ANALYSING THE CONCEPT OF VICTIMS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW

Year 2023, , 135 - 153, 30.10.2023

Cansu Atılgan Pazvantoğlu

https://doi.org/10.52792/tws.1354600

Abstract

The aim of this study is to analyze the concept of victims in the development of International Humanitarian Law, the internationalization of the concept, definitions in fundamental regulations, and perceptions of the concept; addressing issues such as compensation, approaches to victims in investigations and legal proceedings, the position of victims in international crimes, and the scope of the victim concept. Considering the serious human rights violations following World War II that led to a focus on international crimes and victims, this study discusses the contributions of Geneva Law and the International Criminal Court to victim-centered approaches, debates on the establishment of a system from the perspective of victims, beyond the aim of ensuring that crimes do not go unpunished, are presented along with positive and negative criticisms and case examples through relevant literature review. It is observed that answers to the question "Who is a victim?" are more effectively addressed with a victim-centered evaluation, despite the complex nature of the international arena and the challenges encountered. In the current context, the importance of maintaining these approaches in the face of diverse conflicts, actors, and issues is recognized, and it is considered that the ways in which the concept of victims is approached in the construction of International Humanitarian Law constitute a solid foundation for victim-centered approaches and provide guidance in new debates.

Keywords

Victim, International Humanitarian Law, Human Rights, Geneva Conventions

Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukukun Gelişiminde Mağdur Kavramının İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı; Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk’un gelişiminde mağdur kavramının yerini, kavramın uluslararası alana taşınmasını, temel düzenlemelerdeki tanımlamaları ve algılanış biçimlerini; tazminat sorunu, soruşturma ve dava süreçlerinde mağdurlara yönelik yaklaşımlar, uluslararası suçlarda mağdurun konumu ve mağdur kavramının kapsamı çerçevesinde çözümlemektir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı sonrası ağır insan hakları ihlallerinin, uluslararası suçlar ve mağdurların odakta tutulmasına yol açtığı göz önüne alınarak, Cenevre Hukuku ve Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi’nin mağdur odaklı yaklaşımlara katkıları ele alınmış, suçların cezasız kalmaması amacı dışında mağdurun bakış açısıyla oluşturulacak bir sisteme ilişkin tartışmalar, olumlu ve olumsuz eleştiriler ve örnek olaylarla birlikte ilgili literatür taramasıyla sunulmuştur. Mağdur kimdir? sorusuna aranan yanıtların uluslararası alanın karmaşık yapısına ve bu nedenle karşılaşılan zorluklara karşın mağdur odağında bir değerlendirmeyle daha etkin ele alındığı görülmüştür. Mevcut durumda çeşitlenen çatışmalar, aktörler ve sorunlar karşısında söz konusu yaklaşımların sürdürülmesinin önemi görülmekte, Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk’un inşasında mağdur kavramının ele alınış biçimlerinin mağdur odaklı yaklaşımlara köklü bir temel teşkil ettiği ve yeni tartışmalarda yol gösterici bir nitelikte olduğu değerlendirilmektedir.

Keywords

Mağdur, Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk, İnsan Hakları, Cenevre Sözleşmeleri

References

• Alova, Erdal. Latince Türkçe Sözlük. Sosyal Yayınları, 2013.
• Bag, R. K. “Perspectives in Victimology in Context of Criminal Justice System”. Journal of the Indian Law Institute 41, no. 1 (1999): 78-94.
• Bassiouni, M. Cherif. “The Protection of ‘Collective Victims’ in International Law”. NYLS Journal of Human Rights 2, no. 2 (1985).
• Bassiouni, M. Cherif. Crimes Against Humanity: Historical Evolution and Contemporary Application. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
• Bassiouni, M. Cherif ve William A. Schabas. The Legislative History of the International Criminal Court. Leiden; Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2016.
• Bassiouni, M. Cherif. A Man of Many Flags Memoirs of a War Crimes Investigator. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2020. Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise. İnsancıl Hukuk Sözlüğü. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002.
• Bouvier, Antoine A. International Humanitarian Law and the Law of Armed Conflict. Peace Operations Training Institute, 2020.
• Boven, Theo van. “Victims’ Rights and Interests in the International Criminal Court”. The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court. haz. José Doria, Hans-Peter Gasser ve M. Cherif Bassiouni. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill nv, 2009.
• Buis, Emiliano J. Taming Ares: War, Interstate Law, and Humanitarian Discourse in Classical Greece. Leiden : Brill, 2018.
• Cosgrove, Mary. “Narrating German Suffering in the Shadow of Holocaust Victimology: W. G.Sebald, Contemporary Trauma Theory, and Dieter Forte’s Air Raids Epic”. Germans as Victims in the Literary Fiction of the Berlin Republic. haz. Stuart Taberner ve Karina Berger. Boydell & Brewer, Camden House, 2009.
• Dunant, Henry. A Memory of Solferino. ICRC Publication 1986 ref. 0361.
• FDFA (Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs). The ABC of International Humanitarian Law, www.fdfa.admin.ch/publication, 2018.
• Fujita, Hisakazu. “The Tokyo Trial Revisited”. The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court. haz. José Doria, Hans-Peter Gasser ve M. Cherif Bassiouni. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill nv, 2009.
• Genel Hukuk Terminolojisi. T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Tercüme Dairesi Başkanlığı, Mayıs 2018.
• Gillett, Matthew. “‘Eco-Struggles: Using International Criminal Law to Protect the Environment During and After Non-International Armed Conflict’”. Environmental Protection and Transitions from Conflict to Peace: Clarifying Norms, Principles and Practices. haz. Carsten Stahn vd. OUP, 2017.
• Giora Shoham, Shlomo, Paul Knepper ve Martin Kett. International Handbook of Victimology. London: Taylor and Francis Group, CRC Press, 2010.
• Greenwood, Christopher. “The Concept of War in Modern International Law”. The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 36 (2) (1987).
• Goldsmith, Andrew. “Policing after Conflict: Peace-Building and the Responsibility to Protect”. The Challenge of Conflict International Law Responds. haz. Ustinia Dolgopol and Judith Gardam. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2006.
• Hagan, John. Who Are the Criminals? The Politics of Crime Policy from the Age of Roosevelt to the Age of Reagan. Princeton University Press, 2010.
• Happold, Matthew. “Child Recruitment as a Crime under the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court”. The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court. haz. José Doria, Hans-Peter Gasser ve M. Cherif Bassiouni. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill nv, 2009.
• Harrendorf, Stefan. “How Can Criminology Contribute to an Explanation of International Crimes?”. Journal of International Criminal Justice 12 (2014).
• Henckaerts, Jean-Marie ve Louise Doswald-Beck. Customary International Humanitarian Law. International Committee of the Red Cross/Cambridge University Press, 2005.
• ICTR. The Prosecutor v. Jean-Paul Akayesu, ICTR-96-4-T. Trial Chamber 1, 2 September 1998. http://www.icty.org (erişim 25.06.2023)
• Kızılay Tarih. Belge ve Arşiv Yönetimi Müdürlüğü. http://kizilaytarih.org/tarihce.html (erişim 16.09.2023)
• Kolb, Robert ve Richard Hyde. An Introduction to the International Law of Armed Conflicts. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2008.
• Lacerda, Tessa. “‘Victim’: What Is Hidden behind This Word?”. International Journal of Transitional Justice 10 (2016): 179–188.
• Lohne, Kjersti. “Durkheim’s Moral Individualism and International Criminal Justice”. Genocide and Victimology, haz. Yarin Eski. London: Routledge, 2021.
• Lubell, Noam, Jelena Pejic ve Claire Simmons. Guidelines on Investigating Violations of International Humanitarian Law: Law, Policy, and Good Practice. The Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), September 2019.
• Lynch, Michael J., Michael A. Long, Paul B. Stretesky ve Kimberly L.Barrett. Green Criminology. University of California Press, 2017.
• Maguire, Mike. “The Needs and Rights of Victims of Crime”. Crime and Justice 14 (1991): 363-433.
• Martin, Francisco Forrest, Stephen J. Schnably, Richard J.Wilson, Jonathan S. Simon ve Mark V. Tushnet. International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law: Treaties, Cases and Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
• McGarry, Ross ve Sandra Walklate. A Criminology of War?. Bristol University Press, 2019.
• Morris, Allison ve Warren Young. “Reforming Criminal Justice: The Potential of Restorative Justice”. Restorative Justice – Philosophy to Practice. haz. Heather Strang ve John Braithwaite. Dartmouth: 2000.
• Nikolić-Ristanović, Vesna. “International Conference: 'Which Model of Truth and Reconciliation Is the Most Appropriate for the Former Yugoslavia?': Post-Communism: Women's Lives in Transition”. Feminist Review 76 (2004): 123-126.
• Nurse, Angus ve Tanya Wyatt, Wildlife Criminology. Bristol University Press, 2020.
• Oxford Wordpower Dictionary. English-English-Turkish. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
• Provost, René. International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
• Rafter, Nicole. The Crime of All Crimes. New York: NYU Press, 2016.
• Rauschenbach, Mina ve Damien Scalia. “Victims and International Criminal Justice: a Vexed Question?”. International Review of the Red Cross 90/870 (June 2008).
• Reuss, Joachim ve Dominik Prodohl. “A victimological Approach to Causes of War”. Peace Research 23 / 2/3 (Mayıs 1991): 37-48.
• Report of the Secretary-General, “The Rule of Law and Transitional Justice in Conflict and Post-conflict Societies”, United Nations Security Council, S/2004/616, 23 August 2004.
• Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. International Criminal Court. 232-2 (2011).
• Scott, John. A Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014.
• Solis, Gary D. The Law of Armed Conflict, International Humanitarian Law in War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
• Stern, Brigitte ve Isabell Fouchard. “Sexual Violence as Genocide: The Important Role Played by the Bassiouni Commission in the Recent Development of International Criminal Law”. The Theory and Practice of International Criminal Law, Essays in Honor of M. Cherif Bassiouni. haz. Leila Nadya Sadat ve Michael P. Scharf. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2008.
• Sunga, Lyal S. “Ten Principles for Reconciling Truth Commissions and Criminal Prosecutions”. The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court. haz. José Doria, Hans-Peter Gasser ve M. Cherif Bassiouni. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill nv, 2009.
• The Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols (International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). The Geneva Conventions and their Commentaries”, Treaty Database: Full Texts, Commentaries and State Parties. 2023. https://www.icrc.org/en/war-and-law/treaties-customary-law/geneva-conventions
• Ticehurst, Rupert. “The Martens Clause and the Laws of Armed Conflict”. International Review of the Red Cross 317 (30-04-1997).
• Tochilovsky, Vladimir. “Charging in the ICC and Relevant Jurisprudence of the Ad Hoc Tribunals”. The Legal Regime of the International Criminal Court. haz. José Doria, Hans-Peter Gasser ve M. Cherif Bassiouni. Leiden, The Netherlands: Koninklijke Brill nv, 2009.
• United Nations. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. Erdemović (IT-96-22). https://www.icty.org/en/case/erdemovic (erişim 25.06.2023)
• United Nations. International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia. Tadić (IT-94-1). https://www.icty.org/en/case/tadic (erişim 25.06.2023)
• White, Rob. Climate Change Criminology. Bristol: Bristol University Press, 2018.
• Woolford, Andrew ve Stefan Wolejszo. “Collecting on Moral Debts: Reparations for the Holocaust and Pořajmos”. Law & Society Review 40, no. 4 (December 2006): 871-901.
• 9th International Symposium on Victimology August 25-29, 1997. Amsterdam, the Netherlands. “Caring for Victims”. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology 55, no, 4 (Oct., 1996): 501-502.