Korunma Altındaki Çocukların Gelişimlerinin Bakım Tiplerine ve Mizaç Özelliklerine Göre Karşılaştırılması

Şükran Okur-ataş; Sevinç Akkaya; Seren Güneş; Sibel Kazakberument

doi:10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1349648

Research Article

Korunma Altındaki Çocukların Gelişimlerinin Bakım Tiplerine ve Mizaç Özelliklerine Göre Karşılaştırılması

Year 2024, Volume: 39 Issue: 93

Şükran Okur-ataş Sevinç Akkaya Seren Güneş Sibel Kazakberument

https://doi.org/10.31828/turkpsikoloji.1349648

Abstract

Uyaran eksikliği ve çocuklarla birebir etkileşimde bulunan bir yetişkinin olmaması, devlet koruması altındaki çocukların gelişimi için risk oluşturmaktadır. Farklılaşan hassasiyet teorisine göre, çocukların içinde bulundukları koşullardan etkilenme düzeyleri, çocukların bireysel özelliklerine göre değişkenlik gösterebilir. Bu çalışmada, yuva, sevgi evi, çocuk evi, koruyucu aile ve hiç koruma altına alınmamış düşük sosyoekonomik düzey (SED) ailelerin çocuklarının, dil-bilişsel ve sosyal beceri-öz bakım gelişim farklarının/gecikmelerinin karşılaştırılması; ayrıca, çocukların tepkisellik ve algısal hassasiyet mizaç özelliklerinin bakım tipi ve çocukların gelişim farkları ilişkisindeki düzenleyici rolünün incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini, yuva, sevgi evi, çocuk evi, koruyucu aile yanında kalan ve hiç koruma altına alınmamış düşük SED ailelerden gelen 357 çocuk ve anne/bakım verenleri oluşturmaktadır. Çocukların gelişim farkları Ankara Gelişim Tarama Envanteri (AGTE) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgulara göre, dil-bilişsel alanda, yuvada kalan çocuklar koruyucu ve düşük-SED’li ailelerin çocuklarına, sevgi evi ve çocuk evinde kalanlar da düşük-SED’li ailelerin çocuklarına kıyasla; sosyal beceri-öz bakım alanında ise yuva, sevgi evi ve çocuk evinde kalan çocuklar koruyucu ve düşük-SED’li ailelerin çocuklarına göre daha fazla gelişimsel fark göstermişlerdir. Ayrıca, gruplar arasındaki gelişimsel farklarda, tepkisellik ve algısal hassasiyet mizaç özelliklerinin düzenleyici rolü olduğu bulunmuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları, sosyal politikaların düzenlenmesi ve müdahale programlarının geliştirilmesi açısından tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

Kurum bakımı, mizaç, çocuk gelişimi, koruyucu aile

Supporting Institution

Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

113K222

References

Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (1999). Çocuk yuvaları yönetmeliği. 18.02.2021 tarihinde https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/uploads/chgm/uploads/pages/yonetmelikler/cocuk-yuvalari-yonetmeligi.pdf adresinden alınmıştır)
Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2008). Sosyal hizmetler ve çocuk esirgeme kurumu genel müdürlüğü çocuk evleri çalışma usul ve esasları hakkında yönetmelik. (18.02.2021 tarihinde https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/uploads/chgm/uploads/pages/yonetmelikler/cocuk-evleri-calisma-usul-ve-esaslari-hakkinda-yonetmelik.pdf adresinden alınmıştır)
Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı. (2013). Kurum Bakım Türlerinin Etki Analizi. Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
Aile ve Sosyal Politikalar Bakanlığı. (2017). Türkiye’de çocuklara yönelik koruyucu ve önleyici politikaları değerlendirme çalıştayı raporu. (13.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/2498/turkiye-de-cocuklara-yonelik-koruyucu-ve-onleyici-politikalari-degerlendirme-calistayi-raporu.pdf adresinden alınmıştır)
Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı. (2021). 2021 Yıl Sonu Verileri. (09.09.2022 tarihinde https://www.aile.gov.tr/media/108736/kurumsal-istatistikler.pdf adresinden alınmıştır)
Atlı-Asla, G. ve Sarıtaş-Atalar, D. (2020). Kurum Bakımındaki Ergenlerin Olumlu Sosyal ve Problemli Davranışları ile İlişkili Faktörlerin Karşılaştırmalı Örneklemle İncelenmesi. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 7, 167-188. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.650756
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., Steele, H., Zeanah, C. H., Muhamedrahimov, R. J., Vorria, P., Dobrova‐Krol, N. A., ... ve Gunnar, M. R. (2011). III. Attachment and emotional development in institutional care: characteristics and catch up. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76, 62-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00628.x
Bates, J. E., Schermerhorn, A. C. ve Petersen, I. T. (2012). Temperament and parenting in developmental perspective. M. Zentner ve R. L. Shiner (Ed.), Handbook of Temperament içinde (425-441). New York: Guilford Press.
Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. ve Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). For better and for worse: Differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 16, 300-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00525.x
Belsky, J. ve Pluess, M. (2009). Beyond diathesis stress: differential susceptibility to environmental influences. Psychological Bulletin, 135, 885-908. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017376
Belsky, J., Vandell, D. L., Burchinal, M., Clarke‐Stewart, K. A., McCartney, K., Owen, M. T. ve NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2007). Are there long‐term effects of early child care?. Child Development, 78, 681-701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01021.x
Berument, S. K. ve Sümer, N. (2013-2017). Longitudinal investigation of the effects of temperament, and care type on the developmental outcomes of infant and children who are under the care of social services. Funded by The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey.
Betz, C. L. (2000). California healthy and ready to work transition health care guide: developmental guidelines for teaching health care self-care skills to children. Issues in Comprehensive Pediatric Nursing, 23, 203-244. https://doi.org/10.1080/014608600300029867
Bos, K. J., Fox, N., Zeanah, C. H. ve Nelson, C. A. (2009). Effects of early psychosocial deprivation on the development of memory and executive function. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/neuro.08.016.2009
Bull, R., Espy, K. A. ve Wiebe, S. A. (2008). Short-term memory, working memory, and executive functioning in preschoolers: Longitudinal predictors of mathematical achievement at age 7 years. Developmental Neuropsychology, 33, 205-228. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565640801982312
Cáceres, I., Moreno, C., Román, M. ve Palacios, J. (2021). The social competence of internationally-adopted and institutionalized children throughout childhood: a comparative and longitudinal study. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 57, 260-270. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.07.002
Canzi, E., Rosnati, R., Palacios, J. ve Román, M. (2018). Internationally adopted children’s cognitive and social-emotional development during the first post-adoption year: A longitudinal study. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 15, 517-530. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405629.2017.1316257
Collins, W. A., Maccoby, E. E., Steinberg, L., Hetherington, E. M. ve Bornstein, M. H. (2000). Contemporary research on parenting. The case for nature and nurture. American Psychologist, 55(2), 218–232. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.2.218
Corval, R., Mesquita, A., ve Soares, I. (2020). Links between reactive attachment disorder, caregiving and temperament: A differential susceptibility perspective. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 181(5), 405-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/00221325.2020.1756206
Dawson, J. F. (2014). Moderation in management research: What, why, when, and how. Journal of Business and Psychology, 29, 1-19. doi:10.1007/s10869-013-9308-7
Ellis, B. J., Boyce, W. T., Belsky, J., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. ve Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011). Differential susceptibility to the environment: An evolutionary-neurodevelopmental theory. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 7-28. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579410000611
Erol, N., Simsek, Z. ve Münir, K. (2010). Mental health of adolescents reared in institutional care in Turkey: challenges and hope in the twenty-first century. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 113-124. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0047-2
Ertekin, Z. (2014). The effects of care types and temperament on selfconcept and self-regulation skills of children under the care of social services. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Ertekin, Z. ve Berument, S. K. (2021). Self-concept development of children in institutional care, alternative care types and biological family homes: Testing differential susceptibility. Applied Developmental Science, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888691.2019.1617146
Evans, G. W., Kliewer, W. ve Martin, J. (1991). The role of the physical environment in the health and wellbeing of children. H. E. Schroeder (Ed.), New Directions in Health Psychology Assessment içinde (127-157). Taylor & Francis.
Gartstein, M. A. ve Rothbart, M. K. (2003). Studying infant temperament via the revised infant behavior questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 26(1), 64-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0163-6383(02)00169-8
Goldsmith, H. H. (1996). Studying temperament via construction of the Toddler Behavior Assessment Questionnaire. Child Development, 67(1), 218-235.
Gölcük, M., Berument, S. K., Yavaslar, Y., Ertekin, Z. ve Doğru, O. C. (2017). The role of temperamental characteristics on growth rates of Theory of Mind: Turkish care types study. Poster presented in the Biennial Meeting of Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) in April 6 - 8, 2017, Austin, Texas, USA.
Greven, C. U., Lionetti, F., Booth, C., Aron, E., Fox, E., Schendan, H. E., ... ve Homberg, J. (2019). Sensory Processing Sensitivity in the context of Environmental Sensitivity: A critical review and development of research agenda. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 98, 287-305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.009
Hillen, T. ve Gafson, L. (2015). Why good placements matter: pre-placement and placement risk factors associated with mental health disorders in pre-school children in foster care. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 20, 486-499. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104514530733
Humphreys, K. L., Miron, D., McLaughlin, K. A., Sheridan, M. A., Nelson, C. A., Fox, N. A. ve Zeanah, C. H. (2018). Foster care promotes adaptive functioning in early adolescence among children who experienced severe, early deprivation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(7), 811-821. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12865
Jagiellowicz, J., Xu, X., Aron, A., Aron, E., Cao, G., Feng, T. ve Weng, X. (2011). The trait of sensory processing sensitivity and neural responses to changes in visual scenes. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6, 38–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsq001
Johnson, D. E. ve Gunnar, M. R. (2011). IV. Growth failure in institutionalized children. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76, 92-126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00629.x
Kornilov, S. A., Zhukova, M. A., Ovchinnikova, I. V., Golovanova, I. V., Naumova, O. Y., Logvinenko, T. I., ... ve Grigorenko, E. L. (2019). Language outcomes in adults with a history of institutionalization: behavioral and neurophysiological characterization. Scientific Reports, 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40007-9
Leiden Conference on the Development and Care of Children without Permanent Parents. (2012). The development and care of institutionally reared children. Child Development Perspectives, 6(2), 174-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-8606.2011.00231.x
Martin, A., Razza, R. A. ve Brooks-Gunn, J. (2012). Specifying the links between household chaos and preschool children's development. Early Child Development and Care, 182, 1247-1263.https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2011.605522
McCall, R. B. (2013). Review: The consequences of early institutionalization: can institutions be improved? - should they? Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18, 193-201. https://doi.org/10.1111/camh.12025
Memişoğlu Sanlı, A., Berument, S. K. ve Ertekin, Z. (2017). Moderating effects of perceptual sensitivity on the language development growth rates of children in care: Turkish care types study. Poster presented in the Biennial Meeting of Society for Research in Child Development (SRCD) in April 6-8, 2017, Austin, Texas, USA.
Nelson, C. A., Furtado, E. A., Fox, N. A. ve Zeanah, C. H. (2009). The Deprived Human Brain: Developmental deficits among institutionalized Romanian children—and later improvements—strengthen the case for individualized care. American Scientist, 97(3), 222-229.
Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Smyke, A. T. ve Guthrie, D. (2007). Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Science, 318, 1937-1940. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1143921
NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2004). Multiple pathways to early academic achievement. Harvard Educational Review, 74(1), 1-29.
Nigg, J. T. (2006). Temperament and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47, 395–422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01612.x
Palacios, J., Moreno, C. ve Román, M. (2013). Social competence in internationally adopted and institutionalized children. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 28, 357-365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecresq.2012.08.003
Petrowski, N., Cappa, C. ve Gross, P. (2017). Estimating the number of children in formal alternative care: Challenges and results. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 388-398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.026
Pluess, M. (2015). Individual differences in environmental sensitivity. Child Development Perspectives, 9, 138-143. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12120
Pluess, M. ve Belsky, J. (2009). Differential susceptibility to rearing experience: The case of childcare. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 50(4), 396-404. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01992.x
Pluess, M. ve Belsky, J. (2010). Children's differential susceptibility to effects of parenting. Family Science, 1, 14-25. https://doi.org/10.1080/19424620903388554
Pluess, M. ve Belsky, J. (2013). Vantage sensitivity: Individual differences in response to positive experiences. Psychological Bulletin, 139(4), 901-916 https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030196
Putnam, S. P., Gartstein, M. A. ve Rothbart, M. K. (2006). Measurement of fine-grained aspects of toddler temperament: The Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Infant Behavior and Development, 29, 386-401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.01.004
Rakhlin, N., Hein, S., Doyle, N., Hart, L., Macomber, D., Ruchkin, V., ... ve Grigorenko, E. L. (2015). Language development of internationally adopted children: Adverse early experiences outweigh the age of acquisition effect. Journal of Communication Disorders, 57, 66-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2015.08.003
Rothbart, M. K., Ahadi, S. A., Hershey, K. L. ve Fisher, P. (2001). Investigations of temperament at three to seven years: The Children's Behavior Questionnaire. Child Development, 72(5), 1394-1408. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00355
Roy, P., Rutter, M. ve Pickles, A. (2004). Institutional care: Associations between overactivity and lack of selectivity in social relationships. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 45, 866-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00278.x
Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Kreppner, J., Mehta, M., ... ve Sonuga-Barke, E. (2007). Effects of profound early institutional deprivation: An overview of findings from a UK longitudinal study of Romanian adoptees. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 332-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17405620701401846
Rutter, M. ve The English and Romanian Adoptees (ERA) study team. (1998). Developmental catch-up, and deficit, following adoption after severe global early privation. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 39(4), 465-476.
Savaşır, I., Sezgin, N. ve Erol, N. (1995). Ankara gelişim tarama envanteri el kitabı. Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi.
Slagt, M., Dubas, J. S., van Aken, M. A., Ellis, B. J. ve Deković, M. (2018). Sensory processing sensitivity as a marker of differential susceptibility to parenting. Developmental Psychology, 54, 543-558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/dev0000431
Smyke, A. T., Koga, S. F., Johnson, D. E., Fox, N. A., Marshall, P. J., Nelson, C. A., ... ve BEIP Core Group. (2007). The caregiving context in institution‐reared and family‐reared infants and toddlers in Romania. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 48, 210-218. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01694.x
Smyke, A. T., Zeanah, C. H., Gleason, M. M., Drury, S. S., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A. ve Guthrie, D. (2012). A randomized controlled trial comparing foster care and institutional care for children with signs of reactive attachment disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169, 508-514. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2011.11050748
Soares, I., Belsky, J., Oliveira, P., Silva, J., Marques, S., Baptista, J. ve Martins, C. (2014). Does early family risk and current quality of care predict indiscriminate social behavior in institutionalized Portuguese children?. Attachment & Human Development, 16(2), 137-148. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2014.912485
Söğütlü, A. (2015). Çocuk refahı alanında çalışan personelin sevgi evlerine yönelik değerlendirmeleri. Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Sumer-Büyükabacı, Ö., Kisbu-Sakarya, Y., Etel, E. ve Selçuk, B. (2021). Developmental change in early language and cognitive skills of institution-reared children as compared to their parent-reared peers. Children and Youth Services Review, 121, 105857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105857
Taşfiliz, D. (2014). How do care types and individual differences contribute to emotion understanding skills of children under the care of social services? Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
Children's Health Care Collaborative Study Group. (1994). The causes of children's institutionalization in Romania. Child: Care, Health and Development, 20(2), 77-88.
Thomas, A., Chess, S., Birch, H. G., Hertzig, M. E. ve Korn, S. (1963). Behavioral individuality in early childhood. New York: New York University Press.
Thomas, A., Chess, S. ve Birch, H.G. (1968). Temperament and behavior disorders in children. New York: New York University Press.
Tierney, A. L. ve Nelson, C. A. (2009). Brain development and the role of experience in the early years. Zero to Three, 30(2), 9-13.
van IJzendoorn, M. H., Palacios, J., Sonuga‐Barke, E. J., Gunnar, M. R., Vorria, P., McCall, R. B., ... ve Juffer, F. (2011). I. Children in institutional care: Delayed development and resilience. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 76, 8-30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5834.2011.00626.x
Yavaşlar, Y., Berument, S.K., Koç, G., Doğru, O.C. ve Karakaya, S. (2016). Koruma Altındaki Çocukların Dil Gelişimi ve Mizacın Etkisi. 19. Ulusal Psikoloji Kongresi, 5-7 Eylül, İzmir.
Zuckerman, M. (1999). Vulnerability to psychopathology: A biosocial model. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.