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The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Year 2024, , 61 - 80, 27.08.2024

Fulya Memişoğlu Altan Özkil , Tuna Kılınç

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1452610

Abstract

Building upon empirical research, this study examines the socio-economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Syrian refugees in Turkey by analyzing its implications on employment, livelihood opportunities, and social cohesion. More specifically, it focuses on the experiences of Syrian refugees to examine the ways in which they exert their agency to cope with the structural constraints when faced with ‘multiple crises’ in host countries, intersecting with the dynamics of a ‘normalized refugee crisis’. Our findings from fieldwork conducted in the top six refugee-hosting cities reveal that loss of jobs, limited access to decent work, increased dependency on external financial assistance, and social exclusion have been some of the most acute effects of the pandemic on refugees. Meanwhile, the perceived effects that refugees have on the host community’s welfare trigger problems that impede social cohesion. All in all, the study intends to highlight the far-reaching effects of the pandemic beyond its direct health implications by addressing the structural vulnerability of refugees and the importance of providing an enabling environment for socio-economic self-reliance.

Keywords

Syrian refugees Turkey Covid-19 migration management refugee politics

References

  • Akyıl, Sadettin. 2018. Exit Strategy From The ESSN Program. Frit Office of the Presidency of Turkey,
  • Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services, https://www.csgb.gov.tr/media/3725/essn-exit- strategy-1.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Akyıldız, Şenay. 2020. Covid-19 İşgücü Piyasasını Nasıl Etkiledi?. TEPAV, https://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/haberler/s/10155 (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Almustafa, Maissaa. 2022. Reframing Refugee Crisis: A ‘European Crisis of Migration’ or a ‘Crisis of Protection’?. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 40, 5: 1064–82.
  • Bergman-Rosamond, Annika, Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, Mo Hamza, Jeff Hearn, Vasna Ramasar, and Helle Rydström. 2020. The Case for Interdisciplinary Crisis Studies. Global Discourse 12 (March).
  • Berlant, Lauren. 2011. Cruel Optimism. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
  • Berry, Mike, Inaki Garcia-Blanco, and Kerry Moore. 2015. Press Coverage of the Refugee and Migrant Crisis in the EU: A Content Analysis of Five European Countries. UNHCR, https://www.unhcr.org/media/press-coverage-refugee-and-migrant-crisis-eu-content-analysis-five-european- countries (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Cantat, Céline. 2020. Migration as Crisis. Framework Paper. https://www.magyc.uliege.be/upload/ docs/application/pdf/2021-09/d3.1-v2-april-2020-1.pdf (accssed January 21, 2024).
  • Concern Worldwide. 2020. Covid-19 Livelihood Impacts on Employers and Livelihoods and Small Business Entreprises and Seasonal Agricultural Workers.
  • Crawley, Heaven. 2021. The Politics of Refugee Protection in a (Post)Covid-19 World. Social Sciences 10, 3: 1-14.
  • Del Carpio, Ximena V., Sirma Demir Seker, and Ahmet Levent Yener. 2018. Integrating Refugees into the Turkish Labour Market. Forced Migration Review 58, https://www.fmreview.org/economies/ delcarpio-seker-yener (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Del Carpio, Ximena V., and Mathis Wagner. 2015. The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Labor Market. World Bank Group Policy Research Working Paper 7402, https://documents1. worldbank.org/curated/en/505471468194980180/pdf/WPS7402.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Demir Seker, Sırma, Efsan Nas Ozen, and Aysenur Acar Erdogan. 2020. Jobs at Risk in Turkey: Identifying the Impact of Covid-19. World Bank Group Discussion Paper No. 2004, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/553971597208649040/pdf/Jobs-at-Risk-in-Turkey- Identifying-the-Impact-of-Covid-19.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Duruel, Mehmet. 2023. Afetlerde Göçmen Olmak: 6 Şubat Depremi Hatay Örneği Mukaddime 14, 2: 227-255.
  • Ekonomim. 2021. 10. Yılda Suriyeli KOBİ Sayısı 20 Bin. March 24. https://www.ekonomim.com/ ekonomi/10-yilda-suriyeli-kobi-sayisi-20-bin-haberi-615507 (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Elitok, Seçil Paçacı. 2019. Three Years on: An Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal. MiReKoc Working Papers.
  • Erdoğan, Emre, and Pınar Uyan Semerci. 2018. Attitudes towards Syrians in Turkey-2017. Presented at the German Marshall Fund-Discussion on Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees. May 12, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Erdoğan, M. Murat. 2020. “Securitization from Society” and “Social Acceptance”: Political Party- Based Approaches in Turkey to Syrian Refugees. Uluslararası İlişkiler 17, 68: 73-92.
  • Fernando, Jude L. 2020. From the Virocene to the Lovecene Epoch: Multispecies Justice as Critical Praxis for Virocene Disruptions and Vulnerabilities. Journal of Political Ecology 27, 1: 685-731.
  • Gans, Herbert. 2009. First Generation Decline: Downward Mobility among Refugees and Immigrants. Ethnic and Racial Studies 32, 9:1658–1670.
  • Gjevori, Elis. 2023. Turkey’s Anti-refugee Landscape Leaves Syrians with Just One Choice. Middle East Eye, May 26.
  • İnanç, Yusuf Selman. 2022. In Turkey, Hostility to Syrians Grows after Taksim Attack. The New Arab, November 24.
  • IFRC and Turkish Red Crescent. 2021. Intersectional Vulnerability Study: The Vulnerabiltiy Conditions of Refugees Living in Turkey. https://www.kizilay.org.tr/ms/reports/Intersectoral_Vulnerability_ Study.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • IOM. 2020. Effects of Covid-19 on Migrants Main Findings Survey in Central America and Mexico. https://kmhub.iom.int/sites/default/files/publicaciones/surveyeffects_of_covid-19_june_2020_ final.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey Irgil, Ezgi, and Balcıoğlu. 2022. Zafer Partisi, Refugees, and the Upcoming Elections in Turkey. Turkish Policy Quarterly, http://turkishpolicy.com/blog/104/zafer-partisi-refugees-and-the-upcoming- elections-in-turkey.
  • Jelínková, Marie. 2019. A Refugee Crisis Without Refugees: Policy and Media Discourse on Refugees in the Czech Republic and Its Implications. Central European Journal of Public Policy 13, 1: 33–45.
  • Jones, Katharine, Sanushka Mudaliar and Nicola Piper. 2021. Locked down and in Limbo: The Global Impact of Covid-19 on Migrant Worker Rights and Recruitment. International Labour Organization, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/ documents/publication/wcms_821985.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Kadkoy, Omar. 2017. Syrians and Labor Market Integration — Dynamics in Turkey and Germany. GMF, February 2. https://www.gmfus.org/news/syrians-and-labor-market-integration-dynamics- turkey-and-germany (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Karadağ, Sibel and Ayşen Üstübici. 2021. Protection During Pre-pandemic and Covid-19 Periods in Turkey. ADMIGOV Deliverable 4.2, Istanbul: Koç University.
  • Kirisci, Kemal, and M. Murat Erdogan. 2020. Turkey and Covid-19: Don’t Forget Refugees. Brookings, April. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/turkey-and-covid-19-dont-forget-refugees/ (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Krzyżanowski, Michał, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruth Wodak. 2018. The Mediatization and the Politicization of the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Europe. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16, 1: 1–14.
  • Makovsky, Alan. 2019. Turkey’s Refugee Dilemma Tiptoeing Toward Integration. Center for American Progress, March 13. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/turkeys-refugee-dilemma/ (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Memisoglu, Fulya and Asli Ilgit. 2016. Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Multifaceted Challenges, Diverse Players and Ambiguous Policies. Mediterranean Politics 22, 3: 317-338.
  • Ministry of Labour and Social Security. 2021. Work Permit of Foreigners. https://www.csgb.gov.tr/ media/90062/yabanciizin2021.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Nashed, Mat. 2022. In Turkiye, Syrians and Afghans Live in Fear ahead of 2023 Elections. The New Humanitarian, October 27.
  • Nassif-Pires, L., L. de Lima Xavier, T. Masterson, M. Nikiforo & F, Rios-Avila (2020). Pandemic of Inequality. Levy Economics Institute Public Policy Brief, No.149.
  • Orange. 2021. Labor Market Assessment and Mapping of Şanliurfa. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/86671 (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Ozduzen, Ozge, Umut Korkut, and Cansu Ozduzen. 2021. ‘Refugees Are Not Welcome’: Digital Racism, Online Place-Making and the Evolving Categorization of Syrians in Turkey. New Media & Society 23, 11: 3349–3369.
  • Perry, Brea L., Brian Aronson, and Bernice A. Pescosolido. 2021. Pandemic Precarity: Covid-19 Is Exposing and Exacerbating Inequalities in the American Heartland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, 8: 1-10
  • Peters, B. Guy. 2021. Governing in a Time of Global Crises: The Good, the Bad, and the Merely Normal. Global Public Policy and Governance 1, 1: 4–19.
  • Relief International. 2020. Impact of the Covid-19 Outbreak on Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Results from Rapid Needs Assessment Conducted in Istanbul, Izmir, Manisa, Gaziantep, Kilis and Reyhanli. https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/impact-covid-19-outbreak-syrian-refugees-turkey- results-rapid-needs-assessment (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Rydström, Helle. 2020. Disasters, Ruins, and Crises: Masculinity and Ramifications of Storms in Vietnam. Ethnos 85, 2: 351–70.
  • Saraçoğlu, Cenk and Danièle Bélanger. 2019. Loss and Xenophobia in the City: Contextualizing Anti- Syrian Sentiments in Izmir, Turkey. Patterns of Prejudice 53, 4: 363-383.
  • Sert, Deniz Ş., and Didem Danış. 2021. Framing Syrians in Turkey: State Control and No Crisis Discourse. International Migration 59, 1: 197–214.
  • Strang, Alison B., and Neil Quinn. 2021. Integration or Isolation? Refugees’ Social Connections and Wellbeing. Journal of Refugee Studies 34, 1: 328–53.
  • Presidency of Migration Management. 2023. Migration Statistics: Temporary Protection. https://en.goc. gov.tr/temporary-protection27 (accessed December 31, 2023).
  • 3RP Syria. 2022. Türkiye 3RP Country Chapter 2021-22. https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/turkey-3rp- country-chapter-2021-22-updated-2022-entr (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Vieten, Ulrike M. 2020. The ‘New Normal’ and ‘Pandemic Populism’: The Covid-19 Crisis and Anti- Hygienic Mobilisation of the Far-Right. Social Sciences 9, 9: 1-14.
  • Zetter, Roger. 2022. Refugee Crises: An Architype for Crisis Studies. Global Discourse 12 3–4: 487–97.

The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey

Year 2024, , 61 - 80, 27.08.2024

Fulya Memişoğlu Altan Özkil , Tuna Kılınç

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1452610

Abstract

Building upon empirical research, this study examines the socio-economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on Syrian refugees in Turkey by analyzing its implications on employment, livelihood opportunities, and social cohesion. More specifically, it focuses on the experiences of Syrian refugees to examine the ways in which they exert their agency to cope with the structural constraints when faced with ‘multiple crises’ in host countries, intersecting with the dynamics of a ‘normalized refugee crisis’. Our findings from fieldwork conducted in the top six refugee-hosting cities reveal that loss of jobs, limited access to decent work, increased dependency on external financial assistance, and social exclusion have been some of the most acute effects of the pandemic on refugees. Meanwhile, the perceived effects that refugees have on the host community’s welfare trigger problems that impede social cohesion. All in all, the study intends to highlight the far-reaching effects of the pandemic beyond its direct health implications by addressing the structural vulnerability of refugees and the importance of providing an enabling environment for socio-economic self-reliance.

Keywords

Syrian refugees Turkey Covid-19 migration management refugee politics

References

  • Akyıl, Sadettin. 2018. Exit Strategy From The ESSN Program. Frit Office of the Presidency of Turkey,
  • Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Services, https://www.csgb.gov.tr/media/3725/essn-exit- strategy-1.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Akyıldız, Şenay. 2020. Covid-19 İşgücü Piyasasını Nasıl Etkiledi?. TEPAV, https://www.tepav.org.tr/tr/haberler/s/10155 (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Almustafa, Maissaa. 2022. Reframing Refugee Crisis: A ‘European Crisis of Migration’ or a ‘Crisis of Protection’?. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 40, 5: 1064–82.
  • Bergman-Rosamond, Annika, Thomas Gammeltoft-Hansen, Mo Hamza, Jeff Hearn, Vasna Ramasar, and Helle Rydström. 2020. The Case for Interdisciplinary Crisis Studies. Global Discourse 12 (March).
  • Berlant, Lauren. 2011. Cruel Optimism. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
  • Berry, Mike, Inaki Garcia-Blanco, and Kerry Moore. 2015. Press Coverage of the Refugee and Migrant Crisis in the EU: A Content Analysis of Five European Countries. UNHCR, https://www.unhcr.org/media/press-coverage-refugee-and-migrant-crisis-eu-content-analysis-five-european- countries (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Cantat, Céline. 2020. Migration as Crisis. Framework Paper. https://www.magyc.uliege.be/upload/ docs/application/pdf/2021-09/d3.1-v2-april-2020-1.pdf (accssed January 21, 2024).
  • Concern Worldwide. 2020. Covid-19 Livelihood Impacts on Employers and Livelihoods and Small Business Entreprises and Seasonal Agricultural Workers.
  • Crawley, Heaven. 2021. The Politics of Refugee Protection in a (Post)Covid-19 World. Social Sciences 10, 3: 1-14.
  • Del Carpio, Ximena V., Sirma Demir Seker, and Ahmet Levent Yener. 2018. Integrating Refugees into the Turkish Labour Market. Forced Migration Review 58, https://www.fmreview.org/economies/ delcarpio-seker-yener (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Del Carpio, Ximena V., and Mathis Wagner. 2015. The Impact of Syrian Refugees on the Turkish Labor Market. World Bank Group Policy Research Working Paper 7402, https://documents1. worldbank.org/curated/en/505471468194980180/pdf/WPS7402.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Demir Seker, Sırma, Efsan Nas Ozen, and Aysenur Acar Erdogan. 2020. Jobs at Risk in Turkey: Identifying the Impact of Covid-19. World Bank Group Discussion Paper No. 2004, https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/553971597208649040/pdf/Jobs-at-Risk-in-Turkey- Identifying-the-Impact-of-Covid-19.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Duruel, Mehmet. 2023. Afetlerde Göçmen Olmak: 6 Şubat Depremi Hatay Örneği Mukaddime 14, 2: 227-255.
  • Ekonomim. 2021. 10. Yılda Suriyeli KOBİ Sayısı 20 Bin. March 24. https://www.ekonomim.com/ ekonomi/10-yilda-suriyeli-kobi-sayisi-20-bin-haberi-615507 (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Elitok, Seçil Paçacı. 2019. Three Years on: An Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Refugee Deal. MiReKoc Working Papers.
  • Erdoğan, Emre, and Pınar Uyan Semerci. 2018. Attitudes towards Syrians in Turkey-2017. Presented at the German Marshall Fund-Discussion on Turkish Perceptions of Syrian Refugees. May 12, Ankara, Turkey.
  • Erdoğan, M. Murat. 2020. “Securitization from Society” and “Social Acceptance”: Political Party- Based Approaches in Turkey to Syrian Refugees. Uluslararası İlişkiler 17, 68: 73-92.
  • Fernando, Jude L. 2020. From the Virocene to the Lovecene Epoch: Multispecies Justice as Critical Praxis for Virocene Disruptions and Vulnerabilities. Journal of Political Ecology 27, 1: 685-731.
  • Gans, Herbert. 2009. First Generation Decline: Downward Mobility among Refugees and Immigrants. Ethnic and Racial Studies 32, 9:1658–1670.
  • Gjevori, Elis. 2023. Turkey’s Anti-refugee Landscape Leaves Syrians with Just One Choice. Middle East Eye, May 26.
  • İnanç, Yusuf Selman. 2022. In Turkey, Hostility to Syrians Grows after Taksim Attack. The New Arab, November 24.
  • IFRC and Turkish Red Crescent. 2021. Intersectional Vulnerability Study: The Vulnerabiltiy Conditions of Refugees Living in Turkey. https://www.kizilay.org.tr/ms/reports/Intersectoral_Vulnerability_ Study.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • IOM. 2020. Effects of Covid-19 on Migrants Main Findings Survey in Central America and Mexico. https://kmhub.iom.int/sites/default/files/publicaciones/surveyeffects_of_covid-19_june_2020_ final.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey Irgil, Ezgi, and Balcıoğlu. 2022. Zafer Partisi, Refugees, and the Upcoming Elections in Turkey. Turkish Policy Quarterly, http://turkishpolicy.com/blog/104/zafer-partisi-refugees-and-the-upcoming- elections-in-turkey.
  • Jelínková, Marie. 2019. A Refugee Crisis Without Refugees: Policy and Media Discourse on Refugees in the Czech Republic and Its Implications. Central European Journal of Public Policy 13, 1: 33–45.
  • Jones, Katharine, Sanushka Mudaliar and Nicola Piper. 2021. Locked down and in Limbo: The Global Impact of Covid-19 on Migrant Worker Rights and Recruitment. International Labour Organization, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---migrant/ documents/publication/wcms_821985.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Kadkoy, Omar. 2017. Syrians and Labor Market Integration — Dynamics in Turkey and Germany. GMF, February 2. https://www.gmfus.org/news/syrians-and-labor-market-integration-dynamics- turkey-and-germany (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Karadağ, Sibel and Ayşen Üstübici. 2021. Protection During Pre-pandemic and Covid-19 Periods in Turkey. ADMIGOV Deliverable 4.2, Istanbul: Koç University.
  • Kirisci, Kemal, and M. Murat Erdogan. 2020. Turkey and Covid-19: Don’t Forget Refugees. Brookings, April. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/turkey-and-covid-19-dont-forget-refugees/ (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Krzyżanowski, Michał, Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruth Wodak. 2018. The Mediatization and the Politicization of the ‘Refugee Crisis’ in Europe. Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies 16, 1: 1–14.
  • Makovsky, Alan. 2019. Turkey’s Refugee Dilemma Tiptoeing Toward Integration. Center for American Progress, March 13. https://www.americanprogress.org/article/turkeys-refugee-dilemma/ (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Memisoglu, Fulya and Asli Ilgit. 2016. Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Multifaceted Challenges, Diverse Players and Ambiguous Policies. Mediterranean Politics 22, 3: 317-338.
  • Ministry of Labour and Social Security. 2021. Work Permit of Foreigners. https://www.csgb.gov.tr/ media/90062/yabanciizin2021.pdf (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Nashed, Mat. 2022. In Turkiye, Syrians and Afghans Live in Fear ahead of 2023 Elections. The New Humanitarian, October 27.
  • Nassif-Pires, L., L. de Lima Xavier, T. Masterson, M. Nikiforo & F, Rios-Avila (2020). Pandemic of Inequality. Levy Economics Institute Public Policy Brief, No.149.
  • Orange. 2021. Labor Market Assessment and Mapping of Şanliurfa. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/86671 (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Ozduzen, Ozge, Umut Korkut, and Cansu Ozduzen. 2021. ‘Refugees Are Not Welcome’: Digital Racism, Online Place-Making and the Evolving Categorization of Syrians in Turkey. New Media & Society 23, 11: 3349–3369.
  • Perry, Brea L., Brian Aronson, and Bernice A. Pescosolido. 2021. Pandemic Precarity: Covid-19 Is Exposing and Exacerbating Inequalities in the American Heartland. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, 8: 1-10
  • Peters, B. Guy. 2021. Governing in a Time of Global Crises: The Good, the Bad, and the Merely Normal. Global Public Policy and Governance 1, 1: 4–19.
  • Relief International. 2020. Impact of the Covid-19 Outbreak on Syrian Refugees in Turkey: Results from Rapid Needs Assessment Conducted in Istanbul, Izmir, Manisa, Gaziantep, Kilis and Reyhanli. https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/impact-covid-19-outbreak-syrian-refugees-turkey- results-rapid-needs-assessment (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Rydström, Helle. 2020. Disasters, Ruins, and Crises: Masculinity and Ramifications of Storms in Vietnam. Ethnos 85, 2: 351–70.
  • Saraçoğlu, Cenk and Danièle Bélanger. 2019. Loss and Xenophobia in the City: Contextualizing Anti- Syrian Sentiments in Izmir, Turkey. Patterns of Prejudice 53, 4: 363-383.
  • Sert, Deniz Ş., and Didem Danış. 2021. Framing Syrians in Turkey: State Control and No Crisis Discourse. International Migration 59, 1: 197–214.
  • Strang, Alison B., and Neil Quinn. 2021. Integration or Isolation? Refugees’ Social Connections and Wellbeing. Journal of Refugee Studies 34, 1: 328–53.
  • Presidency of Migration Management. 2023. Migration Statistics: Temporary Protection. https://en.goc. gov.tr/temporary-protection27 (accessed December 31, 2023).
  • 3RP Syria. 2022. Türkiye 3RP Country Chapter 2021-22. https://reliefweb.int/report/turkey/turkey-3rp- country-chapter-2021-22-updated-2022-entr (accessed January 21, 2024).
  • Vieten, Ulrike M. 2020. The ‘New Normal’ and ‘Pandemic Populism’: The Covid-19 Crisis and Anti- Hygienic Mobilisation of the Far-Right. Social Sciences 9, 9: 1-14.
  • Zetter, Roger. 2022. Refugee Crises: An Architype for Crisis Studies. Global Discourse 12 3–4: 487–97.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Fulya Memişoğlu This is me 0000-0001-8113-813X

Altan Özkil 0000-0001-8136-6087

Tuna Kılınç This is me 0000-0001-8736-7750

Early Pub Date March 16, 2024
Publication Date August 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024

Cite

APA Memişoğlu, F., Özkil, A., & Kılınç, T. (2024). The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 21(83), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1452610
AMA Memişoğlu F, Özkil A, Kılınç T. The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. uidergisi. August 2024;21(83):61-80. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1452610
Chicago Memişoğlu, Fulya, Altan Özkil, and Tuna Kılınç. “The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21, no. 83 (August 2024): 61-80. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1452610.
EndNote Memişoğlu F, Özkil A, Kılınç T (August 1, 2024) The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21 83 61–80.
IEEE F. Memişoğlu, A. Özkil, and T. Kılınç, “The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey”, uidergisi, vol. 21, no. 83, pp. 61–80, 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1452610.
ISNAD Memişoğlu, Fulya et al. “The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21/83 (August 2024), 61-80. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1452610.
JAMA Memişoğlu F, Özkil A, Kılınç T. The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. uidergisi. 2024;21:61–80.
MLA Memişoğlu, Fulya et al. “The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 83, 2024, pp. 61-80, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1452610.
Vancouver Memişoğlu F, Özkil A, Kılınç T. The Socio-Economic Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Syrian Refugees in Turkey. uidergisi. 2024;21(83):61-80.