Research Article
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Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 149 - 156, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.814557

Abstract

References

  • Aglietti, P., Insall, J.N., & Cerulli, G. (1983). Patellar pain and incongruence. I: Measurements of incongruence. Clin Orthop Relat Res, (176), 217-224.
  • Almeida, G.P.L., Carvalho, A.P.d.M.C., França, F.J.R., Magalhães, M.O., Burke, T.N., & Marques, A.P. (2016). Q-angle in patellofemoral pain: relationship with dynamic knee valgus, hip abductor torque, pain and function. Rev. Bras. Ortop. (Sao Paulo) (English Edition), 51(2), 181-186.
  • Bayraktar, B., Yucesir, I., Ozturk, A., Cakmak, A.K., Taskara, N., Kale, A., Demiryurek, D., Bayramoglu, A., & Camlica, H. (2004). Change of quadriceps angle values with age and activity. Saudi Med J, 25(6), 756-760.
  • Belchior, A., Arakaki, J., Bevilaqua-Grossi, D., Reis, F., & Carvalho, P. (2006). Effects in the Q angle measurement with maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 12(1), 5e-8e.
  • Biedert, R., & Warnke, K. (2001). Correlation between the Q angle and the patella position: a clinical and axial computed tomography evaluation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 121(6), 346-349.
  • Binder, D., Brown-Cross, D., Shamus, E., & Davies, G. (2001). Peak torque, total work and power values when comparing individuals with Q-angle differences. Isokinet Exerc Sci, 9(1), 27-30.
  • Boling, M., Padua, D., Marshall, S., Guskiewicz, K., Pyne, S., & Beutler, A. (2010). Gender differences in the incidence and prevalence of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20(5), 725-730.
  • Brattström, H. (1964). Shape of the intercondylar groove normally and in recurrent dislocation of patella: a clinical and x-ray anatomical investigation. Acta Orthop Scand, 35(sup68), 1-148.
  • Brechter, J.H., & Powers, C.M. (2002). Patellofemoral stress during walking in persons with and without patellofemoral pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(10), 1582-1593.
  • Burke, C.J., Kaplan, D., Block, T., Chang, G., Jazrawi, L., Campbell, K., & Alaia, M. (2018). Clinical utility of continuous radial magnetic resonance imaging acquisition at 3 T in real-time patellofemoral kinematic assessment: a feasibility study. Arthroscopy, 34(3), 726-733.
  • Byl, T., Cole, J.A., & Livingston, L.A. (2000). What determines the magnitude of the Q angle? A preliminary study of selected skeletal and muscular measures. J Sport Rehabil, 9(1), 26-34.
  • Chevidikunnan, M.F., Al Saif, A., Pai, H., & Mathias, L. (2017). Comparing goniometric and radiographic measurement of Q angle of the knee. Asian Biomed (Res Rev News), 9(5), 631-636.
  • Chhabra, P.K., Setiya, M., & Godwin, R. (2016). Quadriceps angle: an important indicator of biomechanical function of lower extremity and its relation with anterior knee pain. Int J Sci Stud, 4(7), 173-176.
  • Choudhary, R., Malik, M., Aslam, A., Khurana, D., & Chauhan, S. (2019). Effect of various parameters on Quadriceps angle in adult Indian population. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 10(1), 149-154.
  • Crossley, K.M., van Middelkoop, M., Callaghan, M.J., Collins, N.J., Rathleff, M.S., & Barton, C.J. (2016). 2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 2: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions). Br J Sports Med, 50(14), 844-852.
  • Draper, C.E., Chew, K.T., Wang, R., Jennings, F., Gold, G.E., & Fredericson, M. (2011). Comparison of quadriceps angle measurements using short-arm and long-arm goniometers: correlation with MRI. PM & R, 3(2), 111-116.
  • Esfandiarpour, F., Lebrun, C.M., Dhillon, S., & Boulanger, P. (2018). In‐vivo patellar tracking in individuals with patellofemoral pain and healthy individuals. J Orthop Res, 36(8), 2193-2201.
  • Grelsamer, R., Dubey, A., & Weinstein, C. (2005). Men and women have similar Q angles: a clinical and trigonometric evaluation. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am British, 87(11), 1498-1501.
  • Guerra, J.P., Arnold, M.J., & Gajdosik, R.L. (1994). Q angle: effects of isometric quadriceps contraction and body position. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 19(4), 200-204.
  • Herrington, L., & Nester, C. (2004). Q-angle undervalued? The relationship between Q-angle and medio-lateral position of the patella. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 19(10), 1070-1073.
  • Huberti, H., & Hayes, W. (1984). Patellofemoral contact pressures. The influence of q-angle and tendofemoral contact. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 66(5), 715-724.
  • Insall, J., Falvo, K., & Wise, D. (1976). Chondromalacia Patellae. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 58(1), 1-8.
  • Khasawneh, R.R., Allouh, M.Z., & Abu-El-Rub, E. (2019). Measurement of the quadriceps (Q) angle with respect to various body parameters in young Arab population. PloS one, 14(6).
  • Kwon, H.-C. (1999). Factors related to Q angle in healthy adults Phys Ther Korea, 6(1), 1-14.
  • Kuru, İ., Haberal, B., & Avcı, Ç. (2012). Patellofemoral biomechanics. Journal of the Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 11(4), 274-280.
  • Lee, T.Q., Morris, G., & Csintalan, R.P. (2003). The influence of tibial and femoral rotation on patellofemoral contact area and pressure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 33(11), 686-693.
  • Melicharek, A., Miller, M.K., & Hazzard, J. (2011). A comparison of the bilateral, dynamic Q-angle in females. Paper presented at the ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
  • Merchant, A.C., Fraiser, R., Dragoo, J., & Fredericson, M. (2020). A reliable Q angle measurement using a standardized protocol. The Knee, 27(3), 934-939.
  • Messier, S.P., Davis, S.E., Curl, W.W., Lowery, R.B., & Pack, R.J. (1991). Etiologic factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23(9), 1008-1015.
  • Raveendranath, V., Nachiket, S., Sujatha, N., Priya, R., & Rema, D. (2020). The quadriceps angle (Q angle) in Indian men and women. Eur J Anat, 13(3), 105-109.
  • Santos, T.R., Oliveira, B.A., Ocarino, J.M., Holt, K.G., & Fonseca, S.T. (2015). Effectiveness of hip muscle strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients: a systematic review. Braz J Phys Ther, 19(3), 167-176.
  • Shiva Prakash, S., Choudhary, M., & Manjappa, C. (2019). Influence of gender and bilateral variability of the quadriceps angle (Q angle) among adults. Int J Orthop Sci, 5(2), 688-691.
  • Smith, T.O., Hunt, N.J., & Donell, S.T. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Q-angle: a systematic review. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc, 16(12), 1068-1079.
  • Stensdotter, A.-K., Andersson, P.-I., Rydh, A., & Häger-Ross, C. (2009). Q-angle variations in standing and supine positions and for different measurement methods in women with and without patellofemoral pain. Adv Physiother, 11(2), 88-96.
  • Tarawneh, I., AL-Ajoulin, O., Alkhawaldah, A., Kalbouneh, H., & Hadidi, M. (2016). Normal values of quadriceps angle and its correlation with anthropometric measures in a group of Jordanians. J Roy Soc Med, 102(3396), 1-6.
  • Tria A.J., Alicea J.A. (1995). Embryology and Anatomy of the Patella. In: Scuderi G.R. (eds) The Patella. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Woodland, L.H., & Francis, R.S. (1992). Parameters and comparisons of the quadriceps angle of college-aged men and women in the supine and standing positions. Am J Sports Med, 20(2), 208-211.

Evaluation of patients with PFPS using a standardized Q angle measurement protocol

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 4, 149 - 156, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.814557

Abstract

An important concept in patellofemoral joint function is the quadriceps angle (Q angle), but there is a standardization problem with the measurement method. The aim of the study was to compare the change of the Q angle in relaxed or maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps using a standardized measurement method in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). This cross-sectional analytical study includes 34 sedentary female patients aged 18-50 years with a diagnosis of PFPS. Measurements were carried out with a manual extendable fixed-arm goniometer. For the first measurement, the patient was placed in quadriceps relaxed in supine position. Lower extremity rotation was neutralized using the axial rotation neutralizing apparatus (ARNA). For the second measurement, while the quadriceps was maximally contracted in the same position the midpoint of the patella was re-marked and then the measurement was repeated. The Q angle measurements taken in quadriceps relaxed and MVC were 18.44° ± 2.80° and 16.41° ± 2.83°, respectively (p = .00). It was determined that there was no correlation between age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), leg length and Q angle measurements of the participants (p > .05). In conclusion, this measurement method offered measurement estimations that verified the effect of the quadriceps on the Q angle in patients with PFPS. The prevention of axial rotation in the leg and the use of an extendable fixed-arm goniometer contribute to the standardization of Q angle measurement.

References

  • Aglietti, P., Insall, J.N., & Cerulli, G. (1983). Patellar pain and incongruence. I: Measurements of incongruence. Clin Orthop Relat Res, (176), 217-224.
  • Almeida, G.P.L., Carvalho, A.P.d.M.C., França, F.J.R., Magalhães, M.O., Burke, T.N., & Marques, A.P. (2016). Q-angle in patellofemoral pain: relationship with dynamic knee valgus, hip abductor torque, pain and function. Rev. Bras. Ortop. (Sao Paulo) (English Edition), 51(2), 181-186.
  • Bayraktar, B., Yucesir, I., Ozturk, A., Cakmak, A.K., Taskara, N., Kale, A., Demiryurek, D., Bayramoglu, A., & Camlica, H. (2004). Change of quadriceps angle values with age and activity. Saudi Med J, 25(6), 756-760.
  • Belchior, A., Arakaki, J., Bevilaqua-Grossi, D., Reis, F., & Carvalho, P. (2006). Effects in the Q angle measurement with maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the quadriceps muscle. Rev Bras Med Esporte, 12(1), 5e-8e.
  • Biedert, R., & Warnke, K. (2001). Correlation between the Q angle and the patella position: a clinical and axial computed tomography evaluation. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 121(6), 346-349.
  • Binder, D., Brown-Cross, D., Shamus, E., & Davies, G. (2001). Peak torque, total work and power values when comparing individuals with Q-angle differences. Isokinet Exerc Sci, 9(1), 27-30.
  • Boling, M., Padua, D., Marshall, S., Guskiewicz, K., Pyne, S., & Beutler, A. (2010). Gender differences in the incidence and prevalence of patellofemoral pain syndrome. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20(5), 725-730.
  • Brattström, H. (1964). Shape of the intercondylar groove normally and in recurrent dislocation of patella: a clinical and x-ray anatomical investigation. Acta Orthop Scand, 35(sup68), 1-148.
  • Brechter, J.H., & Powers, C.M. (2002). Patellofemoral stress during walking in persons with and without patellofemoral pain. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 34(10), 1582-1593.
  • Burke, C.J., Kaplan, D., Block, T., Chang, G., Jazrawi, L., Campbell, K., & Alaia, M. (2018). Clinical utility of continuous radial magnetic resonance imaging acquisition at 3 T in real-time patellofemoral kinematic assessment: a feasibility study. Arthroscopy, 34(3), 726-733.
  • Byl, T., Cole, J.A., & Livingston, L.A. (2000). What determines the magnitude of the Q angle? A preliminary study of selected skeletal and muscular measures. J Sport Rehabil, 9(1), 26-34.
  • Chevidikunnan, M.F., Al Saif, A., Pai, H., & Mathias, L. (2017). Comparing goniometric and radiographic measurement of Q angle of the knee. Asian Biomed (Res Rev News), 9(5), 631-636.
  • Chhabra, P.K., Setiya, M., & Godwin, R. (2016). Quadriceps angle: an important indicator of biomechanical function of lower extremity and its relation with anterior knee pain. Int J Sci Stud, 4(7), 173-176.
  • Choudhary, R., Malik, M., Aslam, A., Khurana, D., & Chauhan, S. (2019). Effect of various parameters on Quadriceps angle in adult Indian population. J Clin Orthop Trauma, 10(1), 149-154.
  • Crossley, K.M., van Middelkoop, M., Callaghan, M.J., Collins, N.J., Rathleff, M.S., & Barton, C.J. (2016). 2016 Patellofemoral pain consensus statement from the 4th International Patellofemoral Pain Research Retreat, Manchester. Part 2: recommended physical interventions (exercise, taping, bracing, foot orthoses and combined interventions). Br J Sports Med, 50(14), 844-852.
  • Draper, C.E., Chew, K.T., Wang, R., Jennings, F., Gold, G.E., & Fredericson, M. (2011). Comparison of quadriceps angle measurements using short-arm and long-arm goniometers: correlation with MRI. PM & R, 3(2), 111-116.
  • Esfandiarpour, F., Lebrun, C.M., Dhillon, S., & Boulanger, P. (2018). In‐vivo patellar tracking in individuals with patellofemoral pain and healthy individuals. J Orthop Res, 36(8), 2193-2201.
  • Grelsamer, R., Dubey, A., & Weinstein, C. (2005). Men and women have similar Q angles: a clinical and trigonometric evaluation. J. Bone Joint Surg. Am British, 87(11), 1498-1501.
  • Guerra, J.P., Arnold, M.J., & Gajdosik, R.L. (1994). Q angle: effects of isometric quadriceps contraction and body position. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 19(4), 200-204.
  • Herrington, L., & Nester, C. (2004). Q-angle undervalued? The relationship between Q-angle and medio-lateral position of the patella. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon), 19(10), 1070-1073.
  • Huberti, H., & Hayes, W. (1984). Patellofemoral contact pressures. The influence of q-angle and tendofemoral contact. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 66(5), 715-724.
  • Insall, J., Falvo, K., & Wise, D. (1976). Chondromalacia Patellae. A prospective study. J Bone Joint Surg Am, 58(1), 1-8.
  • Khasawneh, R.R., Allouh, M.Z., & Abu-El-Rub, E. (2019). Measurement of the quadriceps (Q) angle with respect to various body parameters in young Arab population. PloS one, 14(6).
  • Kwon, H.-C. (1999). Factors related to Q angle in healthy adults Phys Ther Korea, 6(1), 1-14.
  • Kuru, İ., Haberal, B., & Avcı, Ç. (2012). Patellofemoral biomechanics. Journal of the Turkish Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, 11(4), 274-280.
  • Lee, T.Q., Morris, G., & Csintalan, R.P. (2003). The influence of tibial and femoral rotation on patellofemoral contact area and pressure. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 33(11), 686-693.
  • Melicharek, A., Miller, M.K., & Hazzard, J. (2011). A comparison of the bilateral, dynamic Q-angle in females. Paper presented at the ISBS-Conference Proceedings Archive.
  • Merchant, A.C., Fraiser, R., Dragoo, J., & Fredericson, M. (2020). A reliable Q angle measurement using a standardized protocol. The Knee, 27(3), 934-939.
  • Messier, S.P., Davis, S.E., Curl, W.W., Lowery, R.B., & Pack, R.J. (1991). Etiologic factors associated with patellofemoral pain in runners. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 23(9), 1008-1015.
  • Raveendranath, V., Nachiket, S., Sujatha, N., Priya, R., & Rema, D. (2020). The quadriceps angle (Q angle) in Indian men and women. Eur J Anat, 13(3), 105-109.
  • Santos, T.R., Oliveira, B.A., Ocarino, J.M., Holt, K.G., & Fonseca, S.T. (2015). Effectiveness of hip muscle strengthening in patellofemoral pain syndrome patients: a systematic review. Braz J Phys Ther, 19(3), 167-176.
  • Shiva Prakash, S., Choudhary, M., & Manjappa, C. (2019). Influence of gender and bilateral variability of the quadriceps angle (Q angle) among adults. Int J Orthop Sci, 5(2), 688-691.
  • Smith, T.O., Hunt, N.J., & Donell, S.T. (2008). The reliability and validity of the Q-angle: a systematic review. Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol. Arthrosc, 16(12), 1068-1079.
  • Stensdotter, A.-K., Andersson, P.-I., Rydh, A., & Häger-Ross, C. (2009). Q-angle variations in standing and supine positions and for different measurement methods in women with and without patellofemoral pain. Adv Physiother, 11(2), 88-96.
  • Tarawneh, I., AL-Ajoulin, O., Alkhawaldah, A., Kalbouneh, H., & Hadidi, M. (2016). Normal values of quadriceps angle and its correlation with anthropometric measures in a group of Jordanians. J Roy Soc Med, 102(3396), 1-6.
  • Tria A.J., Alicea J.A. (1995). Embryology and Anatomy of the Patella. In: Scuderi G.R. (eds) The Patella. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Woodland, L.H., & Francis, R.S. (1992). Parameters and comparisons of the quadriceps angle of college-aged men and women in the supine and standing positions. Am J Sports Med, 20(2), 208-211.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Rehabilitation
Journal Section Original Research Articles
Authors

Adil Songur 0000-0002-1170-1633

Ertuğrul Demirdel 0000-0002-7139-0523

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Submission Date October 23, 2020
Acceptance Date December 3, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Songur, A., & Demirdel, E. (2020). Evaluation of patients with PFPS using a standardized Q angle measurement protocol. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 6(4), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.814557

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