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Beyond Bilingualism: A Discourse Analysis of Uzbek-Russian Code-Switching in Contemporary Uzbekistan

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 118 - 137
https://doi.org/10.55246/turkophone.1510270

Abstract

This study examines code-switching practices among Uzbek-Russian bilinguals in Tashkent, Uzbekistan. It employs discourse analysis to investigate the patterns, functions, and sociocultural implications of language alternation. Drawing on theoretical frameworks from Gumperz (1982), Myers-Scotton (1993), and Auer (1984), the research provides insights into the complex linguistic landscape of post-Soviet Central Asia. The study reveals that intra-sentential switching is the most prevalent form of code-switching, accounting for 58% of all instances. Contextual factors such as topic, setting, and participants' age significantly influence code-switching behavior. Russian is frequently employed for technical and professional terminology, reflecting its historical dominance in certain domains. The analysis demonstrates that code-switching serves various functions, including lexical gap filling, emphasis, quotation, and expression of group identity. Notably, code-switching plays a crucial role in identity construction, allowing speakers to navigate complex national, ethnic, and professional identities in post-Soviet Uzbekistan. The research extends existing theoretical models by proposing a "triglossic" framework that recognizes standard Uzbek, standard Russian, and mixed Uzbek-Russian as distinct varieties with different social functions. Additionally, the study introduces the concept of "post-Soviet linguistic hybridization" to describe the unique forms of language mixing observed. These findings contribute to our understanding of bilingualism in post-Soviet contexts and highlight the need for nuanced, context-sensitive approaches to language policy and education in multilingual societies. The study concludes that code-switching among Uzbek-Russian bilinguals is not merely a linguistic phenomenon but a complex social practice that reflects and constructs the unique post-Soviet identity of Uzbekistan.

Ethical Statement

This study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. All participants provided written informed consent prior to their involvement, and their anonymity was ensured throughout the study.

Thanks

This paper is part of the collaborative research project 'Heritage Languages and Identity in the Age of Division and Mobility' (jrp000295) conducted at the Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. The field research undertaken by the author was supported by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) through a Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Fellows (Grant Number 18J20041). The author expresses profound gratitude to all individuals who contributed to the field research in Tashkent.

References

  • Auer, P. (1984). Bilingual conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Blom, J. P., & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structure: Code-switching in Norway. In J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics (pp. 407-434). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Blommaert, J., & Jie, D. (2010). Ethnographic fieldwork: A beginner's guide. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Catedral, L. (2017). Uzbek re-modeled: Russian loanwords in post-Soviet Uzbek media. Journal of Language and Politics, 16(2), 313-333. Retrieved from https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.15025
  • Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. London: Routledge.
  • Ferguson, C. A. (1959). Diglossia. Word, 15(2), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702
  • Fierman, W. (2009). Identity, symbolism, and the politics of language in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(7), 1207-1228. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315875200-8/identity-symbolism-politics-language-central-asia-william-fierman
  • Finlay, L. (2002). "Outing" the researcher: The provenance, process, and practice of reflexivity. Qualitative Health Research, 12(4), 531-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973202129120052
  • Fishman, J. A. (1967). Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, 23(2), 29-38. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003060406-8/bilingualism-without-diglossia-diglossia-without-bilingualism-joshua-fishman
  • García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gee, J. P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. London: Routledge.
  • Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133
  • Grosjean, F. (2001). The bilingual's language modes. In J. Nicol (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 1-22). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual: Life and reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Heller, M. (2008). Doing ethnography. In L. Wei & M. G. Moyer (Eds.), The Blackwell guide to research methods in bilingualism and multilingualism (pp. 249-262). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Irvine, J. T. (1989). When talk isn't cheap: Language and political economy. American Ethnologist, 16(2), 248-267. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1989.16.2.02a00040
  • Isaeva, K., Adams, B. G., & van de Vijver, F. J. (2017). The kaleidoscope of language, ethnicity, and identity in Uzbekistan. In Changing values and identities in post-communist world (pp. 295-311). Cham: Springer.
  • Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp. 13-31). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Laitin, D. D. (1998). Identity in formation: The Russian-speaking populations in the near abroad. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Landau, J. M., & Kellner-Heinkele, B. (2001). Politics of language in the ex-Soviet Muslim states: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ochs, E. (1979). Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs & B. B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp. 43-72). New York: Academic Press.
  • Pavlenko, A. (2008). Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries: Language revival, language removal, and sociolinguistic theory. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 11(3-4), 275-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802271517
  • Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7-8), 581-618. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
  • Wei, L. (2005). "How can you tell?" Towards a common sense explanation of conversational code-switching. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(3), 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.008
  • Woolard, K. A. (1998). Introduction: Language ideology as a field of inquiry. In B. B. Schieffelin, K. A. Woolard, & P. V. Kroskrity (Eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory (pp. 3-47). Oxford: Oxford University Press.

İki Dillilikten Öte: Çağdaş Özbekistan'da Özbekçe-Rusça Kod Değiştirmenin Söylem Analizi

Year 2024, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 118 - 137
https://doi.org/10.55246/turkophone.1510270

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Özbekistan'ın Taşkent şehrindeki Özbek-Rus iki dilliler arasındaki kod değiştirme uygulamalarını incelemekte ve dil değişiminin kalıplarını, işlevlerini ve sosyokültürel etkilerini araştırmak için söylem analizi kullanmaktadır. Gumperz (1982), Myers-Scotton (1993) ve Auer'in (1984) teorik çerçevelerinden yararlanan araştırma, Sovyet sonrası Orta Asya'nın karmaşık dilsel manzarasına dair içgörüler sunmaktadır.
Çalışma, cümle içi değiştirmenin en yaygın kod değiştirme biçimi olduğunu ve tüm örneklerin %58'ini oluşturduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Konu, ortam ve katılımcıların yaşı gibi bağlamsal faktörler kod değiştirme davranışını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Rusça, belirli alanlardaki tarihsel baskınlığını yansıtarak, teknik ve profesyonel terminoloji için sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır.
Analiz, kod değiştirmenin kelime boşluğu doldurma, vurgulama, alıntılama ve grup kimliğini ifade etme gibi çeşitli işlevlere hizmet ettiğini göstermektedir. Özellikle, kod değiştirme, konuşmacıların Sovyet sonrası Özbekistan'da karmaşık ulusal, etnik ve profesyonel kimlikleri yönetmelerine olanak sağlayarak kimlik oluşumunda çok önemli bir rol oynamaktadır.
Araştırma, standart Özbekçe, standart Rusça ve karışık Özbek-Rus dillerini farklı sosyal işlevlere sahip ayrı çeşitler olarak tanıyan "üç dilli" bir çerçeve önererek mevcut teorik modelleri genişletmektedir. Ayrıca, çalışma gözlemlenen benzersiz dil karışımı biçimlerini tanımlamak için "Sovyet sonrası dilsel melezleşme" kavramını ortaya koymaktadır.
Bu bulgular, Sovyet sonrası bağlamlarda iki dillilik anlayışımıza katkıda bulunmakta ve çok dilli toplumlarda dil politikası ve eğitime yönelik nüanslı, bağlama duyarlı yaklaşımların gerekliliğini vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, Özbek-Rus iki dilliler arasındaki kod değiştirmenin sadece dilsel bir olgu olmadığı, aynı zamanda Özbekistan'ın kendine özgü Sovyet sonrası kimliğini yansıtan ve oluşturan karmaşık bir sosyal uygulama olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma, Helsinki Bildirgesi'nin etik ilkelerine bağlı kalınarak yürütülmüştür. Tüm katılımcılar, araştırmaya dahil olmadan önce yazılı bilgilendirilmiş onam formunu imzalamış olup, çalışma boyunca anonimliklerinin korunması sağlanmıştır.

Thanks

Bu makale, Tokyo Yabancı Diller Üniversitesi Asya-Afrika Dil ve Kültürleri Araştırma Enstitüsü'nde yürütülen 'Bölünme ve Hareketlilik Çağında Miras Dilleri ve Kimlik' (jrp000295) başlıklı ortak araştırma projesinin bir parçasıdır. Yazarın gerçekleştirdiği saha araştırması, Japonya Bilimi Destekleme Kurumu (JSPS) tarafından JSPS Araştırmacıları için Hibe-Yardımı (Hibe Numarası 18J20041) kapsamında desteklenmiştir. Yazar, Taşkent'teki saha araştırmasına katkıda bulunan tüm bireylere derin minnettarlığını ifade etmektedir.

References

  • Auer, P. (1984). Bilingual conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Blom, J. P., & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structure: Code-switching in Norway. In J. J. Gumperz & D. Hymes (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics (pp. 407-434). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Blommaert, J., & Jie, D. (2010). Ethnographic fieldwork: A beginner's guide. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.
  • Catedral, L. (2017). Uzbek re-modeled: Russian loanwords in post-Soviet Uzbek media. Journal of Language and Politics, 16(2), 313-333. Retrieved from https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/jlp.15025
  • Fairclough, N. (2013). Critical discourse analysis: The critical study of language. London: Routledge.
  • Ferguson, C. A. (1959). Diglossia. Word, 15(2), 325-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702
  • Fierman, W. (2009). Identity, symbolism, and the politics of language in Central Asia. Europe-Asia Studies, 61(7), 1207-1228. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315875200-8/identity-symbolism-politics-language-central-asia-william-fierman
  • Finlay, L. (2002). "Outing" the researcher: The provenance, process, and practice of reflexivity. Qualitative Health Research, 12(4), 531-545. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973202129120052
  • Fishman, J. A. (1967). Bilingualism with and without diglossia; diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues, 23(2), 29-38. Retrieved from https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781003060406-8/bilingualism-without-diglossia-diglossia-without-bilingualism-joshua-fishman
  • García, O., & Wei, L. (2014). Translanguaging: Language, bilingualism and education. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Gee, J. P. (2014). An introduction to discourse analysis: Theory and method. London: Routledge.
  • Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1(2), 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728998000133
  • Grosjean, F. (2001). The bilingual's language modes. In J. Nicol (Ed.), One mind, two languages: Bilingual language processing (pp. 1-22). Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual: Life and reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Heller, M. (2008). Doing ethnography. In L. Wei & M. G. Moyer (Eds.), The Blackwell guide to research methods in bilingualism and multilingualism (pp. 249-262). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
  • Irvine, J. T. (1989). When talk isn't cheap: Language and political economy. American Ethnologist, 16(2), 248-267. https://doi.org/10.1525/ae.1989.16.2.02a00040
  • Isaeva, K., Adams, B. G., & van de Vijver, F. J. (2017). The kaleidoscope of language, ethnicity, and identity in Uzbekistan. In Changing values and identities in post-communist world (pp. 295-311). Cham: Springer.
  • Jefferson, G. (2004). Glossary of transcript symbols with an introduction. In G. H. Lerner (Ed.), Conversation analysis: Studies from the first generation (pp. 13-31). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  • Laitin, D. D. (1998). Identity in formation: The Russian-speaking populations in the near abroad. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Landau, J. M., & Kellner-Heinkele, B. (2001). Politics of language in the ex-Soviet Muslim states: Azerbayjan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Social motivations for codeswitching: Evidence from Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ochs, E. (1979). Transcription as theory. In E. Ochs & B. B. Schieffelin (Eds.), Developmental pragmatics (pp. 43-72). New York: Academic Press.
  • Pavlenko, A. (2008). Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries: Language revival, language removal, and sociolinguistic theory. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 11(3-4), 275-314. https://doi.org/10.1080/13670050802271517
  • Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18(7-8), 581-618. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1980.18.7-8.581
  • Wei, L. (2005). "How can you tell?" Towards a common sense explanation of conversational code-switching. Journal of Pragmatics, 37(3), 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2004.10.008
  • Woolard, K. A. (1998). Introduction: Language ideology as a field of inquiry. In B. B. Schieffelin, K. A. Woolard, & P. V. Kroskrity (Eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory (pp. 3-47). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects World Languages, Literature and Culture (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mizuki Sakurama Nakamura 0009-0007-9843-8308

Early Pub Date January 3, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date July 4, 2024
Acceptance Date January 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sakurama Nakamura, M. (2025). Beyond Bilingualism: A Discourse Analysis of Uzbek-Russian Code-Switching in Contemporary Uzbekistan. Turkophone, 11(3), 118-137. https://doi.org/10.55246/turkophone.1510270

TURKOPHONE | 2014 |  ISSN: 2148-6808

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