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Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in men with hypertension: A randomized controlled study

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 32 - 39, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.686578

Abstract

This study was aimed at determining the effects of aerobic exercise training on blood pressure in men hypertensive patients. To this end, the study employed a randomized controlled, parallel-group design. Accordingly, twenty-four male hypertensive patients with a mean age of 38±4 years were assigned into two groups (n=12 each): the exercise group means body mass index 26.8±1.54 kg/m2 and the control group’s mean body mass index 27.2±1.98 kg/m2. The research participants’ systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) data were collected at baseline and after 16 weeks of the study period. The exercise group (EG) participants performed moderate-intensity aerobic exercise for 16 weeks three days per week. On the other hand, the control group (CG) participants did not take part in exercise intervention but continued their usual daily activities during the study period. Statistical analysis data collected was done using SPSS version 20. Analyses of within-group and between-group comparisons were done using paired sample t-test and independent sample t-test, respectively, with the level of significance set at P<0.05. The results of this analysis show that the EG has demonstrated significant within-group mean changes in SBP (-7.1 mm Hg; P<0.001), and in DBP (-5.6 mm Hg; P<0.001) compared to baseline. The result in the CG was found insignificant within-group mean changes in SBP (-0.3 mm Hg; P=0.51), and in DBP (-0.3 mm Hg; P=0.39) compared to baseline. Moreover, between-group comparisons showed that mean SBP and DBP significantly reduced in EG compared to CG. Therefore, it can be concluded that 16 weeks, moderate-intensity and supervised aerobic exercise training significantly reduce blood pressure levels in stage 1 hypertensive patients. Thus hypertensive patients could be encouraged to take part in moderate-intensity aerobic exercise training regularly.

Thanks

The authors like to acknowledge Mekelle University for financial support.

References

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  • Baster, T., & Baster-Brooks, C. (2005). Exercise and hypertension. Aust Fam Physician, 34 (6), 419-24.
  • Bateman, L.A., Slentz, C.A., Willis, L.H., Shields, T., Piner, L.W., Bales, C.W., Houmard, J.A., & Kraus, W.E. (2011). Comparison of aerobic versus resistance exercise training effects on metabolic syndrome (from the studies of a targeted risk reduction intervention through defined exercise -STRRIDE-AT/RT). Am J Cardiol, 108, 838-44.
  • Belay, M.A., Reddy, R.C., & Syam, B.M. (2013). The effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on obese adults. Northwest Ethiopia. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2 (1), 59-66.
  • Boreham, C., & Riddoch, C. (2001) The physical activity, fitness and health of children. J SportsSci, 19 (12), 915-29.
  • Borjesson, M., Onerup, A., Lundqvist, S., & Dahlof, B. (2016). Physical activity and exercise lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: narrative review of 27 RCTs. Br J Sports Med, 50 (6), 356–61.
  • Cardoso, C.D.Jr., Gomides, R.S., Queiroz, A.C., Pinto, L.G., da Silveira Lobo, F., Tinucci, T., Mion, D.Jr., & de Moraes Forjaz, C.L. (2010). Acute and chronic effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 65 (3), 317-25.
  • Carnethon, M.R., Gidding, S.S., Nehgme, R., Sidney, S., Jacobs, D.R.Jr., & Liu, K. (2003). Cardio respiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular risk factors. JAMA, 290, 3092-100.
  • Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., Cushman, W.C., Green, L.A., Izzo, J.L., Jones, D.W., Materson, B.J., Oparil, S., Wright, J.T., & Roccella, E.J. (2003). National heart, lung, and blood institute joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure; National high blood pressure education program coordinating committee. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA, 289 (19), 2560-72.
  • Collier, S.R., Kanaley, J.A., Carhart, Jr., Frechette, V., Tobin, M.M., Hall, A.K., Luckenbaugh, A.N., & Fernhall, B. (2008). Effect of 4 weeks of aerobic or resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, blood flow and blood pressure in pre- and stage-1 hypertensives. Journal of Human Hypertension, 22, 678–86.
  • Cornelissen, V.A., & Fagard, R.H. (2005). Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure regulating mechanisms and cardiovascular risk factors. J Hypertens, 45, 667-75.
  • Cornelissen, V.A., & Smart, N.A. (2013). Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc, 2 (1), e004473.
  • Fagard, R.H. (2006). Exercise is good for your blood pressure: Effects of endurance training and resistance training. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 33 (9), 853-6.
  • Fagard, R.H., & Cornelissen, V.A. (2007). Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 14, 12-7.
  • Ferrari, C.K.B. (2008). Metabolic syndrome and obesity: Epidemiology and Prevention by physical activity and exercise. J Exerc Sci Fit, 6 (2), 87-96.
  • Gholamrezai, S., Zali, M., Shabani, R., & Hoseini, R. (2014). Effect of 8 weeks of aerobic on body composition and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Physical Education of Students, 5, 74-78.
  • Hailemariam, D., Kitaw, Y., Kaba, M., Siraw, D., Tebekaw, Y., Alemu, H. (2018). Ethiopia’s urban primary health care reform: Practices, lessons, and the way forward. Ethiop J Health Dev, 32 (1), 4-9.
  • Halliwill, J.R., Buck, T.M., Lacewell, A.N., & Romero, S.A. (2013). Post exercise hypotension and sustained post exercise vasodilatation: What happens after exercise? Exp Physiol, 98 (1), 7–18.
  • Hamer, M. (2006). The anti-hypertensive effects of exercise: Integrating acute and chronic mechanisms. Sports Med, 36 (2), 109-16.
  • Iellamo, F., & Volterrani, M. (2010). Effect of exercise training in essential arterial hypertension. Rev Bras Hipertens, 17 (2), 68-71.
  • Izdebska, E., Cybulska, I., Izdebskir, J., Makowiecka, M., & Trzebski, A. (2004). Effects of moderate physical training on blood pressure variability and hemodynamic pattern in mildly hypertensive subjects. J Physiol Pharmacol, 55 (4), 713-24.
  • Kearney, P.M., Whelton, M., Reynolds, K., Muntner, P., Whelton, P.K., & He, J. (2005). Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet, 365, 217–23.
  • Lamina, S. (2010). Effects of continuous and interval training programs in the management of hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 12, 841-49.
  • Lima, A.H., Couto, H., Cardoso, G.A., Toscano, L.T., Silva, A.S., & Mota, M.P. (2012). Aerobic training does not alter blood pressure in menopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol, 60 (3), 6-10.
  • Lima, L.G., Maria, J., Bonardi, T., Campos, G.O., Bertani, R.F., Scher, L.M., Moriguti, J.C., Ferriolli, E., & Lima, N.K.C. (2014). Effect of an exercise program on blood pressure, body mass index and abdominal circumference in elderly hypertensive patients. J ASH, 8 (4S), e115–e118.
  • Maeda, S., Miyauchi, T., Kakiyama, T., Sugawara, J., Lemitsu, M., Irukayama-Tombe, Y., Murkami, H., Kumagai, Y., Kuno, S., & Matsuda, M. (2001). Effects of exercise training of 8 weeks and detraining on plasma levels of endothelium-derived factors, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, in healthy young humans. Life Sci, 69 (9), 1005–16.
  • Mills, K.T., Bundy, J.D., Kelly, T.N., Reed, J.E., Kearney, P.M., & Reynolds, K. (2016). Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: A systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation, 134, 441-50.
  • Nshisso, L.D., Reesea, A., Gelayea, B., Lemma, S., Berhane, Y., & Williams, M.A. (2012). Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among Ethiopian adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 6 (1), 36-41.
  • O’Sullivan SE, Bell C. The effects of exercise and training on human cardiovascular reflex control. J Auton Nerv Syst, 2000; 81(3): 16-24.
  • Parkinson, C.F. (2012). Study guide for understanding pathophysiology. 5th ed., Missouri: Elsevier, 2012
  • Pescatello, L.S., MacDonald, H.V., Lambeti, L., & Johnson, B.T. (2015). Exercise for hypertension: a prescription update integrating existing recommendations with emerging research. Curr Hypertens Rep, 17 (87), 1-10.
  • Swati, S., Pawaria, S., & Sheetal, K. (2015). Effects of aerobic versus resistance training on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. J Anesth Crit Care Open Access, 3 (3), 1-6.
  • Tsai, J., Liu, J.C., Kao, C.C., Tomlinson, B., Kao, P.F., Chen, J.W., & Chan, P. (2002). Beneficial effects on blood pressure and lipid profile of programmed exercise training in subjects with white coat hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 15, 571-76.
  • Tsai, J.C., Yang, H.Y., Wang, W.H., Hsieh, M.H., Chen, P.T., Kao, C.C., Kao, P.F., Wang, C.H., & Chan, P. (2004). The Beneficial effect of regular endurance exercise training on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 26 (3), 255-65.
  • Westhoff, T.H., Schmidt, S., Gross, V., Joppke, M., Zidek, W., der Giet, M.V., & Dimeob, F. (2008). The cardiovascular effects of upper-limb aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients. Journal of Hypertension, 26 (7), 1336-42.
  • Whelton, P.K., He, J., Appel, L.J., Cutler, J.A., Havas, S., Kotchen, T.A., Roccella, E.J., Stout, R., Vallbona, C., Winston, M.C., & Karimbakas, J. (2002a). National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from the national high blood pressure education program. JAMA, 288, 1882-8.
  • Whelton, S.P., Chin, A., Xin, X., & He, J. (2002b). Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. Ann Intern Med, 136 (7), 493-503.
  • WHO. (2011). Global Status Report on Non communicable Diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011. http://www.who.int /nmh/publications/ncd_ report2010/en (accessed May 16, 2017).
Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 32 - 39, 30.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.686578

Abstract

References

  • Andreeva, O. (2014). Social and psychological factors that determine the recreational and health-improving activity of people of different age. Theory and Methods of Physical Education and Sport, 3, 35-40.
  • Baster, T., & Baster-Brooks, C. (2005). Exercise and hypertension. Aust Fam Physician, 34 (6), 419-24.
  • Bateman, L.A., Slentz, C.A., Willis, L.H., Shields, T., Piner, L.W., Bales, C.W., Houmard, J.A., & Kraus, W.E. (2011). Comparison of aerobic versus resistance exercise training effects on metabolic syndrome (from the studies of a targeted risk reduction intervention through defined exercise -STRRIDE-AT/RT). Am J Cardiol, 108, 838-44.
  • Belay, M.A., Reddy, R.C., & Syam, B.M. (2013). The effects of combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on obese adults. Northwest Ethiopia. Research Journal of Recent Sciences, 2 (1), 59-66.
  • Boreham, C., & Riddoch, C. (2001) The physical activity, fitness and health of children. J SportsSci, 19 (12), 915-29.
  • Borjesson, M., Onerup, A., Lundqvist, S., & Dahlof, B. (2016). Physical activity and exercise lower blood pressure in individuals with hypertension: narrative review of 27 RCTs. Br J Sports Med, 50 (6), 356–61.
  • Cardoso, C.D.Jr., Gomides, R.S., Queiroz, A.C., Pinto, L.G., da Silveira Lobo, F., Tinucci, T., Mion, D.Jr., & de Moraes Forjaz, C.L. (2010). Acute and chronic effects of aerobic and resistance exercise on ambulatory blood pressure. Clinics (Sao Paulo), 65 (3), 317-25.
  • Carnethon, M.R., Gidding, S.S., Nehgme, R., Sidney, S., Jacobs, D.R.Jr., & Liu, K. (2003). Cardio respiratory fitness in young adulthood and the development of cardiovascular risk factors. JAMA, 290, 3092-100.
  • Chobanian, A.V., Bakris, G.L., Black, H.R., Cushman, W.C., Green, L.A., Izzo, J.L., Jones, D.W., Materson, B.J., Oparil, S., Wright, J.T., & Roccella, E.J. (2003). National heart, lung, and blood institute joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure; National high blood pressure education program coordinating committee. The seventh report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA, 289 (19), 2560-72.
  • Collier, S.R., Kanaley, J.A., Carhart, Jr., Frechette, V., Tobin, M.M., Hall, A.K., Luckenbaugh, A.N., & Fernhall, B. (2008). Effect of 4 weeks of aerobic or resistance exercise training on arterial stiffness, blood flow and blood pressure in pre- and stage-1 hypertensives. Journal of Human Hypertension, 22, 678–86.
  • Cornelissen, V.A., & Fagard, R.H. (2005). Effects of endurance training on blood pressure, blood pressure regulating mechanisms and cardiovascular risk factors. J Hypertens, 45, 667-75.
  • Cornelissen, V.A., & Smart, N.A. (2013). Exercise training for blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc, 2 (1), e004473.
  • Fagard, R.H. (2006). Exercise is good for your blood pressure: Effects of endurance training and resistance training. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol, 33 (9), 853-6.
  • Fagard, R.H., & Cornelissen, V.A. (2007). Effect of exercise on blood pressure control in hypertensive patients. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil, 14, 12-7.
  • Ferrari, C.K.B. (2008). Metabolic syndrome and obesity: Epidemiology and Prevention by physical activity and exercise. J Exerc Sci Fit, 6 (2), 87-96.
  • Gholamrezai, S., Zali, M., Shabani, R., & Hoseini, R. (2014). Effect of 8 weeks of aerobic on body composition and blood pressure in postmenopausal women. Physical Education of Students, 5, 74-78.
  • Hailemariam, D., Kitaw, Y., Kaba, M., Siraw, D., Tebekaw, Y., Alemu, H. (2018). Ethiopia’s urban primary health care reform: Practices, lessons, and the way forward. Ethiop J Health Dev, 32 (1), 4-9.
  • Halliwill, J.R., Buck, T.M., Lacewell, A.N., & Romero, S.A. (2013). Post exercise hypotension and sustained post exercise vasodilatation: What happens after exercise? Exp Physiol, 98 (1), 7–18.
  • Hamer, M. (2006). The anti-hypertensive effects of exercise: Integrating acute and chronic mechanisms. Sports Med, 36 (2), 109-16.
  • Iellamo, F., & Volterrani, M. (2010). Effect of exercise training in essential arterial hypertension. Rev Bras Hipertens, 17 (2), 68-71.
  • Izdebska, E., Cybulska, I., Izdebskir, J., Makowiecka, M., & Trzebski, A. (2004). Effects of moderate physical training on blood pressure variability and hemodynamic pattern in mildly hypertensive subjects. J Physiol Pharmacol, 55 (4), 713-24.
  • Kearney, P.M., Whelton, M., Reynolds, K., Muntner, P., Whelton, P.K., & He, J. (2005). Global burden of hypertension: analysis of worldwide data. Lancet, 365, 217–23.
  • Lamina, S. (2010). Effects of continuous and interval training programs in the management of hypertension: A randomized controlled trial. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 12, 841-49.
  • Lima, A.H., Couto, H., Cardoso, G.A., Toscano, L.T., Silva, A.S., & Mota, M.P. (2012). Aerobic training does not alter blood pressure in menopausal women with metabolic syndrome. Arq Bras Cardiol, 60 (3), 6-10.
  • Lima, L.G., Maria, J., Bonardi, T., Campos, G.O., Bertani, R.F., Scher, L.M., Moriguti, J.C., Ferriolli, E., & Lima, N.K.C. (2014). Effect of an exercise program on blood pressure, body mass index and abdominal circumference in elderly hypertensive patients. J ASH, 8 (4S), e115–e118.
  • Maeda, S., Miyauchi, T., Kakiyama, T., Sugawara, J., Lemitsu, M., Irukayama-Tombe, Y., Murkami, H., Kumagai, Y., Kuno, S., & Matsuda, M. (2001). Effects of exercise training of 8 weeks and detraining on plasma levels of endothelium-derived factors, endothelin-1 and nitric oxide, in healthy young humans. Life Sci, 69 (9), 1005–16.
  • Mills, K.T., Bundy, J.D., Kelly, T.N., Reed, J.E., Kearney, P.M., & Reynolds, K. (2016). Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: A systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation, 134, 441-50.
  • Nshisso, L.D., Reesea, A., Gelayea, B., Lemma, S., Berhane, Y., & Williams, M.A. (2012). Prevalence of hypertension and diabetes among Ethiopian adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr, 6 (1), 36-41.
  • O’Sullivan SE, Bell C. The effects of exercise and training on human cardiovascular reflex control. J Auton Nerv Syst, 2000; 81(3): 16-24.
  • Parkinson, C.F. (2012). Study guide for understanding pathophysiology. 5th ed., Missouri: Elsevier, 2012
  • Pescatello, L.S., MacDonald, H.V., Lambeti, L., & Johnson, B.T. (2015). Exercise for hypertension: a prescription update integrating existing recommendations with emerging research. Curr Hypertens Rep, 17 (87), 1-10.
  • Swati, S., Pawaria, S., & Sheetal, K. (2015). Effects of aerobic versus resistance training on blood pressure in hypertensive patients. J Anesth Crit Care Open Access, 3 (3), 1-6.
  • Tsai, J., Liu, J.C., Kao, C.C., Tomlinson, B., Kao, P.F., Chen, J.W., & Chan, P. (2002). Beneficial effects on blood pressure and lipid profile of programmed exercise training in subjects with white coat hypertension. Am J Hypertens, 15, 571-76.
  • Tsai, J.C., Yang, H.Y., Wang, W.H., Hsieh, M.H., Chen, P.T., Kao, C.C., Kao, P.F., Wang, C.H., & Chan, P. (2004). The Beneficial effect of regular endurance exercise training on blood pressure and quality of life in patients with hypertension. Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 26 (3), 255-65.
  • Westhoff, T.H., Schmidt, S., Gross, V., Joppke, M., Zidek, W., der Giet, M.V., & Dimeob, F. (2008). The cardiovascular effects of upper-limb aerobic exercise in hypertensive patients. Journal of Hypertension, 26 (7), 1336-42.
  • Whelton, P.K., He, J., Appel, L.J., Cutler, J.A., Havas, S., Kotchen, T.A., Roccella, E.J., Stout, R., Vallbona, C., Winston, M.C., & Karimbakas, J. (2002a). National High Blood Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Primary prevention of hypertension: Clinical and public health advisory from the national high blood pressure education program. JAMA, 288, 1882-8.
  • Whelton, S.P., Chin, A., Xin, X., & He, J. (2002b). Effect of Aerobic Exercise on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials. Ann Intern Med, 136 (7), 493-503.
  • WHO. (2011). Global Status Report on Non communicable Diseases 2010. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2011. http://www.who.int /nmh/publications/ncd_ report2010/en (accessed May 16, 2017).
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Medicine
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Mitiku Daimo 0000-0003-1190-4008

Soumitra Mandal 0000-0002-5452-3857

Mahmud Mahmud 0000-0002-7509-5695

Dhamodharan Mathıvanan This is me 0000-0002-7502-3974

Publication Date March 30, 2020
Submission Date February 8, 2020
Acceptance Date March 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Daimo, M., Mandal, S., Mahmud, M., Mathıvanan, D. (2020). Effect of aerobic exercise on blood pressure in men with hypertension: A randomized controlled study. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 6(1), 32-39. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.686578

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