AB-15’te Müslüman Karşıtı Önyargının Bireysel Belirleyenleri

Year 2017, Volume: 14 Issue: 53, 45 - 68, 01.03.2017

Ayhan Kaya , Ayşegül Kayaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.513075

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Özellikle geçtiğimiz on yıl zarfında Müslümanlara karşı olan açık olumsuz tutumlar İslamofobi konusunun kültürel, politik ve dini bir fenomen olarak detaylı bir şekilde incelenmesi ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Bu makale 1994 ve 2009 yılları arasında Dünya Değerler Araştırması ve Avrupa Değerler Araştırması sonuçları ele alınarak, 15 Avrupa ülkesi için hazırlanan mikro verinin analizini sunmaktadır. Ekonometrik analiz sonuçlarına göre ilerleyen yaş, milliyetçilik ve erkek olmak, Müslüman karşıtı önyargıya sahip olma olasılığını arttırırken, dindarlık, artan eğitim seviyesi, yaşamdan mutluluk ve yaşanılan yerin büyüklüğü azaltıcı etkiye sahip olduğu saptanmıştır. Makalenin, Müslümanlara yönelik davranışların ülkelerarası karşılaştırmalı analizine ve literatürdeki bu konudaki mevcut eksikliğin giderilmesine katkı yapması beklenmektedir.

Keywords

İslamofobi, Dünya Değerler Araştırması, Avrupa Değerler Araştırması

Individual Determinants of anti-Muslim Prejudice in the EU-15

Abstract

Visible negative attitudes towards Muslims, especially in the last decade, brought about a need to analyse anti-Muslim prejudice in detail as a cultural, political and also religious phenomenon. This article provides a micro-level quantitative analysis for 15 European Union countries using data from the World Values Survey and the European Values Survey for the period between 1994 and 2009. It is found that age, nationalism and being male have a positive impact on the predicted probability of displaying anti-Muslim prejudice while religiosity, education level, happiness in life and the size of the town have a decreasing impact. The article is expected to complement the scientific need for cross-national analysis of mass-level attitudes towards Muslims. 

Keywords

Islamophobia, World Values Survey, European Values Survey, Intergroup Contact

References

• Allport, Gordon W. The Nature of Prejudice, Reading, Addison-Wesley, 1954.
• Amir, Yehuda. “Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations,” Psychological Bulletin, No.71, 1969, p.319–342.
• Austin, Wilhelm G. and Stephen Worchel. The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Monterey, California, Brooks/Cole, 1979.
• Beatty, Kathleen Murphy and Oliver Walter. “Religious preferences and practice: Re-evaluating their impact on political tolerance”, Public Opinion Quarterly, No. 48, 1984, p.318-329.
• Bevelander, Pieter and Jonas Otterbeck. “Islamophobia in Sweden: Politics, Representations, Attitudes and Experiences”, Marc Helbling (ed.), Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and Explaining Individual Attitudes. London, Routledge, 2012, p.70-82.
• Bevelander, Pieter and Jonas Otterbeck. “Young people’s attitudes towards Muslims in Sweden”, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol.33, No.3, 2010, p. 404-425.
• Billiet, Jaak, Rob Eisinga and Peer Scheepers. “Ethnocentrism in the Low Countries: a comparative perspective,” New Community, No.22, 1996, p.401–416.
• Blalock, Hubert M. “Percent Non-white and Discrimination in the South.” American Sociological Review Vol.22, No.6, 1957, p.677-82.
• Blalock, Hubert M. Toward a Theory of Minority-group Relations. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1967.
• Bleich, Erik. “Where do Muslims Stand on Ethno-racial Hierarchies in Britain and France? Evidence from Public Opinion Surveys, 1988-2008,” Patterns of Prejudice, Vol.43, No.3/4, 2009, p.379-400.
• Bleich, Erik. “What is Islamophobia and how much is there? Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept”, American Behavioral Scientist, Vol.55, No.12, 2011, p.1581-1600.
• Bobo, Lawrence and Camille L. Zubrinsky. “Attitudes on residential integration: perceived status differences, mere in-group preference, or racial prejudice”, Social Forces, No.74, 1996, p.883-909.
• Bobo, Lawrence D. “Group conflict, prejudice, and the paradox of contemporary racial attitudes,” Katz, P. A. and Taylor, D. A. (Eds.), Eliminating Racism. Profiles in Controversy. New York, Plenum Press, 1988, p.85–114.
• Brewer, Marlyn B. and Rupert J. Brown. “Intergroup relations,” D. T. Gilbert & S. T. Fiske, (Eds.). The handbook of social psychology, Vol. 2 (4th ed.). Boston, MA, Mcgraw-Hill, 1998, p.554-594.
• Brown, Rupert, Prejudice. Its Social Psychology. Oxford, Blackwell, 1995.
• Cherribi, Sam. “An Obsession Renewed: Islamophobia in the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany”, J. Esposito and I. Kalın (eds.), Islamophobia: The Challenge of Pluralism in the 21st Century, New York, Oxford University Press, 2011, p.47-63.
• Fetzer, Joel S. and J. Christopher Soper. “The roots of public attitudes toward state accommodation of European Muslims’ religious practices before and after September 11”, Journal of Scientific Study of Religion, No.42, 2003, p.247-258.
• Fetzer, Joel S. Public Attitudes toward Immigration in the United States, France, and Germany, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000.
• Hafez, Kai. “Images of Islam and the West in German Media: A Reappraisal”, Kerem Öktem and Reem Abou-el-Fadl (eds.), Mutual Misunderstandings: Muslims and Islam in the European Media, Europe in the Media of Muslim-majority Countries, Oxford, European Studies Center, 2009, p.28-50.
• Helbling, Marc. “Islamophobia in Switzerland. A New Phenomenon or a New Name for Xenophobia?”, Simon Hug and Hanspeter Kriesi (eds.), Value Change in Switzerland, Lanham: Lexington Books, 2010, p.65-80.
• Kaya, Ayhan. “Backlash of Multiculturalism and Republicanism in Europe,” Philosophy and Social Criticism Journal, No.38, 2012, p.399-411.
• Kaya, Ayhan. “Islamophobism as an Ideology in the West: Scapegoating Muslim-Origin Migrants,” Anna Amelina, Kenneth Horvath, Bruno Meeus (eds.), International Handbook of Migration and Social Transformation in Europe, Wiesbaden, Springer, 2015, p.281-294.
• Keeter, Scott and Andrew Kohut. “American public opinion about Muslims in the U.S. and abroad”, P. Strum and D. Tarantolo (eds.), Muslims in the United States, Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 2003, p.185-202.
• Lee, Sheerman, Jeffrey Gibbons, John Thompson, and Hussam Timani. “The Islamophobia Scale: Instrument Development and Initial Validation,” International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, Vol.19, No.2, 2009, p.92-105.
• McLaren, Lauren M. “Anti-immigrant prejudice in Europe: contact, threat perception, and preferences for the exclusion of migrants,” Social Forces, No.81, 2003, p.909–936.
• Özyürek, Esra. Being German, Becoming Muslim: Race, Religion and Conversion in Contemporary Germany, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2014.
• Park, Robert Ezra, Ernest W. Burgess and Roderick D. McKenzie. The City. London, University of Chicago Press, 1925.
• Pettigrew, Thomas F. “Intergroup Contact Theory.” Annual Review of Psychology, Vol.49, No.1, 1998, p.65-85.
• Poortinga, Ype H. “Equivalence of cross-cultural data- an overview of basic issues.” International Journal of Psychology, No.25, 1989, p.737-756.
• Quillian, Lincoln. “Prejudice as a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe.” American Sociological Review, Vol.60, No.4, 1995, p.586–611.
• Richardson, Robin. Countering Intolerance against Muslims through Education. Paris, UNESCO, 2012, http://www.insted.co.uk/countering-intolerance.pdf (Accessed on 8 January 2016).
• Runnymede Trust. Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All. London, Runnymede Trust, 1997.
• Savelkoul, Michael, Peer Scheepers, Jochem Tolsma and Louk Hagendoorn. “Anti-Muslim Attitudes in The Netherlands: Tests of Contradictory Hypotheses Derived from Ethnic Competition Theory and Intergroup Contact Theory,” European Sociological Review, Vol.27, No.6, 2011, p.741–758.
• Scheepers, Peer, Merove Gijsberts and Marcel Coenders. “Ethnic exclusionism in European countries- public opposition to civil rights for legal migrants as a response to perceived ethnic threat”, European Sociological Review, No.18, 2012, p.17-34.
• Schneider, Silke L. “Anti-immigrant attitudes in Europe: outgroup size and perceived ethnic threat,” European Sociological Review, No.24, 2008, p.53–67.
• Sheridan, Lorraine P. and Raphael Gillett. “Major world events and discrimination”, Asian Journal of Social Psychology, No.8, 2005, p.191-197.
• Shryock, Andrew. Islamophobia/Islamophilia: Beyond the Politics of Enemy and Friend. Bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press, 2010.
• Sigelman, Lee and Susan Welch. “The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-white Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes.” Social Forces, Vol.71, No.3, 1993, p.781-95.
• Strabac, Zan and Ola Listhaug. “Anti-Muslim Prejudice in Europe: A Multilevel Analysis of Survey Data from 30 Countries”, Social Science Research, Vol.37, No.1, 2008, p.268-286.
• Strabac, Zan, Toril Aalberg and Marko Valenta. “Attitudes towards Muslim Immigrants: Evidence from Survey Experiments across Four Countries”, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, Vol.40, No.1, 2014, p.100-118.
• Tajfel, Henri and John Turner. “An integrative theory of intergroup conflict,” W. G. Austin and S. Worchel (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations. Monterey, California, Brooks/Cole, 1979, p.33–47.
• Tajfel, Henri. Human Groups and Social Categories. Studies in Social Psychology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1981.
• Vijver, Fons van de and Norbert K. Tanzer, “Bias and equivalence in cross-cultural assessment: an overview”, Revue Europeenne de Psychologie Appliquee, No.54, 2004, p.119-135.
• Wike, Richard and Brian J. Grim, “Western views toward Muslims: Evidence from a 2006 cross-national survey”, International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 2010.
• Wilcox, Clyde and Ted J. Jelen. “Evangelicals and political tolerance”, American Politics Quarterly, No.18, 1990, p.25-46.
• Wilson, Thomas C. “Trends in tolerance towards rightist and leftist groups, 1976-1988: Effects of attitude change and cohort succession”, Public Opinion Quarterly, 58, 1994, p. 539-556.