INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL

Huda Salah Kareem; Aseel Amer Abd

INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL

Abstract

This mathematical model consists of three nonlinear ordinary differential equations between two prey ($N_1$, $N_2$) and only one predator ($P$). The two prey ($N_1$, $N_2$) grow logistically under predator pressure, and the predator depends mainly on the first prey ($N_1$). According to function response Holling's type II formula, indirect competition exists between $N_1$ and $N_2$ because the predator exerts strong pressure on first prey ($N_1$), while second prey ($N_2$) is affected more simply. Equilibrium points for the mathematical model between predator and two prey, which stabilize over time, were calculated, and the local stability around the equilibrium points of this proposed model was analyzed using the Lyapunov function. Finally, numerical simulation was used to demonstrate the results.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Ordinary Differential Equations, Difference Equations and Dynamical Systems, Biological Mathematics

Journal Section

Research Article

Authors

Huda Salah Kareem ^* This is me
0009-0009-0352-1390
Iraq

Aseel Amer Abd This is me
0009-0007-4963-090X
Iraq

Publication Date

May 4, 2026

Submission Date

January 2, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 24, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 5

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK

Cite

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Kareem, H. S., & Abd, A. A. (2026). INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL. TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics, 16(5), 670-687. https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK

AMA

1.Kareem HS, Abd AA. INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL. JAEM. 2026;16(5):670-687. https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK

Chicago

Kareem, Huda Salah, and Aseel Amer Abd. 2026. “INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL”. TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics 16 (5): 670-87. https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK.

EndNote

Kareem HS, Abd AA (May 1, 2026) INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL. TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics 16 5 670–687.

IEEE

[1]H. S. Kareem and A. A. Abd, “INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL”, JAEM, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 670–687, May 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK

ISNAD

Kareem, Huda Salah - Abd, Aseel Amer. “INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL”. TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics 16/5 (May 1, 2026): 670-687. https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK.

JAMA

1.Kareem HS, Abd AA. INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL. JAEM. 2026;16:670–687.

MLA

Kareem, Huda Salah, and Aseel Amer Abd. “INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL”. TWMS Journal of Applied and Engineering Mathematics, vol. 16, no. 5, May 2026, pp. 670-87, https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK.

Vancouver

1.Huda Salah Kareem, Aseel Amer Abd. INCORPORATING THE INFLUENCE OF HUNTING COOPERATION AND COMPETITION INTO THE PREY-PREDATOR MODEL. JAEM [Internet]. 2026 May 1;16(5):670-87. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA27ME86UK