TR
EN
Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC
Abstract
This research examines the significant climatic changes that occurred between the last quarter of the 3rd millennium BCE and the beginning of the 2nd millennium BCE in the Eastern Mediterranean, Eastern Anatolia, Syria-Mesopotamia, and South Caucasus regions, as well as the effects of these changes on settled societies. Within the scope of the study, sediment samples obtained from different archaeological sites, pollen data, and stable isotope analyses were evaluated using a comprehensive and interdisciplinary approach, with the aim of reconstructing past environmental and climatic conditions.
The analysis results reveal that the climate fluctuated from 2500 BC onwards, but drought reached its peak during the 4.2 ka climate event defined around 2200 BC. It is understood that the environmental damage observed during this period was not solely the result of natural climate cycles; anthropogenic interventions such as deforestation and overgrazing associated with intensive mining activities significantly increased ecological vulnerability. This climatic crisis led to the abandonment of the Akkadian Empire and major settlement centers in the Levant region, the collapse of agricultural production systems, and fundamental changes in the population structure. In this context, it is seen that the communities in the region adopted nomadic and semi-nomadic (pastoralist) strategies, moving away from settled lifestyles and migrating to high plateaus in order to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
Ultimately, this study demonstrates that, in addition to climatic data, human-environment interaction was a decisive factor in understanding the social and economic transformations that occurred in the early 2nd millennium BCE.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
Atatürk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi
Project Number
SDK-2024-14546
Thanks
Atatürk Üniversitesi Atatürk Üniversitesi Bilimsel Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi'ne
References
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- Akhundov, T. (2004). “South Caucasus in the Neolithic and Early Bronze Age: The Question of Epochs and Periods”, Ancient Near Eastern Studies Supplement 12, A View from the Highlands Archaeological Studies in Honour of Charles Burney, Edt. Antonio Sagona, Peeters, 2004, 421-436.
- Atalay, İ. (1992). Türkiye Coğrafyası, Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
- Atalay, İ. (1993). Türkiye Vejetasyon Coğrafyasına Giriş, Ege Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları No. 19, İzmir.
- Badalyan, R.S., Badalyan, P., ve Smith, A.T. (2009). “Periodization and Chronology of Southern Caucasia: From The Early Bronze Age Through The Iron III Period”, The Archaeology and Geography of Ancient Transcaucasia Societies Vol.1, The Foundations of Research and Regional Survey in the Tsaghkahovit Plain, Armenia, Smith, AT., Badalyan, R.S., Avetisyan (Edt.), Oriental Institute Publications vol. 134, Chicago, 33-94.
- Biltekin, D., Eriş, K.K., Çağatay, M.N., Ön, S.A., Akkoca, D.B., (2018). “Late Pleistocene– Holocene Environmental Change in Eastern Turkey: Multi-Proxy Palaeoecological Data of Vegetation and Lake-Catchment Changes”, Journal of Quaternary Science 33(5), 575–585.
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Archaeological Science
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
May 31, 2026
Submission Date
February 3, 2026
Acceptance Date
May 18, 2026
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Number: 47
APA
Parlıtı, U., & Köse, S. (2026). Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat Ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 47, 143-172. https://doi.org/10.64985/tybakademi.1880672
AMA
1.Parlıtı U, Köse S. Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;(47):143-172. doi:10.64985/tybakademi.1880672
Chicago
Parlıtı, Umut, and Sefa Köse. 2026. “Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC”. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat Ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, nos. 47: 143-72. https://doi.org/10.64985/tybakademi.1880672.
EndNote
Parlıtı U, Köse S (May 1, 2026) Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 47 143–172.
IEEE
[1]U. Parlıtı and S. Köse, “Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC”, TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 47, pp. 143–172, May 2026, doi: 10.64985/tybakademi.1880672.
ISNAD
Parlıtı, Umut - Köse, Sefa. “Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC”. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 47 (May 1, 2026): 143-172. https://doi.org/10.64985/tybakademi.1880672.
JAMA
1.Parlıtı U, Köse S. Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2026;:143–172.
MLA
Parlıtı, Umut, and Sefa Köse. “Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC”. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat Ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, no. 47, May 2026, pp. 143-72, doi:10.64985/tybakademi.1880672.
Vancouver
1.Umut Parlıtı, Sefa Köse. Reassessing the Collapse of Civilizations in the Near East at the End of the 3rd Millennium BC and the Beginning of the 2nd Millennium BC. TYB Akademi Dil Edebiyat ve Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2026 May 1;(47):143-72. doi:10.64985/tybakademi.1880672