3) that would be present during the subsequent 1-RM BSQ attempts. The CSAI-2R is a17-question instrument with three subscales (self-confidence, somatic anxiety, and cognitive anxiety). The subscale scores were compared between the 1SG and 3SG with an independent t-test (alpha≤0.05). None of the subscales (self-confidence, somatic anxiety, and cognitive anxiety) were significantly different between the 1SG and 3SG experimental groups (p>0.05). Within the parameters of this study, the number of spotters present during the execution of the 1-RM BSQ had no practical or statistical impact on self-confidence, somatic anxiety, and cognitive anxiety. Coaches and athletes could use this information in the training environment in order to make best use of personnel (assigned to spotting tasks), physical resources (ex. squat racks), and time management.

References

  • Amrhein V, Korner-Nievergelt F, Roth T. The earth is flat (p> 0.05): Significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research (No. e2921v1). Peer J Preprints, 2017.
  • Brody EB, Hatfield BD. Psychology of athletic preparation and performance. In Baechle, T.R. & Earle, R. W. (Eds.), Essentials of strength training and conditioning (3rd ed.), (pp. 159-177). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2008.
  • Cox RH, Martens MP, Russell WD. Measuring anxiety in athletes: The Revised Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology 2003; 25: 519-533.
  • Hackfort D, Schwenkmezger P. Measuring anxiety in sports: Perspectives and problems. In D. Hackfort & C. D. Speilberger (Eds.), Anxiety in Sports: An International Perspective (pp. 55-74). Washington, DC: Hemisphere, 1989.
  • Hanin YL. Interpersonal and intragroup anxiety in sports. In D. Hackfort & C.D. Spielberger (Eds.), Anxiety in sports: An International perspective (pp. 19-28). New York: Hemisphere, 1989.
  • Harman E. Principles of test selection and administration. In Baechle, T.R. & Earle, R.W. (Eds.), Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning (3rd ed.), (pp. 238-246). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2008.
  • Hoffman J. Norms for fitness, performance, and health. Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, USA, 2006.
  • McCurdy K, Langford GA, Cline AL, Doscher M, Hoff R. The reliability of 1-and 3RM tests of unilateral strength in trained and untrained men and women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine 2004; 3(3): 190-196.
  • McDonald JH. Handbook of biological statistics. 3rd ed., Sparky House Publishing; Maryland, 2014.
  • McGuigan M. Administration, scoring, and interpretation of selected tests. In Haff, G. & Triplett, T.N. (Eds.), Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.), (pp. 259-293). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2016.
  • Spielberger CD. Understanding stress and anxiety. HarperCollins Publishers, 1979.
  • Statler TA, DuBois AM. Psychology of athletic preparation and performance. In Haff, G. & Triplett, T.N. (Eds.), Essentials of strength training and conditioning (4th ed.), (pp. 155-172). Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2016.
  • Tagesson SK, Kvist J. Intra-and interpreter reliability of the establishment of one repetition maximum on squat and seated knee extension. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 2007; 21(3): 801-807.
  • Thompson T, Berning J, Harris C, Adams KJ, DeBeliso M. The effects of complex training in male high school athletes on the back squat and vertical jump. International Journal of Sports Science 2017; 7(2): 50-55.
  • Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 6th ed., Champaign, IL. Human Kinetics, 2014.
  • Yerkes RM, Dodson JD. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit‐formation. Journal of Comparative Neurology 1908; 18(5): 459-482.
There are 16 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Drew Rykert This is me

Chad Harris

Kent J. Adams This is me

Mark Debeliso

Publication Date September 30, 2017
Submission Date July 22, 2017
Acceptance Date September 12, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Rykert, D., Harris, C., Adams, K. J., Debeliso, M. (2017). Effect of spotters on state anxiety and self-confidence during maximal squatting among male high school athletes. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 3(3), 37-42.

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