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Concept of sports training periodization for better performance: A critical discussion

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 83 - 96, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1118001

Abstract

Just like a rudderless ship in the ocean, an athlete can never succeed in international sporting events without proper planning and training periodization. Although the concept of periodization in not new, it was scientifically initiated in 1960s and now due to the advancement of science and technology and increment of complexity and number of international competitions the entire training protocol has drastically changed. The traditional concept and practice of training periodization has largely replaced by modern goal-oriented training methodologies. The present review-based article critically discussed the different areas of sports training periodization for optimizing the better sporting performance.

Supporting Institution

UNION CHRISTIAN TRAINING COLLEGE

References

  • Ajibua, M. A., & Yakassai, M. G. (2011). Periodization: a training science for optimal performance in sport. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292078648.
  • Ajiduah, A. O. (1998). Basic theory of sports training. University of Lagos Press, Lagos.
  • Alla, J. B., & Ajibua, M. A. (2012). Achieving “flow state” in sports through periodization of training programme. International Journal of Fitness and Sports Sciences, 2(2), 315-328.
  • Anugweje, K. C. (2003). Basic physiology of training. Paper Delivered at the Training Seminar/Workshop held for Nigerian Coaches in preparation for the 8th All African Games.
  • Baker, D., Wilson, G., & Carlyon, R. (1994). Periodization: The effect on strength of manipulating volume and intensity. J Strength Cond Res, 8(4), 235-242.
  • Barzdukas, A., Berning, J., Bone, M., Cappaert, J., D’Acquisto, L., Daniels, J., et al. (1990). The training response of highly trained swimmers. In: Troup J editor. Studies by the International Center for Aquatic Research. Colorado Springs: US Swimming Press; 1990. p. 45-51.
  • Bobo, L. (2021). Implementing block periodization in endurance training. Retrieved May 21, 2021, from https://www.trainingpeaks.com/blog/implementing-block-periodization/
  • Bompa, T. O. (January, 2004). Primer on periodization. Retrieved January 19, 2008, from http://coaching.usolympicteam.com/coaching/kpub.nsf
  • Bompa, T. O., (1999). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.
  • Bompa, T. O. (1994). Theory and Methodology of Training (3rd ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
  • Bradley-Popovich, G. E. & Haff, G. (2001). Nonlinear versus linear periodization models. Strength Cond J, 23(1), 42-44.
  • Buford, T. W., Rossi, S. J., Smith, D. B., & Warren, A. J. (2007). A comparison of periodization models during nine weeks with equated volume and intensity for strength. J Strength Cond Res, 21(4), 1245-1250.
  • Cissik, J. M. (2001). The basics of strength training (2 nd Ed.). McGraw-Hill Prims.
  • Cissik, J., Hedrick, A., & Barnes, M. (2008). Challenges applying the research on periodization. Strength Cond J, 30(1), 45-51.
  • Fitzgerald, M. (2021). Linear vs. non-linear periodization in running. Retrieved July 18, 2021, from https://www.trainingpeaks.com/blog/linear-vs-non-linear-periodization-in-running/
  • Graham, J. (2002) Periodization research and an example application. Strength Cond J, 24(6), 62–70.
  • Hagerman, F. C., & Staron, R. S. (1983). Seasonal variation among physiological variables in elite oarsmen. Can J Appl Sport Sci, 8, 143-148.
  • Häkkinen, K., Alen, M., Komi, P. V. (1985). Changes in isometric force-and relaxation time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during strength training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand, 125, 573-585.
  • Heard, C., Willcox, M., Falvo, M., Blatt, M., & Helmer, D. (2020). Effects of linear periodization training on performance gains and injury prevention in a Garrisoned Military Unit. J Mil Veterans Health, 28(3), 23-34.
  • Hoffman, J. R., Fry, A. C., Howard, R. (1991). Strength, speed and endurance changes during the course of a division I basketball season. J Appl Sport Sci Res, 5, 144-149.
  • Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Klatt, M., Faigenbaum, A. D., Ross, R. E., Tranchina, N. M., McCurley, R. C., Kang, J., & Kraemer, W. J. (2009). Comparison between different off-season resistance training programs in division III American college football players. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1), 11-19.
  • Hooper, S. L., Mackinnon, L. T., Howard, A., Gordon, R.D., & Bachmann, A. W. (1995). Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27, 106-112.
  • Issurin, V.B. (2016). Benefits and limitations of block periodized training approaches to athletes’ preparation: A review. Sports Med, 46, 329–338.
  • Issurin, V. B. (2010). New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Med, 40(3), 189-206.
  • Issurin, V. B. (2008) Block periodization versus traditional training theory. J Sports Med Phys Fit, 48, 65-75.
  • Kell, R., & Asmundson, G. (2009). A comparison of two forms of periodized exercise rehabilitation programs in the management of chronic nonspecific low-back pain. J Strength Cond Res, 23, 513-523.
  • Koutedakis, Y., Boreham, C., Kabitsis, C., & Sharp, N. (1992). Seasonal deterioration of selected physiological variables in elite male skiers. Int J Sports Med, 13, 548-551.
  • Koutedakis, Y., Ridgeon, A., Sharp, N. C., & Boreham, C. (1993). Seasonal variation of selected performance parameters in elite epee fencers. Br J Sports Med, 27, 171-174.
  • Krasilshchikov, O. (2010). Application of periodisation in various sports. Br J Sports Med, 44, i47.
  • Lehman, M., Knizia, K., Gastmann, U., Petersen, K. G., Khalaf, A. N., Bauer, S., et al. (1993). Influence of 6-week, 6 days per week, training on pituitary function of recreational athletes. Br J Sports Med, 27, 186-192.
  • Lehman, M., Lormes, W., Opitz-Gress, A., Steiacker, J. M., Netzer, N., Poster, C. et al. (1997). Training and overtraining: an overview and experimental results in endurance sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 37, 7- 17.
  • Lorenz, D., & Scot, M. (2015). Clinical commentary current concepts in periodization of strength and conditioning for the sports physical therapist. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 10(6), 734-747.
  • Lorenz, D. S., Reiman, M. P., & Walker, J. C. (2010). Periodization: Current review and suggested implementation for athletic rehabilitation. Sports Health, 2(6), 509- 518.
  • Manzano, C. (2020). Basics of periodization. Retrieved 20 May, 2022, from https://homebase.org/operation-healthhome/basics-of-periodization/
  • Matveyev, L. P. (1981). Fundamental of sport training. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Matveyev, L. P. (1964). Problem of periodization the sport training. Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport.
  • Mero, A., Rusko, H., Peltola, E., Pullinen, T., Nummella, A., & Hirvonen, J. (1993). Aerobic characteristics, oxygen debt and blood lactate in speed endurance athletes during training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 33, 130-136.
  • Michalski, R. J., Lormes, W., Grunert-Fuchs, M., Wodick, R. E., & Steinacker, J. M. (1988). Die Leistungsentvicklung von Ruderern im Langsschnitt. In J. M. Steinacker (Ed.). Rudern, Berlin: Springer.
  • Monteiro, A. G., Aoki, M. S., Evangelista, A. L., Alveno, D. A., Monteiro, G. A., Picarro, I., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2009). Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. J Strength Cond Res, 24(3), 1321-1326.
  • Plisk, S. S. (2004). Periodisation: Fancy name for a basic concept. Olympic Coach, 16 (2), 14-17
  • Plisk, S. S., & Stone, M. H. (2003). Periodisation strategies. Strength Cond J, 25(6), 19-37.
  • Poliquin C. (1988). Five steps to increasing the effectiveness of your strength training program. NSCA J, 1988, 10, 34-39.
  • Principles of Adaptation to Stress. (2021). Concepts of Fitness and Wellness. Retrieved June 01, 2021, from https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Health_and_Fitness/Book%3A_Concepts_of_Fitness_and_Wellness_(Flynn_et_al.)/02%3A_Fitness_Principles/2.03%3A_Principles_of_Adaptation_to_Stress
  • Ratamess, N. A., Alvar, B. A., Evetoch, T. K., et al. (2009). ACSM position stand: progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(3), 687-708.
  • Rhea, M. R., Ball, S. D., Phillips, W. T. & Burkett, L. N. (2002). A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodization programs with equated volume and intensity for strength. J Strength Cond Res, 16(2), 250-255.
  • Ronnestad, B. R., Hansen, J., & Ellefsen, S. (2014). Block periodization vs traditional training. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 29(2), 180-188.
  • Sharobajko, I. (1984). Specialized fitness training of female kayakers with respect to their movement particularities. Thesis of Ph.D. dissertation. Moscow: All-Union Research Sport Institute.
  • Siff, M. C. (2000). Supertraining. (5th ed.). Supertraining Institute, Denver. USA.
  • Siff, M. C., & Verkhoshanky, Y. (2000). Programming and organization of training. In: Supertraining (5th ed.). Denver, CO: Supertraining International.
  • Simão, R., Spineti, J., de Salles, B. F., Matta, T., Fernandes, L., Fleck, S. J., Rhea, M. R., & Strom-Olsen, H. E. (2012). Comparison between nonlinear and linear periodized resistance training: hypertrophic and strength effects. J Strength Cond Res, 26(5), 1389–1395.
  • Simoes, H. G., Campell, C. S., & Kokobun, E. (1998). High and low lactic acidosis training: Effects upon aerobic and anaerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 932.
  • Soungatoulin, V., Beam, W., Kersey, R., & Peterson, J. (2003). Comparative effects of traditional versus periodized intensity training on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 185.
  • Steinacker, J. M., Lormes, W., Lehman, M., & Altenburg, D. (1998). Training of rowers before world championships. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 1158-1163.
  • Steinacker, J. M., Lormes, W., Kellmann, M., Liu, Y., Reissnecker, S., Opitz-Gress, A., Baller, B., Günther, K., Petersen, K. G., Kallus, K. W., Lehmann, M., & Altenburg, D. (2000). Training of junior rowers before world championships. Effects on performance, mood state and selected hormonal and metabolic responses. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 40(4), 327–335.
  • Stone, M., Keith, R.E., Kearney, J.T., Fleck, S. J., Wilson, G. D., & Triplett, N. T. (1991). Overtraining: a review of signs, symptoms and possible causes. J Appl Sport Sci Res, 5, 35-49.
  • Suslov, F. P. (2001). Annual training programmes and the sport specific levels of world class athletes. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from http://coachr.org/annual_training_programmes_and_the_sport_specific.htm.
  • Thompson, P. (1991). Introduction to coaching theory. International Athletic Federation. England. Hazewood.
  • Verkhoshansky, Y. V. (1979). Principles of planning speed/strength training program in track athletes. Legaya Athleticka, 8, 8–10.
  • Verkoshansky, Y. V. (1988). Programming and organization of training. Livonoia, MI: Sportivny Press.
  • Zemliakov, D. (1991). Perfection of sport-specific endurance in cane-kayak paddlers with respect to acute training effect of basic exercises. Thesis of Ph.D. Dissertation. Leningrad: Leshaft Sport University.
Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 3, 83 - 96, 30.09.2022
https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1118001

Abstract

References

  • Ajibua, M. A., & Yakassai, M. G. (2011). Periodization: a training science for optimal performance in sport. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292078648.
  • Ajiduah, A. O. (1998). Basic theory of sports training. University of Lagos Press, Lagos.
  • Alla, J. B., & Ajibua, M. A. (2012). Achieving “flow state” in sports through periodization of training programme. International Journal of Fitness and Sports Sciences, 2(2), 315-328.
  • Anugweje, K. C. (2003). Basic physiology of training. Paper Delivered at the Training Seminar/Workshop held for Nigerian Coaches in preparation for the 8th All African Games.
  • Baker, D., Wilson, G., & Carlyon, R. (1994). Periodization: The effect on strength of manipulating volume and intensity. J Strength Cond Res, 8(4), 235-242.
  • Barzdukas, A., Berning, J., Bone, M., Cappaert, J., D’Acquisto, L., Daniels, J., et al. (1990). The training response of highly trained swimmers. In: Troup J editor. Studies by the International Center for Aquatic Research. Colorado Springs: US Swimming Press; 1990. p. 45-51.
  • Bobo, L. (2021). Implementing block periodization in endurance training. Retrieved May 21, 2021, from https://www.trainingpeaks.com/blog/implementing-block-periodization/
  • Bompa, T. O. (January, 2004). Primer on periodization. Retrieved January 19, 2008, from http://coaching.usolympicteam.com/coaching/kpub.nsf
  • Bompa, T. O., (1999). Periodization: Theory and Methodology of Training (4th ed.). Human Kinetics.
  • Bompa, T. O. (1994). Theory and Methodology of Training (3rd ed.). Iowa: Kendall/Hunt.
  • Bradley-Popovich, G. E. & Haff, G. (2001). Nonlinear versus linear periodization models. Strength Cond J, 23(1), 42-44.
  • Buford, T. W., Rossi, S. J., Smith, D. B., & Warren, A. J. (2007). A comparison of periodization models during nine weeks with equated volume and intensity for strength. J Strength Cond Res, 21(4), 1245-1250.
  • Cissik, J. M. (2001). The basics of strength training (2 nd Ed.). McGraw-Hill Prims.
  • Cissik, J., Hedrick, A., & Barnes, M. (2008). Challenges applying the research on periodization. Strength Cond J, 30(1), 45-51.
  • Fitzgerald, M. (2021). Linear vs. non-linear periodization in running. Retrieved July 18, 2021, from https://www.trainingpeaks.com/blog/linear-vs-non-linear-periodization-in-running/
  • Graham, J. (2002) Periodization research and an example application. Strength Cond J, 24(6), 62–70.
  • Hagerman, F. C., & Staron, R. S. (1983). Seasonal variation among physiological variables in elite oarsmen. Can J Appl Sport Sci, 8, 143-148.
  • Häkkinen, K., Alen, M., Komi, P. V. (1985). Changes in isometric force-and relaxation time, electromyographic and muscle fibre characteristics of human skeletal muscle during strength training and detraining. Acta Physiol Scand, 125, 573-585.
  • Heard, C., Willcox, M., Falvo, M., Blatt, M., & Helmer, D. (2020). Effects of linear periodization training on performance gains and injury prevention in a Garrisoned Military Unit. J Mil Veterans Health, 28(3), 23-34.
  • Hoffman, J. R., Fry, A. C., Howard, R. (1991). Strength, speed and endurance changes during the course of a division I basketball season. J Appl Sport Sci Res, 5, 144-149.
  • Hoffman, J. R., Ratamess, N. A., Klatt, M., Faigenbaum, A. D., Ross, R. E., Tranchina, N. M., McCurley, R. C., Kang, J., & Kraemer, W. J. (2009). Comparison between different off-season resistance training programs in division III American college football players. J Strength Cond Res, 23(1), 11-19.
  • Hooper, S. L., Mackinnon, L. T., Howard, A., Gordon, R.D., & Bachmann, A. W. (1995). Markers for monitoring overtraining and recovery. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 27, 106-112.
  • Issurin, V.B. (2016). Benefits and limitations of block periodized training approaches to athletes’ preparation: A review. Sports Med, 46, 329–338.
  • Issurin, V. B. (2010). New horizons for the methodology and physiology of training periodization. Sports Med, 40(3), 189-206.
  • Issurin, V. B. (2008) Block periodization versus traditional training theory. J Sports Med Phys Fit, 48, 65-75.
  • Kell, R., & Asmundson, G. (2009). A comparison of two forms of periodized exercise rehabilitation programs in the management of chronic nonspecific low-back pain. J Strength Cond Res, 23, 513-523.
  • Koutedakis, Y., Boreham, C., Kabitsis, C., & Sharp, N. (1992). Seasonal deterioration of selected physiological variables in elite male skiers. Int J Sports Med, 13, 548-551.
  • Koutedakis, Y., Ridgeon, A., Sharp, N. C., & Boreham, C. (1993). Seasonal variation of selected performance parameters in elite epee fencers. Br J Sports Med, 27, 171-174.
  • Krasilshchikov, O. (2010). Application of periodisation in various sports. Br J Sports Med, 44, i47.
  • Lehman, M., Knizia, K., Gastmann, U., Petersen, K. G., Khalaf, A. N., Bauer, S., et al. (1993). Influence of 6-week, 6 days per week, training on pituitary function of recreational athletes. Br J Sports Med, 27, 186-192.
  • Lehman, M., Lormes, W., Opitz-Gress, A., Steiacker, J. M., Netzer, N., Poster, C. et al. (1997). Training and overtraining: an overview and experimental results in endurance sports. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 37, 7- 17.
  • Lorenz, D., & Scot, M. (2015). Clinical commentary current concepts in periodization of strength and conditioning for the sports physical therapist. Int J Sports Phys Ther, 10(6), 734-747.
  • Lorenz, D. S., Reiman, M. P., & Walker, J. C. (2010). Periodization: Current review and suggested implementation for athletic rehabilitation. Sports Health, 2(6), 509- 518.
  • Manzano, C. (2020). Basics of periodization. Retrieved 20 May, 2022, from https://homebase.org/operation-healthhome/basics-of-periodization/
  • Matveyev, L. P. (1981). Fundamental of sport training. Moscow: Progress Publishers.
  • Matveyev, L. P. (1964). Problem of periodization the sport training. Moscow: Fizkultura i Sport.
  • Mero, A., Rusko, H., Peltola, E., Pullinen, T., Nummella, A., & Hirvonen, J. (1993). Aerobic characteristics, oxygen debt and blood lactate in speed endurance athletes during training. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 33, 130-136.
  • Michalski, R. J., Lormes, W., Grunert-Fuchs, M., Wodick, R. E., & Steinacker, J. M. (1988). Die Leistungsentvicklung von Ruderern im Langsschnitt. In J. M. Steinacker (Ed.). Rudern, Berlin: Springer.
  • Monteiro, A. G., Aoki, M. S., Evangelista, A. L., Alveno, D. A., Monteiro, G. A., Picarro, I., & Ugrinowitsch, C. (2009). Nonlinear periodization maximizes strength gains in split resistance training routines. J Strength Cond Res, 24(3), 1321-1326.
  • Plisk, S. S. (2004). Periodisation: Fancy name for a basic concept. Olympic Coach, 16 (2), 14-17
  • Plisk, S. S., & Stone, M. H. (2003). Periodisation strategies. Strength Cond J, 25(6), 19-37.
  • Poliquin C. (1988). Five steps to increasing the effectiveness of your strength training program. NSCA J, 1988, 10, 34-39.
  • Principles of Adaptation to Stress. (2021). Concepts of Fitness and Wellness. Retrieved June 01, 2021, from https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Health_and_Fitness/Book%3A_Concepts_of_Fitness_and_Wellness_(Flynn_et_al.)/02%3A_Fitness_Principles/2.03%3A_Principles_of_Adaptation_to_Stress
  • Ratamess, N. A., Alvar, B. A., Evetoch, T. K., et al. (2009). ACSM position stand: progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 41(3), 687-708.
  • Rhea, M. R., Ball, S. D., Phillips, W. T. & Burkett, L. N. (2002). A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodization programs with equated volume and intensity for strength. J Strength Cond Res, 16(2), 250-255.
  • Ronnestad, B. R., Hansen, J., & Ellefsen, S. (2014). Block periodization vs traditional training. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 29(2), 180-188.
  • Sharobajko, I. (1984). Specialized fitness training of female kayakers with respect to their movement particularities. Thesis of Ph.D. dissertation. Moscow: All-Union Research Sport Institute.
  • Siff, M. C. (2000). Supertraining. (5th ed.). Supertraining Institute, Denver. USA.
  • Siff, M. C., & Verkhoshanky, Y. (2000). Programming and organization of training. In: Supertraining (5th ed.). Denver, CO: Supertraining International.
  • Simão, R., Spineti, J., de Salles, B. F., Matta, T., Fernandes, L., Fleck, S. J., Rhea, M. R., & Strom-Olsen, H. E. (2012). Comparison between nonlinear and linear periodized resistance training: hypertrophic and strength effects. J Strength Cond Res, 26(5), 1389–1395.
  • Simoes, H. G., Campell, C. S., & Kokobun, E. (1998). High and low lactic acidosis training: Effects upon aerobic and anaerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 932.
  • Soungatoulin, V., Beam, W., Kersey, R., & Peterson, J. (2003). Comparative effects of traditional versus periodized intensity training on cycling performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 35, 185.
  • Steinacker, J. M., Lormes, W., Lehman, M., & Altenburg, D. (1998). Training of rowers before world championships. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 30, 1158-1163.
  • Steinacker, J. M., Lormes, W., Kellmann, M., Liu, Y., Reissnecker, S., Opitz-Gress, A., Baller, B., Günther, K., Petersen, K. G., Kallus, K. W., Lehmann, M., & Altenburg, D. (2000). Training of junior rowers before world championships. Effects on performance, mood state and selected hormonal and metabolic responses. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 40(4), 327–335.
  • Stone, M., Keith, R.E., Kearney, J.T., Fleck, S. J., Wilson, G. D., & Triplett, N. T. (1991). Overtraining: a review of signs, symptoms and possible causes. J Appl Sport Sci Res, 5, 35-49.
  • Suslov, F. P. (2001). Annual training programmes and the sport specific levels of world class athletes. Retrieved July 20, 2022, from http://coachr.org/annual_training_programmes_and_the_sport_specific.htm.
  • Thompson, P. (1991). Introduction to coaching theory. International Athletic Federation. England. Hazewood.
  • Verkhoshansky, Y. V. (1979). Principles of planning speed/strength training program in track athletes. Legaya Athleticka, 8, 8–10.
  • Verkoshansky, Y. V. (1988). Programming and organization of training. Livonoia, MI: Sportivny Press.
  • Zemliakov, D. (1991). Perfection of sport-specific endurance in cane-kayak paddlers with respect to acute training effect of basic exercises. Thesis of Ph.D. Dissertation. Leningrad: Leshaft Sport University.
There are 60 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sports Training
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Kishore Mukhopadhyay 0000-0001-5384-837X

Publication Date September 30, 2022
Submission Date May 21, 2022
Acceptance Date September 20, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 8 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Mukhopadhyay, K. (2022). Concept of sports training periodization for better performance: A critical discussion. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 8(3), 83-96. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.1118001

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