Günümüz felsefe ekollerinde önemli bir yer tutmaya başlayan felsefi naturalizm
(philosophical naturalism) felsefe tarihinde Platon’dan beri süre gelen temel epistemoloji sorularının
bir dönüşüme uğramasına neden olmakta ve dış dünyayı ‘nasıl temsil ettiğimize’ yönelik felsefi
temellendirmeler yerini, ‘beyin süreçlerinin nasıl işlediği’ sorusuna bırakmaya başlamaktadır. Bu
husus sadece felsefenin bertaraf edilmesine yönelik bir problem olarak tebarüz etmemekte, bilakis
‘insan nedir?’ sorusunun temelini teşkil eden bir sorun olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Zira gerek
fizikalizm, gerek felsefi naturalizm ve gerek yapay zekâ tartışmalarına mahal veren ‘zihnin, beyin
süreçlerine irca edilmesi’ meselesi günümüz felsefesinin ehemmiyetli bir mevzuunu vücuda
getirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada David Papineau’nun Philosophical Naturalism adlı
eserinin fizikalizm mevzuuna ilişkin ortaya koymuş olduğu naturalizm düşüncelerinden hareketle
‘zihin hâllerinin beyin hâlleri olduğu’ iddiası değerlendirilmeye tâbi tutulacaktır. Fakat bu
değerlendirmenin doğru bir şekilde ilerleyebilmesi için Papineau’nun karşı çıktığı ‘bağlı olma’
(supervenience) tezi ile savunduğu ‘gerçekleşme’ (realization) tezi arasındaki fark vazıh bir hâle
getirilmeye çalışılacaktır. Lakin Papineau tarafından ‘bağlı olma’ (supervenience) tezinin iyi bir
fizikalist tutum olmadığı ve bu sebeple de ‘fiziğin tamlığı’ (completness of physic) ilkesine yeterince
dayanmadığı, buna mukabil ‘gerçekleşme’ (realization) tezinin ve nedensel argümanın (causal
argument) ‘fiziğin tamlığı’ (completness of physic) ilkesini en iyi temsil eden bir açıklama biçimi
olduğu’ iddiası izah edilmeye çalışılacaktır. Bilahare Papineau’nun fiziğin tamlığı ilkesine yönelik
olarak inşa ettiği argümanlarının tutarlılığı ve böylelikle, zihnî olanı fiziki olana irca etme çabasının
başarılı olup - olmadığı tetkik edilmeye çalışılacaktır.
Ansgar Beckermann, “Property Physicalism, Reduction and Realization”, M. Carrier and P. Machamer (Ed.). Mindscapes, Philosophy, Science, and the Mind. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag/ Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1997. https://www.uni-bielefeld.de/philosophie/personen/beckermann/prpph_ww.pdf.
Berent Enç, “Philosophical Naturalism by David Papineau”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol.45, No.4, December, 1994.
Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennet, “Supervenience”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/supervenience/#SupeOntoInno, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2018).
Daniel Bonevac, Supervenience and Ontology, American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.25, No.1, January, 1988, ss.37-47, s. 38. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20014221.
Daniel Stoljar, “Physicalism”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/#ModStaPro, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2018).
David Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986
David Papineau, Philosophical Naturalism, London: Blackwell Publishers, 1993
David Papineau, “The Rise of Physicalism”, Carl Gıllett ve Barry Loewer (Ed.). Physicalism and its Discontents içinde (3-37), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001
David Chalmers, The Conscious Mind, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
David Papineau, “Précis of Philosophical Naturalism”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.56, No.3, September 1996
David K. Lewis, “New Work for a Theory of Universals,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61, 1983, ss.343–77, s. 364. http://www.andrewmbailey.com/dkl/New_Work.pdf
Frank Jackson, From Metaphysics to Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998
John Bickle, “Multiple Realizability”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple-realizability/, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2018).
Michael Lacewing, “Mind–Brain Type Identity Theory”, Amazon AWS Routledge Taylor and Fransic Group, s. 1. http://s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A22014/materialism/Type%20identity%20theory.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2018).
Steven Schneider, “Identity Theory”, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://www.iep.utm.edu/identity/#H3 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2018).
Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Physicalism” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/#ModStaPro, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2018)
Michael Bergmann, “Internalısm, Externalısm and the No-Defeater Condition”, Synthese 110, 1997, ss.399–417, s. 401-402. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~bergmann/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/synthese-97.pdf.
Linda Wetzel, “Type/Token Distinction”, Edward Craig (Ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.9, 1998
Linda Wetzel, “Types and Tokens”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/types-tokens/
Tomis Kapitan, “Philosophical Naturalism”, Mind, New Series, Vol.104, No.414, April 1995
Thomas Nagel, “Physicalism” The Philosophical Review, 74(3), 1965, ss. 339–356,
Peter Alan Morton, A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind: Readings with Commentary, Canada: Broadview Press, 2003.
An Essay on Arguments of Naturalism- Physicalism of David Papineau
Philosophical naturalism, which is starting to hold an important place in the today’s schools of philosophy cause a transformation of the fundamental questions of epistemology that have been
around since Plato in the history of philosophy; and the philosophical justification of how we
represent the outside world are replaced by the question of how brain processes work. This isue is
not just a problem about annihilation of philosophy. On the contrary, it arises as a problem that
forms the basis of the question of what is human. The issue of reducing the mind to brain processes,
which allows discussions of both physicalism, philosophical naturalism and artificial intelligence give
rise to an important subject of today's philosophy. In this context, in this study, we will discuss the
topic of physicalism in David Papineau's work Philosophical Naturalism. We will explain difference
between that/which Papineau refused ‘supervenience' thesis with advocated ‘realization' thesis for
our assessment of this to be more understandable. İndeed acording to Papineau, supervenience
thesis is not based on the principle of the completeness of physics; and therefore it is not the
fizikalist thesis. However, the realization thesis and the causal argument is based on the principle
of the completeness of physics; according to this Papineau, it is a best fizikalist argument. In this
context, my purpose in this article is to examine the consistency of all these claims of Papineau and
whether reduction efforts to the physics of the mind are successful.
Ansgar Beckermann, “Property Physicalism, Reduction and Realization”, M. Carrier and P. Machamer (Ed.). Mindscapes, Philosophy, Science, and the Mind. Konstanz: Universitätsverlag/ Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh University Press, 1997. https://www.uni-bielefeld.de/philosophie/personen/beckermann/prpph_ww.pdf.
Berent Enç, “Philosophical Naturalism by David Papineau”, The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, Vol.45, No.4, December, 1994.
Brian McLaughlin and Karen Bennet, “Supervenience”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/supervenience/#SupeOntoInno, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2018).
Daniel Bonevac, Supervenience and Ontology, American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol.25, No.1, January, 1988, ss.37-47, s. 38. http://www.jstor.org/stable/20014221.
Daniel Stoljar, “Physicalism”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/#ModStaPro, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2018).
David Lewis, On the Plurality of Worlds, Oxford: Blackwell, 1986
David Papineau, Philosophical Naturalism, London: Blackwell Publishers, 1993
David Papineau, “The Rise of Physicalism”, Carl Gıllett ve Barry Loewer (Ed.). Physicalism and its Discontents içinde (3-37), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001
David Chalmers, The Conscious Mind, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996
David Papineau, “Précis of Philosophical Naturalism”, Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, Vol.56, No.3, September 1996
David K. Lewis, “New Work for a Theory of Universals,” Australasian Journal of Philosophy, 61, 1983, ss.343–77, s. 364. http://www.andrewmbailey.com/dkl/New_Work.pdf
Frank Jackson, From Metaphysics to Ethics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998
John Bickle, “Multiple Realizability”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/multiple-realizability/, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.04.2018).
Michael Lacewing, “Mind–Brain Type Identity Theory”, Amazon AWS Routledge Taylor and Fransic Group, s. 1. http://s3-euw1-ap-pe-ws4-cws-documents.ri-prod.s3.amazonaws.com/9781138793934/A22014/materialism/Type%20identity%20theory.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2018).
Steven Schneider, “Identity Theory”, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://www.iep.utm.edu/identity/#H3 (Erişim Tarihi: 27.04.2018).
Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, “Physicalism” https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/#ModStaPro, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2018)
Michael Bergmann, “Internalısm, Externalısm and the No-Defeater Condition”, Synthese 110, 1997, ss.399–417, s. 401-402. http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~bergmann/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/synthese-97.pdf.
Linda Wetzel, “Type/Token Distinction”, Edward Craig (Ed.). Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Vol.9, 1998
Linda Wetzel, “Types and Tokens”, Standford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/types-tokens/
Tomis Kapitan, “Philosophical Naturalism”, Mind, New Series, Vol.104, No.414, April 1995
Thomas Nagel, “Physicalism” The Philosophical Review, 74(3), 1965, ss. 339–356,
Peter Alan Morton, A Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Mind: Readings with Commentary, Canada: Broadview Press, 2003.