Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species

Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 95 - 108, 26.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490

Abstract

The traditional agricultural system is highly dependent on the soil and the natural environment. It is encountering significant challenges from climate change, soil degradation, and water scarcity. Hydroponic fodder production offers as an alternative solution to traditional agricultural system of fodder cultivation which does not rely on soil and can be produced in controlled environment while yielding highly nutritious fodder. This study assesses biomass production, plant height, primary root length, chlorophyll index, nutritional content and economic feasibility of five hydroponic fodder species which includes maize (Zea mays), wheat (Triticum aestivum), oat (Avena sativa), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). The research was conducted at Dr. Purnendu Gain field laboratory and Animal Husbandry laboratory at Khulna University, Bangladesh. Experimental design was completely randomized design (CRD). There were five repetition and, in each repetitions consisted of four replications for each species. Seeds were carefully selected, prepared, and grown in a controlled environment. It was harvested at 11th day after germination. Results indicated that oat consistently achieved the highest biomass yield, peaking at 1254.22g ± 249.98 from 250 g seeds on day 11, followed by cowpea at 1045.22 g ± 71.57 from same quantity of seeds. Oat also maintained the highest plant height reaching up to 19.81 cm ± 1.34 by day 11. Maize showed the longest root length, measuring of 28.59 cm ± 0.120. Cowpea demonstrated the highest chlorophyll levels across all days. Wheat was proved to be the most cost-effective option. Highest dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extract (EE), total ash (TA) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was found in wheat (26.62% ± 2.91), cowpea (25.80% ± 0.48), oat (19.31% ± 1.62), maize (3.59% ± 0.17), cowpea (9.61% ± 0.36) and maize (54.15% ± 2.48), respectively. The results demonstrated the potential of hydroponic fodder production as a viable, sustainable solution for livestock farming, particularly in regions where traditional fodder cultivation is constrained.

References

  • Ajmi, A. A., Salih, A. A., Kadim, I., & Othman, Y. (2009). Yield and water use efficiency of barley fodder produced under hydroponic system in GCC countries using tertiary treated sewage effluents. Journal of Phytology, 1(5), 342–348. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236017057.pdf
  • Akinmutimi, A. H., Ewetola, I. A., Onabanjo, R. S., & Uzoukwu, C. M. (2022). Herbage yield and nutritional composition of selected fodder crops under hydroponic. Tropical Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 2(1), Article 1. https://tjest.org.ng/index.php/journal/article/view/113
  • Al-Karaki, G. (2011). Utilization of treated sewage wastewater for green forage production in a hydroponic system. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 23(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v23i1.5315
  • Al-Karaki, G. N., & Al-Hashimi, M. (2012). Green fodder production and water use efficiency of some forage crops under hydroponic conditions. ISRN Agronomy, 2012, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/924672
  • Ani, A., & Gopalakirishnan, P. (2020). Automated hydroponic drip irrigation using big data. 2020 Second International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA), 370–375. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIRCA48905.2020.9182908
  • AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC.
  • Assefa, G., Urge, M., Animut, G., & Assefa, G. (2020). Effect of variety and seed rate on hydroponic maize fodder biomass yield, chemical composition, and water use efficiency. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 36(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH2001087A
  • Bakshi, M. P. S., Wadhwa, M. A. N. J. U., & Makkar, H. P. (2017). Hydroponic fodder production: A critical assessment. Broadening Horizons, 48, 1–10. https://www.feedipedia.org/sites/default/files/public/BH_048_hydroponic_fodder.pdf
  • Bari, M., Islam, M., Islam, M., Habib, M., Sarker, M. A. H., Sharmin, M., Rashid, M., & Islam, M. (2022). Changes in morphology, nutrient content and production costs of hydroponic wheat as fodder. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 51, 68–80. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v51i2.60498
  • Brown, D., Ng’ambi, J. W., Osinowo, O. A., Adeola, A. T., & Adebiyi, O. A. (2018). Effects of feeding hydroponics maize fodder on performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(3), 2415–2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1603_24152422
  • Dung, D. D., Godwin, I. R., & Nolan, J. V. (2010). Nutrient content and in sacco degradation of hydroponic barley sprouts grown using nutrient solution or tap water. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(18), 2432–2436. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.2432.2436
  • El-Morsy, A. T., Abul-soud, M., & Emam, M. A. (2013). Localized hydroponic green forage technology as a climate change adaptation under Egyptian conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 9(6), 341–350. https://www.academia.edu/9863791/Localized_hydroponic_green_forage_technology_as_a_climate_change_adaptation_under_Egyptian_conditions
  • Farghaly, M. M., Abdullah, M. A. M., Youssef, I. M. I., Abdel-Rahim, I. R., & Abouelezz, K. (2019). Effect of feeding hydroponic barley sprouts to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, rumen fermentation and ruminal enzymes activity. Livestock Science, 228, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.07.022
  • Fazaeli, H., Golmohammad, H. A., Shoayee, A. A., Montajebi, N., & Mosharra, S. (2011). Performance of feedlot calves fed hydroponics fodder barley. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13(3), 367–375. https://www.sid.ir/EN/VEWSSID/J_pdf/84820110306.pdf
  • Gashgari, R., Alharbi, K., Mughrbil, K., Jan, A., & Glolam, A. (2018). Comparison between growing plants in hydroponic system and soil-based system. The 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering. https://doi.org/10.11159/icmie18.131
  • Gebremedhin, W. K. (2015). Nutritional benefit and economic value of feeding hydroponically grown maize and barley fodder for Konkan Kanyal goats. IOSR. J. Agric. Vet. Sci, 8, 24–30.
  • Girma, F., & Gebremariam, B. (2018). Review on hydroponic feed value to livestock production. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research, 7(4), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7405
  • Girma, F., & Gebremariam, B. (2019). Review on Hydroponic Feed Value to Livestock Production. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research, 7(4), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7405
  • Guerrero-Cervantes, M., Cerrillo-Soto, M. A., Plascencia, A., Salem, A. Z. M., Estrada-Angulo, A., Rios-Rincón, F. G., Luginbuhl, J. M., Bernal-Barragán, H., & Abdalla, A. L. (2016). Productive and reproductive performance and metabolic profiles of ewes supplemented with hydroponically grown green wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 221, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.09.003
  • Hao, X., Guo, X., Lanoue, J., Zhang, Y., Cao, R., Zheng, J., Little, C., Leonardos, D., Kholsa, S., Grodzinski, B., & Yelton, M. (2018). A review on smart application of supplemental lighting in greenhouse fruiting vegetable production. Acta Horticulturae, 1227, 499–506. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1227.63
  • Hillier, R. J., & Perry, T. W. (1969). Effect of hydroponically produced oat grass on ration digestibility of cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 29(5), 783–785. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1969.295783x
  • Jemimah, E. R., Gnanaraj, P. T., Muthuramalingam, T., Devi, T., & Vennila, C. (2018). Productivity, nutritive value, growth rate, biomass yield and economics of different hydroponic green fodders for livestock. International Journal of Livestock Research, 8(9), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20171013104959
  • Jolad, R., Sivakumar, S. D., & Babu, C. (2020). Quality of different crops under hydroponics fodder production system. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(1), 1434–1439. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2020.v9.i1.10663/quality-of-different-crops-under-hydroponics-fodder-production-system
  • Jolad, R., Sivakumar, S. D., Babu, C., & Srithran, N. (2018). Performance of different crops under hydroponics fodder production system. Madras Agricultural Journal, 105(1–3), 50–55. http://masujournal.org/105/180101.pdf
  • Kide, W., Desai, B., & Kumar, S. (2015). Nutritional improvement and economic value of hydroponically sprouted maize fodder. Life Sciences International Research Journal, 2, 76–79.
  • Lee, R. (2011). The Outlook for Population Growth. Science, 333(6042), 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.120885
  • Mahale, D., Dhage, S., Gaikwad, U., Kandalkar, Y., Pune, K., & Rahuri, M. (2020). Water use efficiency and chemical composition of different forage crops under hydroponic condition. 13(13), 1003–1012.
  • Murthy, A. K., Dhanalakshmi, G., & Chakravarthy, K. (2017). Study on performance of different fodder crops under low cost greenhouse hydroponic fodder production system. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2(2), 951–953. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.2.50
  • Naik, P. K., Swain, B. K., & Singh, N. P. (2015). Production and utilisation of hydroponics fodder. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 32(1), 1–9.
  • Rahman, M. M., Jahan, S., Amanullah, S. M., Kabir, M. A., Tamanna, R., Hassan, M. M., Deb, G. K., & Hossain, S. M. J. (2020). Study on comparative biomass yield, nutritional quality and economics of hydroponic sprout produced from different grains. Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research, 26(1–2), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v26i1-2.49937
  • Rahman, M. M., Vasiliev, M., & Alameh, K. (2021). LED illumination spectrum manipulation for increasing the yield of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Plants, 10(2), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020344
  • Schoenian, S. (2013). Hydroponic fodder. Hydroponic Fodder. https://www.sheepandgoat.com/hydrofodder
  • Shit, N. (2019). Hydroponic fodder production: An alternative technology for sustainable livestock production in India. Exploratory Animal & Medical Research, 9(2), 108–119. https://animalmedicalresearch.org/Vol.9_Issue-2_December_2019/HYDROPONIC%20FODDER%20PRODUCTION.pdf
  • Tayade, R. G., & Chavan, S. J. (2018). Development and performance of pipe framed hydroponic structure for fodder crop: A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(11), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.043
  • Upreti, S., Ghimire, R. P., & Banskota, N. (2022). Comparison of different cereal grains for hydroponic fodder production in locally constructed polyhouse at Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 5(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v5i1.50378
  • Wang, Q., Zhao, H., Xu, L., & Wang, Y. (2019). Uptake and translocation of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) by hydroponically grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 174, 683–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.029
  • Zárate, M. A. (2014). Manual de Hidroponia. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/232367
Year 2024, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 95 - 108, 26.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490

Abstract

References

  • Ajmi, A. A., Salih, A. A., Kadim, I., & Othman, Y. (2009). Yield and water use efficiency of barley fodder produced under hydroponic system in GCC countries using tertiary treated sewage effluents. Journal of Phytology, 1(5), 342–348. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/236017057.pdf
  • Akinmutimi, A. H., Ewetola, I. A., Onabanjo, R. S., & Uzoukwu, C. M. (2022). Herbage yield and nutritional composition of selected fodder crops under hydroponic. Tropical Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, 2(1), Article 1. https://tjest.org.ng/index.php/journal/article/view/113
  • Al-Karaki, G. (2011). Utilization of treated sewage wastewater for green forage production in a hydroponic system. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 23(1), 80. https://doi.org/10.9755/ejfa.v23i1.5315
  • Al-Karaki, G. N., & Al-Hashimi, M. (2012). Green fodder production and water use efficiency of some forage crops under hydroponic conditions. ISRN Agronomy, 2012, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5402/2012/924672
  • Ani, A., & Gopalakirishnan, P. (2020). Automated hydroponic drip irrigation using big data. 2020 Second International Conference on Inventive Research in Computing Applications (ICIRCA), 370–375. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIRCA48905.2020.9182908
  • AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemist, Washington DC.
  • Assefa, G., Urge, M., Animut, G., & Assefa, G. (2020). Effect of variety and seed rate on hydroponic maize fodder biomass yield, chemical composition, and water use efficiency. Biotechnology in Animal Husbandry, 36(1), 87–100. https://doi.org/10.2298/BAH2001087A
  • Bakshi, M. P. S., Wadhwa, M. A. N. J. U., & Makkar, H. P. (2017). Hydroponic fodder production: A critical assessment. Broadening Horizons, 48, 1–10. https://www.feedipedia.org/sites/default/files/public/BH_048_hydroponic_fodder.pdf
  • Bari, M., Islam, M., Islam, M., Habib, M., Sarker, M. A. H., Sharmin, M., Rashid, M., & Islam, M. (2022). Changes in morphology, nutrient content and production costs of hydroponic wheat as fodder. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science, 51, 68–80. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v51i2.60498
  • Brown, D., Ng’ambi, J. W., Osinowo, O. A., Adeola, A. T., & Adebiyi, O. A. (2018). Effects of feeding hydroponics maize fodder on performance and nutrient digestibility of weaned pigs. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 16(3), 2415–2422. http://dx.doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1603_24152422
  • Dung, D. D., Godwin, I. R., & Nolan, J. V. (2010). Nutrient content and in sacco degradation of hydroponic barley sprouts grown using nutrient solution or tap water. Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9(18), 2432–2436. https://doi.org/10.3923/javaa.2010.2432.2436
  • El-Morsy, A. T., Abul-soud, M., & Emam, M. A. (2013). Localized hydroponic green forage technology as a climate change adaptation under Egyptian conditions. Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences, 9(6), 341–350. https://www.academia.edu/9863791/Localized_hydroponic_green_forage_technology_as_a_climate_change_adaptation_under_Egyptian_conditions
  • Farghaly, M. M., Abdullah, M. A. M., Youssef, I. M. I., Abdel-Rahim, I. R., & Abouelezz, K. (2019). Effect of feeding hydroponic barley sprouts to sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen retention, rumen fermentation and ruminal enzymes activity. Livestock Science, 228, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.07.022
  • Fazaeli, H., Golmohammad, H. A., Shoayee, A. A., Montajebi, N., & Mosharra, S. (2011). Performance of feedlot calves fed hydroponics fodder barley. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 13(3), 367–375. https://www.sid.ir/EN/VEWSSID/J_pdf/84820110306.pdf
  • Gashgari, R., Alharbi, K., Mughrbil, K., Jan, A., & Glolam, A. (2018). Comparison between growing plants in hydroponic system and soil-based system. The 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering. https://doi.org/10.11159/icmie18.131
  • Gebremedhin, W. K. (2015). Nutritional benefit and economic value of feeding hydroponically grown maize and barley fodder for Konkan Kanyal goats. IOSR. J. Agric. Vet. Sci, 8, 24–30.
  • Girma, F., & Gebremariam, B. (2018). Review on hydroponic feed value to livestock production. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research, 7(4), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7405
  • Girma, F., & Gebremariam, B. (2019). Review on Hydroponic Feed Value to Livestock Production. Journal of Scientific and Innovative Research, 7(4), 106–109. https://doi.org/10.31254/jsir.2018.7405
  • Guerrero-Cervantes, M., Cerrillo-Soto, M. A., Plascencia, A., Salem, A. Z. M., Estrada-Angulo, A., Rios-Rincón, F. G., Luginbuhl, J. M., Bernal-Barragán, H., & Abdalla, A. L. (2016). Productive and reproductive performance and metabolic profiles of ewes supplemented with hydroponically grown green wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Animal Feed Science and Technology, 221, 206–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.09.003
  • Hao, X., Guo, X., Lanoue, J., Zhang, Y., Cao, R., Zheng, J., Little, C., Leonardos, D., Kholsa, S., Grodzinski, B., & Yelton, M. (2018). A review on smart application of supplemental lighting in greenhouse fruiting vegetable production. Acta Horticulturae, 1227, 499–506. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1227.63
  • Hillier, R. J., & Perry, T. W. (1969). Effect of hydroponically produced oat grass on ration digestibility of cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 29(5), 783–785. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1969.295783x
  • Jemimah, E. R., Gnanaraj, P. T., Muthuramalingam, T., Devi, T., & Vennila, C. (2018). Productivity, nutritive value, growth rate, biomass yield and economics of different hydroponic green fodders for livestock. International Journal of Livestock Research, 8(9), 261–270. https://doi.org/10.5455/ijlr.20171013104959
  • Jolad, R., Sivakumar, S. D., & Babu, C. (2020). Quality of different crops under hydroponics fodder production system. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 9(1), 1434–1439. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2020.v9.i1.10663/quality-of-different-crops-under-hydroponics-fodder-production-system
  • Jolad, R., Sivakumar, S. D., Babu, C., & Srithran, N. (2018). Performance of different crops under hydroponics fodder production system. Madras Agricultural Journal, 105(1–3), 50–55. http://masujournal.org/105/180101.pdf
  • Kide, W., Desai, B., & Kumar, S. (2015). Nutritional improvement and economic value of hydroponically sprouted maize fodder. Life Sciences International Research Journal, 2, 76–79.
  • Lee, R. (2011). The Outlook for Population Growth. Science, 333(6042), 569–573. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.120885
  • Mahale, D., Dhage, S., Gaikwad, U., Kandalkar, Y., Pune, K., & Rahuri, M. (2020). Water use efficiency and chemical composition of different forage crops under hydroponic condition. 13(13), 1003–1012.
  • Murthy, A. K., Dhanalakshmi, G., & Chakravarthy, K. (2017). Study on performance of different fodder crops under low cost greenhouse hydroponic fodder production system. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 2(2), 951–953. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab/2.2.50
  • Naik, P. K., Swain, B. K., & Singh, N. P. (2015). Production and utilisation of hydroponics fodder. Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition, 32(1), 1–9.
  • Rahman, M. M., Jahan, S., Amanullah, S. M., Kabir, M. A., Tamanna, R., Hassan, M. M., Deb, G. K., & Hossain, S. M. J. (2020). Study on comparative biomass yield, nutritional quality and economics of hydroponic sprout produced from different grains. Bangladesh Journal of Livestock Research, 26(1–2), 51–60. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjlr.v26i1-2.49937
  • Rahman, M. M., Vasiliev, M., & Alameh, K. (2021). LED illumination spectrum manipulation for increasing the yield of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Plants, 10(2), 344. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020344
  • Schoenian, S. (2013). Hydroponic fodder. Hydroponic Fodder. https://www.sheepandgoat.com/hydrofodder
  • Shit, N. (2019). Hydroponic fodder production: An alternative technology for sustainable livestock production in India. Exploratory Animal & Medical Research, 9(2), 108–119. https://animalmedicalresearch.org/Vol.9_Issue-2_December_2019/HYDROPONIC%20FODDER%20PRODUCTION.pdf
  • Tayade, R. G., & Chavan, S. J. (2018). Development and performance of pipe framed hydroponic structure for fodder crop: A review. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(11), 341–350. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.711.043
  • Upreti, S., Ghimire, R. P., & Banskota, N. (2022). Comparison of different cereal grains for hydroponic fodder production in locally constructed polyhouse at Khumaltar, Lalitpur, Nepal. Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources, 5(1), 27–33. https://doi.org/10.3126/janr.v5i1.50378
  • Wang, Q., Zhao, H., Xu, L., & Wang, Y. (2019). Uptake and translocation of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) by hydroponically grown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 174, 683–689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.029
  • Zárate, M. A. (2014). Manual de Hidroponia. https://www.gob.mx/cms/uploads/attachment/file/232367
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Zootechny (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Md. Mustajabur Rahman 0009-0006-6225-4761

Sarder Islam 0000-0003-3641-2405

Md. Shafiqul Islam 0000-0003-2598-7254

Publication Date December 26, 2024
Submission Date August 7, 2024
Acceptance Date October 24, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Rahman, M. M., Islam, S., & Islam, M. S. (2024). Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species. Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science, 5(2), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490
AMA Rahman MM, Islam S, Islam MS. Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species. Turk.J.R.For.Sci. December 2024;5(2):95-108. doi:10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490
Chicago Rahman, Md. Mustajabur, Sarder Islam, and Md. Shafiqul Islam. “Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species”. Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science 5, no. 2 (December 2024): 95-108. https://doi.org/10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490.
EndNote Rahman MM, Islam S, Islam MS (December 1, 2024) Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species. Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science 5 2 95–108.
IEEE M. M. Rahman, S. Islam, and M. S. Islam, “Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species”, Turk.J.R.For.Sci., vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 95–108, 2024, doi: 10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490.
ISNAD Rahman, Md. Mustajabur et al. “Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species”. Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science 5/2 (December 2024), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490.
JAMA Rahman MM, Islam S, Islam MS. Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species. Turk.J.R.For.Sci. 2024;5:95–108.
MLA Rahman, Md. Mustajabur et al. “Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species”. Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science, vol. 5, no. 2, 2024, pp. 95-108, doi:10.51801/turkjrfs.1529490.
Vancouver Rahman MM, Islam S, Islam MS. Production Performance and Chemical Composition of Various Hydroponic Fodder Species. Turk.J.R.For.Sci. 2024;5(2):95-108.

     TR_Dizin_logo.png?version=1&modificationDate=1614345672000&api=v2  asos-index.png          logo.png     logo2.pngCrossref-Logo.jpeg


Turkish Journal of Range and Forage Science is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.