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Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West

Year 2022, , 81 - 97, 09.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085430

Abstract

Identity change is an important phenomenon in international politics. It can radically alter how states orient themself and act internationally. But how does identity change occur? For some, it is merely an epiphenomenal result of changes in the international distribution of power. Others highlight domestic factors, while still others see it as occurring through a social process of interaction with other states. There are also explanations that combine these and other factors. While existing accounts have pushed the debate on identity change forward, this article suggests that incorporating anxiety into our understanding of identity change would help us better understand two important aspects of it: how an existing identity comes to be doubted and how a new one becomes thinkable and eventually accepted. Drawing on the work of psychologist Rollo May, this article explores the link between identity change, anxiety and creativity. The argument is illustrated through reference to 19th century Japan. For much of its history, Japan was part of the Sino-centric order and looked up to China as a “teacher in the ways of civilization”. However, in the 19th century, Japan radically redefined its identity in relation to China, and Asia more broadly, and rejected the Sino-centric world view as it sought to become a “civilized” state similar to the Western countries.

References

  • Berger, Thomas U. (1998). Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Browning, Christopher S. and Pertti Joenniemi (2017). “Ontological Security, Self-articulation and the Securitization of Identity”, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 52, No 1, p. 31–47.
  • Campbell, David (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Manchester, Manchester University Press.
  • Chafetz, Glenn, Michael Spirtas, and Benjamin Frankel (1998). “Introduction: Tracing the Influence of Identity on Foreign Policy”, Security Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2–3, p. 7–22.
  • Chernobrov, Dmitry (2019). Public Perception of International Crises: Identity, Ontological Security and Self-Affirmation. London, Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Craig, Albert (2006). “Civilization and Enlightenment”, Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two: 1600 to 2000, Part Two: 1868 to 2000, 2nd edn. New York, Columbia University Press, p. 30–51.
  • Darwich, May (2016). “The Ontological (In)security of Similarity: Wahhabism Versus Islamism in Saudi Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 12, No 3, p. 469–488.
  • Ejdus, Filip (2019). Crisis and Ontological Security: Serbia’s Anxiety over Kosovo’s Secession. Cham, Switzerland, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Flockhart, Trine (2016). “The Problem of Change in Constructivist Theory: Ontological Security Seeking and Agent Motivation”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 42, No 5, p. 799–820.
  • Fogel, Joshua A. (2012). “New Thoughts on an Old Controversy: Shina as a Toponym for China”, Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 229.
  • Fukuzawa, Yukichi (2008 [1875]). An Outline of a Theory of Civilization. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Fukuzawa, Yukichi (2012 [1872-1876]). An Encouragement of Learning. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Fukuzawa, Yukichi (2003). “Datsu-A-ron” (On leaving Asia), Yukichi Fukuzawa, Fukuzawa Yukichi chosakushū dai8kan (Fukuzawa Yukichi’s Collected Works, Vol. 8). Tokyo, Keio daigaku shuppankai, p. 261–265.
  • Greve, Patricia (2018). “Ontological Security, the Struggle for Recognition, and the Maintenance of Security Communities”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 21, No 4, p. 858–882.
  • Gustafsson, Karl (2016). “Routinised Recognition and Anxiety: Understanding the Deterioration in Sino-Japanese Relations”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 42, No 4, p. 613–633.
  • Gustafsson, Karl (2020). “Temporal Othering, De-securitisation and Apologies: Understanding Japanese Security Policy Change”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 23, No 3, p. 511–534.
  • Gustafsson, Karl (2021). “Why is Anxiety’s Positive Potential so Rarely Realised? Creativity and Change in International Politics”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 24, No 4, p. 1044–1049.
  • Gustafsson, Karl and Nina C. Krickel-Choi (2020). “Returning to the Roots of Ontological Security: Insights from the Existentialist Anxiety Literature”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 26, No 3, p. 875–895.
  • Hagström, Linus and Karl Gustafsson (2015). “Japan and Identity Change: Why it Matters in International Relations”, The Pacific Review, Vol. 28, No 1, p. 1–22.
  • Hansen, Lene (2006). Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. London, Routledge.
  • Hanssen, Ulv (2019). Temporal Identities and Security Policy in Postwar Japan. London, Routledge.
  • Haruhara, Yoko (12 June 2018). “Late Edo Period Villainy is Captured in Violent Ukiyo-e Prints”, The Japan Times, https:// www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/06/12/arts/late-edo-period-villainy-captured-violent-ukiyo-e-prints/#. XQJLfC3M2CU (Accessed 14 June 2021).
  • Hom, Andrew R. (2016). “Angst Springs Eternal: Dangerous Times and the Dangers of Timing the ‘Arab Spring’”, Security Dialogue, Vol. 47, No 2, p. 165–183.
  • Hopper, Helen M. (2005). Fukuzawa Yukichi: From Samurai to Capitalist. New York, Pearson Longman.
  • Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press.
  • Hutchison, Emma (2010). “Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing”, International Relations, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 65–86.
  • Katzenstein, Peter J. (1996). Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
  • Kushner, Barak (2012). Slurp! A Social and Culinary History of Ramen: Japan’s Favorite Noodle Soup. Leiden, Global Oriental.
  • Legro, Jeffrey W. (2000). “The Plasticity of Identity under Anarchy”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 15, No 1, p. 37–65.
  • May, Rollo (1977 [1950]). The Meaning of Anxiety. New York, W.W. Norton.
  • May, Rollo (1975). The Courage to Create. New York, W.W. Norton.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York, Norton.
  • Narsimhan, Sushila (1999). Japanese Perceptions of China in the Nineteenth Century: Influence of Fukuzawa Yukichi. New Delhi: Phoenix Publishing House.
  • Nishikawa, Shunsaku (2012 [1993]). “Introduction: The Life and Works of Fukuzawa Yukichi”, Yukichi Fukuzawa, An Encouragement of Learning. New York, Columbia University Press, p. xiii–xxx.
  • Notehelfer, Fred G. (2006). “The Meiji Restauration”, Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two: 1600 to 2000, Part Two: 1868 to 2000, 2nd edn. New York, Columbia University Press, p. 5–29.
  • Oros, Andrew (2008). Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity and the Evolution of Security Practice. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
  • Papp, Zilia (2009). “Monsters Reappearing in Great Yôkai Wars, 1968-2005”, Scott A. Lukas and John Marmysz (eds.), Fear, Cultural Anxiety, and Transformation: Horror, Science Fiction, and Fantasy Films Remade. Lanham MD, Lexington Books, p. 129–142.
  • Prozorov, Sergei (2011). “The Other as Past and Present: Beyond the Logic of ‘Temporal Othering’ in IR Theory”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No 3, p. 1273–1293.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (2004). “Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU’s Mode of Differentiation”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 30, No 1, p. 27–47.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (ed.) (2015). Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security: Peace Anxieties. London, Routledge. Rumelili, Bahar (2021). “[Our] Age of Anxiety: Existentialism and the Current State of International Relations”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 24, No 4, p. 1020–1036.
  • Rumelili, Bahar and Jennifer Todd (2018). “Paradoxes of Identity Change: Integrating Macro, Meso and Micro Research on Identity in Conflict Processes”, Political Studies, Vol. 38, No 1, p. 3–18.
  • Schulze, Kai (2015). “Risks of Sameness, the Rise of China and Japan’s Ontological Security”, Sebastian Maslow, Paul O’Shea and Ra Mason (eds.), Risk State: Japan’s Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty. Aldershot, Ashgate, p. 101–116.
  • Steele, Brent J. (2008). Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State. New York, Routledge.
  • Suzuki, Shogo (2009). Civilization and Empire: China and Japan’s Encounter with European International Society. London, Routledge.
  • Tamaki, Taku (2015). “The Persistence of Reified Asia as Reality in Japanese Foreign Policy Narratives”, Pacific Review, Vol. 28, No 1, p. 23–45.
  • Tillich, Paul (1952). The Courage to Be. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Tillich, Paul (1947). The Protestant Era. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Varley, Paul (2000). Japanese Culture, 4th edn. Honolulu, Hawaii University Press.
  • Wæver, Ole (2000). “The EU as a Security Actor: Reflections from a Pessimistic Constructivist on Post-sovereign Security Orders”, Morten Kelstrup (ed.), International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration, online edn. London, Routledge, p. 223–263.
  • Weldes, Jutta, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall (1999). “Introduction: Constructing Insecurity”, Weldes, Jutta, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 1–34.
  • Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Wheeler, Steve (2018). “A Proliferation of Monsters: Art of the Weird as Expressions of Anxiety in Britain and Japan”, Hektoen International: A Journal of Medical Humanities, Vol. 10, No 1, https://hekint.org/2018/03/15/proliferationmonsters-art-weird-expressions-anxiety-britain-japan/ (Accessed 14 April 2021).
  • Zarakol, Ayşe (2010). After Defeat: How the East Learned to Live with the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kimlik değişimi, kaygı ve yaratıcılık: 19. yüzyıl Japonyası nasıl Asya’yı terk etmeye ve Batı’nın bir parçası olmaya çalıştı?

Year 2022, , 81 - 97, 09.04.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085430

Abstract

Kimlik değişimi uluslararası siyasette önemli bir olgudur. Devletlerin kendilerini nasıl yönlendirdiklerini ve uluslararası alanda nasıl hareket ettiklerini kökten değiştirebilir. Fakat kimlik değişimi nasıl gerçekleşmektedir? Bazıları için, kimlik değişimi sadece uluslararası güç dağılımındaki değişikliklerin ikincil bir sonucudur. Diğerleri yerel faktörleri vurgularken; bazıları ise kimlik değişiminin diğer devletlerle sosyal bir etkileşim süreci yoluyla gerçekleştiğini düşünmektedir. Tüm bunları ve diğer faktörleri birleştiren açıklamalar da vardır. Mevcut tartışmalar kimlik değişimi konusundaki tartışmayı ileriye taşırken; bu makale kaygıyı kimlik değişimi anlayışımıza dahil etmenin, kimlik değişiminin iki önemli yönünü daha iyi anlamamıza yardımcı olacağını öne sürmektedir: mevcut kimlikten nasıl şüphe duyulduğu ve yeni bir kimliğin nasıl düşünülebilir hale geldiği ve sonunda kabul edildiği. Psikolog Rollo May’in çalışmalarına dayanan bu makale kimlik değişimi, kaygı ve yaratıcılık arasındaki bağlantıyı araştırmaktadır. Argüman, 19. yüzyıl Japonya’sına atıfta bulunularak gösterilmektedir. Japonya, tarihinin büyük bir bölümünde Çin merkezli düzenin bir parçasıydı ve Çin’i “medeniyet yolunda öğretmen” olarak görüyordu. Fakat Japonya 19. yüzyılda Çin ve daha geniş anlamda Asya ile ilgili olarak kimliğini radikal bir şekilde yeniden tanımlamış ve Batı ülkelerine benzer “uygar” bir devlet olmaya çalıştığı için Çin merkezli dünya görüşünü reddetmiştir.

References

  • Berger, Thomas U. (1998). Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan. Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Browning, Christopher S. and Pertti Joenniemi (2017). “Ontological Security, Self-articulation and the Securitization of Identity”, Cooperation and Conflict, Vol. 52, No 1, p. 31–47.
  • Campbell, David (1998). Writing Security: United States Foreign Policy and the Politics of Identity. Manchester, Manchester University Press.
  • Chafetz, Glenn, Michael Spirtas, and Benjamin Frankel (1998). “Introduction: Tracing the Influence of Identity on Foreign Policy”, Security Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2–3, p. 7–22.
  • Chernobrov, Dmitry (2019). Public Perception of International Crises: Identity, Ontological Security and Self-Affirmation. London, Rowman and Littlefield.
  • Craig, Albert (2006). “Civilization and Enlightenment”, Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two: 1600 to 2000, Part Two: 1868 to 2000, 2nd edn. New York, Columbia University Press, p. 30–51.
  • Darwich, May (2016). “The Ontological (In)security of Similarity: Wahhabism Versus Islamism in Saudi Foreign Policy”, Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 12, No 3, p. 469–488.
  • Ejdus, Filip (2019). Crisis and Ontological Security: Serbia’s Anxiety over Kosovo’s Secession. Cham, Switzerland, Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Flockhart, Trine (2016). “The Problem of Change in Constructivist Theory: Ontological Security Seeking and Agent Motivation”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 42, No 5, p. 799–820.
  • Fogel, Joshua A. (2012). “New Thoughts on an Old Controversy: Shina as a Toponym for China”, Sino-Platonic Papers, No. 229.
  • Fukuzawa, Yukichi (2008 [1875]). An Outline of a Theory of Civilization. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Fukuzawa, Yukichi (2012 [1872-1876]). An Encouragement of Learning. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Fukuzawa, Yukichi (2003). “Datsu-A-ron” (On leaving Asia), Yukichi Fukuzawa, Fukuzawa Yukichi chosakushū dai8kan (Fukuzawa Yukichi’s Collected Works, Vol. 8). Tokyo, Keio daigaku shuppankai, p. 261–265.
  • Greve, Patricia (2018). “Ontological Security, the Struggle for Recognition, and the Maintenance of Security Communities”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 21, No 4, p. 858–882.
  • Gustafsson, Karl (2016). “Routinised Recognition and Anxiety: Understanding the Deterioration in Sino-Japanese Relations”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 42, No 4, p. 613–633.
  • Gustafsson, Karl (2020). “Temporal Othering, De-securitisation and Apologies: Understanding Japanese Security Policy Change”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 23, No 3, p. 511–534.
  • Gustafsson, Karl (2021). “Why is Anxiety’s Positive Potential so Rarely Realised? Creativity and Change in International Politics”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 24, No 4, p. 1044–1049.
  • Gustafsson, Karl and Nina C. Krickel-Choi (2020). “Returning to the Roots of Ontological Security: Insights from the Existentialist Anxiety Literature”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 26, No 3, p. 875–895.
  • Hagström, Linus and Karl Gustafsson (2015). “Japan and Identity Change: Why it Matters in International Relations”, The Pacific Review, Vol. 28, No 1, p. 1–22.
  • Hansen, Lene (2006). Security as Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War. London, Routledge.
  • Hanssen, Ulv (2019). Temporal Identities and Security Policy in Postwar Japan. London, Routledge.
  • Haruhara, Yoko (12 June 2018). “Late Edo Period Villainy is Captured in Violent Ukiyo-e Prints”, The Japan Times, https:// www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2018/06/12/arts/late-edo-period-villainy-captured-violent-ukiyo-e-prints/#. XQJLfC3M2CU (Accessed 14 June 2021).
  • Hom, Andrew R. (2016). “Angst Springs Eternal: Dangerous Times and the Dangers of Timing the ‘Arab Spring’”, Security Dialogue, Vol. 47, No 2, p. 165–183.
  • Hopper, Helen M. (2005). Fukuzawa Yukichi: From Samurai to Capitalist. New York, Pearson Longman.
  • Jansen, Marius B. (2000). The Making of Modern Japan. Cambridge MA, Harvard University Press.
  • Hutchison, Emma (2010). “Trauma and the Politics of Emotions: Constituting Identity, Security and Community after the Bali Bombing”, International Relations, Vol. 24, No 1, p. 65–86.
  • Katzenstein, Peter J. (1996). Cultural Norms and National Security: Police and Military in Postwar Japan. Ithaca, Cornell University Press.
  • Kushner, Barak (2012). Slurp! A Social and Culinary History of Ramen: Japan’s Favorite Noodle Soup. Leiden, Global Oriental.
  • Legro, Jeffrey W. (2000). “The Plasticity of Identity under Anarchy”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 15, No 1, p. 37–65.
  • May, Rollo (1977 [1950]). The Meaning of Anxiety. New York, W.W. Norton.
  • May, Rollo (1975). The Courage to Create. New York, W.W. Norton.
  • Mearsheimer, John J. (2001). The Tragedy of Great Power Politics. New York, Norton.
  • Narsimhan, Sushila (1999). Japanese Perceptions of China in the Nineteenth Century: Influence of Fukuzawa Yukichi. New Delhi: Phoenix Publishing House.
  • Nishikawa, Shunsaku (2012 [1993]). “Introduction: The Life and Works of Fukuzawa Yukichi”, Yukichi Fukuzawa, An Encouragement of Learning. New York, Columbia University Press, p. xiii–xxx.
  • Notehelfer, Fred G. (2006). “The Meiji Restauration”, Wm. Theodore de Bary, Carol Gluck and Arthur E. Tiedemann (eds.), Sources of Japanese Tradition, Volume Two: 1600 to 2000, Part Two: 1868 to 2000, 2nd edn. New York, Columbia University Press, p. 5–29.
  • Oros, Andrew (2008). Normalizing Japan: Politics, Identity and the Evolution of Security Practice. Stanford, Stanford University Press.
  • Papp, Zilia (2009). “Monsters Reappearing in Great Yôkai Wars, 1968-2005”, Scott A. Lukas and John Marmysz (eds.), Fear, Cultural Anxiety, and Transformation: Horror, Science Fiction, and Fantasy Films Remade. Lanham MD, Lexington Books, p. 129–142.
  • Prozorov, Sergei (2011). “The Other as Past and Present: Beyond the Logic of ‘Temporal Othering’ in IR Theory”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 37, No 3, p. 1273–1293.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (2004). “Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU’s Mode of Differentiation”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 30, No 1, p. 27–47.
  • Rumelili, Bahar (ed.) (2015). Conflict Resolution and Ontological Security: Peace Anxieties. London, Routledge. Rumelili, Bahar (2021). “[Our] Age of Anxiety: Existentialism and the Current State of International Relations”, Journal of International Relations and Development, Vol. 24, No 4, p. 1020–1036.
  • Rumelili, Bahar and Jennifer Todd (2018). “Paradoxes of Identity Change: Integrating Macro, Meso and Micro Research on Identity in Conflict Processes”, Political Studies, Vol. 38, No 1, p. 3–18.
  • Schulze, Kai (2015). “Risks of Sameness, the Rise of China and Japan’s Ontological Security”, Sebastian Maslow, Paul O’Shea and Ra Mason (eds.), Risk State: Japan’s Foreign Policy in an Age of Uncertainty. Aldershot, Ashgate, p. 101–116.
  • Steele, Brent J. (2008). Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-Identity and the IR State. New York, Routledge.
  • Suzuki, Shogo (2009). Civilization and Empire: China and Japan’s Encounter with European International Society. London, Routledge.
  • Tamaki, Taku (2015). “The Persistence of Reified Asia as Reality in Japanese Foreign Policy Narratives”, Pacific Review, Vol. 28, No 1, p. 23–45.
  • Tillich, Paul (1952). The Courage to Be. New Haven, Yale University Press.
  • Tillich, Paul (1947). The Protestant Era. Chicago, University of Chicago Press.
  • Varley, Paul (2000). Japanese Culture, 4th edn. Honolulu, Hawaii University Press.
  • Wæver, Ole (2000). “The EU as a Security Actor: Reflections from a Pessimistic Constructivist on Post-sovereign Security Orders”, Morten Kelstrup (ed.), International Relations Theory and the Politics of European Integration, online edn. London, Routledge, p. 223–263.
  • Weldes, Jutta, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall (1999). “Introduction: Constructing Insecurity”, Weldes, Jutta, Mark Laffey, Hugh Gusterson, and Raymond Duvall (eds.), Cultures of Insecurity: States, Communities, and the Production of Danger. Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, p. 1–34.
  • Wendt, Alexander (1999). Social Theory of International Politics. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Wheeler, Steve (2018). “A Proliferation of Monsters: Art of the Weird as Expressions of Anxiety in Britain and Japan”, Hektoen International: A Journal of Medical Humanities, Vol. 10, No 1, https://hekint.org/2018/03/15/proliferationmonsters-art-weird-expressions-anxiety-britain-japan/ (Accessed 14 April 2021).
  • Zarakol, Ayşe (2010). After Defeat: How the East Learned to Live with the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Karl Gustafsson This is me 0000-0001-9897-9891

Publication Date April 9, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Gustafsson, K. (2022). Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 19(73), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085430
AMA Gustafsson K. Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West. uidergisi. April 2022;19(73):81-97. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1085430
Chicago Gustafsson, Karl. “Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19, no. 73 (April 2022): 81-97. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085430.
EndNote Gustafsson K (April 1, 2022) Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19 73 81–97.
IEEE K. Gustafsson, “Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West”, uidergisi, vol. 19, no. 73, pp. 81–97, 2022, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1085430.
ISNAD Gustafsson, Karl. “Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19/73 (April 2022), 81-97. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1085430.
JAMA Gustafsson K. Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West. uidergisi. 2022;19:81–97.
MLA Gustafsson, Karl. “Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 73, 2022, pp. 81-97, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1085430.
Vancouver Gustafsson K. Identity Change, Anxiety and Creativity: How 19th Century Japan Sought to Leave Asia and Become Part of the West. uidergisi. 2022;19(73):81-97.