Türkiye’yi Dönüştürmek? Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği İlişkilerine Tarihsel Perspektiften Bir Bakış

Year 2017, Volume: 14 Issue: 56, 23 - 37, 01.12.2017

Galip L. Yalman Asuman Göksel

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.515812

Cited By: 2

Abstract

Türkiye-Avrupa Birliği (AB) ilişkilerini eleştirel bir perspektiften değerlendirmeyi amaçlayan bu makalede, Türkiye’nin AB’ne katılım sürecinin, Türkiye ekonomisinin ve kurumsal yapısının neoliberal yeniden yapılanma çerçevesindeki dönüşümünde etkin bir rol oynadığı ileri sürülmektedir. Ancak, katılım sürecini değerlendiren AB Komisyonu tarafından, AB’nin genişleme stratejisine atfedilen “dönüştürücü güç”, katılım sürecinin yavaşlamasında da yansımasını bulduğu gibi, 2008 küresel finansal krizi sonrasında tartışmalı hale gelmektedir. Ülke yönetiminde belirginleşen otoriterleşme eğilimi ile birlikte, “demokrasi ve temel haklara saygı”nın, ilişkilerin geleceği için vazgeçilmez olduğunu bir kez daha hatırlatan Gümrük Birliği’nin modernizasyonu önerisi, Türkiye’nin müzminleşen AB üyeliği macerasının yerinde saydığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Türkiye-AB ilişkileri, AB katılım süreci, AB’nin dönüşürücü gücü, neoliberal yeniden yapılanma

Transforming Turkey? Putting the Turkey-European Union Relations into a Historical Perspective

Abstract

This article aims to provide an alternative critical reading of Turkey-European Union (EU) relations, by contending that Turkey’s EU accession process has been instrumental in changing the contours of the transformation of Turkish economy and its governance as part of its neoliberal restructuring. However, the “transformative power” attributed to the EU’s enlargement strategy by the EU Commission has been somewhat debatable since the 2008 global financial crisis as reflected in the slowdown of the accession process. With the rising authoritarian tendencies in its domestic governance, the protracted saga of Turkey’s quest for the EU membership is back to square one, as the proposal for the modernisation of the Customs Union underlines “respect for democracy and fundamental rights” as an indispensable basis for the future of the relations. 

Keywords

Turkey-EU relations, EU accession process, EU’s transformative power, neoliberal restructuring

References

• S. Tisdal, “How Erdoğan’s ruthless drive for more power is shaking a divided Europe”, The Observer, 19 March 2017.
• Nathalie Tocci and Dimitar Bechev, “Will Turkey Find its Place in Post-Crisis Europe?”, Senem Aydın-Düzgit et.al., Global Turkey in Europe: Political, Economic, and Foreign Policy Dimensions of Turkey’s Evolving Relationship with the EU, IAI Research Papers, Roma, Edizioni Nuova Cultura, 2013, p.33-44;
• Kemal Derviş, “Turkey and Europe. A New Perspective”, Senem Aydın-Düzgit et. al., Global Turkey in Europe, p.21-30.
• Atila Eralp and Zerrin Torun. “Perceptions and Europeanization in Turkey before the EU candidacy: an overview of history”, Ali Tekin and Aylin Güney (eds.) Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics, Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics, Oxon, Routledge, 2015, p.33-49.
• Ali Tekin and and Aylin Güney (eds). Europeanization of Turkey: Polity and Politics, 2015; Aylin Güney and Ali Tekin (eds). The Europeanization of Turkish Public Policies: A Scorecard, Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics, Oxon, Routledge, 2015.
• Senem Aydın-Düzgit and Alper Kaliber, “Encounters with Europe in an Era of Domestic and International Turmoil: Is Turkey a De-Europeanising Candidate Country?”, South European Society and Politics, Vol.21, No.1, 2016, p.1-14.
• Perry Anderson, “Why the System Will Still Win”, Le Monde Diplomatique, March 2017.
• Galip Yalman, “Crises as Driving Forces of Neoliberal “Trasformismo”: The Contours of the Turkish Political Economy since the 2000s”, Alan Cafruny, Simona Talani, Gonzola Pozo Martin et.al., The Palgrave Handbook of Critical International Political Economy, Palgrave Handbooks in IPE Series, 2016.
• Galip Yalman, “24 Ocak Kararları ve Türkiye’nin ‘Batı ile Bütünleşme’si”, İktisat Dergisi, Ocak 1985.
• DPT, Yedinci Beş Yıllık Kalkınma Planı (1996-2000), Ankara, Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, 1995, p.2.
• Ziya Öniş, “An Awkward Partnership: Turkey’s Relations with the European Union in Comparative-Historical Perspective”, Journal of European Integration History, Vol.7, No.1, 2001, p.115.
• Kemal Kirişçi, TTIP’s Enlargement and the Case of Turkey, Turkey Papers No.1, Wilson Centre and Istanbul Policy Centre at Sabancı University, 2015, p.2.
• Ziya Öniş and Caner Bakır, “Turkey's Political Economy in the Age of Financial Globalization: The Significance of the EU Anchor”, South European Society and Politics, Vol.12, No.2, 2007, p.147-164.
• European Commission, 1998 Regular Report from the Commission on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession, 1998, p.22.
• Yalman, “Rethinking the Nature of the Beast”, Ahmet Haşim Köse, Fikret Şenses et.al., Neoliberal Globalisation as New Imperialism, New York, Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2007, p.234.
• Council Decision of 8 March 2001 on the principles, priorities, intermediate objectives and conditions contained in the Accession Partnership with the Republic of Turkey (2001/235/EC).
• Council Decision of 19 May 2003 on the principles, priorities, intermediate objectives and conditions contained in the Accession Partnership with Turkey (2003/398/EC).
• Namely Telecommunications Authority in 2000; Energy Market Regulatory Authority and Turkish Sugar Authority in 2001; and, Public Procurement Authority and Tobacco and Alcohol Market Regulatory Authority in 2003.
• Caner Bakır and Ziya Öniş, “The Regulatory State and Turkish Banking Reforms in the Age of Post-Washington Consensus”, Development and Change, Vol.41, No.1, 2010, p.77-106;
• Oktar Türel, “Türkiye Ekonomisinin Neoliberal Yapılanma Sürecinde Bankacılığın Yeniden Düzenlenmesi, 1980-2007”, Alpaslan Işıklı’ya Armağan, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Vakfı Yayınları No.31, Ankara, 2009;
• World Bank, Non-Bank Financial Institutions and Capital Markets in Turkey, A World Bank Country Study, Report No 25964, April 2003.
• Law No. 4651 on the amendment of the Law of Central Bank of Turkey, 24 April 2001.
• Marco Airaudo, Kemal Derviş, Daniel Gros, Faik Öztrak, Fırat Bayar and Yusuf Işık, “Stabilising Stabilisation”, Centre for European Policy Studies, EU-Turkey Working Papers, No.7/September 2004.
• Ziya Öniş, “Turgut Özal and his Economic Legacy: Turkish Neo-Liberalism in Critical Perspective”, Middle Eastern Studies, Vol.40, No.4, 2004, p.113-134;
• Ziya Öniş and Caner Bakır, “Turkey’s Political Economy in the Age of Financial Globalization: The Significance of the EU Anchor”, South European Society and Politics, Vol.12, No.2, 2007, p.147-164.
• Fuat Ercan and Şebnem Oğuz, “Rescaling as a Class Relationship and Process: The Case of Public Procurement Law in Turkey”, Political Geography, Vol.25, 2006.
• Atila Eralp, “The role of temporality and interaction in the Turkey-EU relationship”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No.40, 2009, p.159.
• Galip Yalman, Transition to Neoliberalism: The Case of Turkey in the 1980s, İstanbul, İstanbul Bilgi University Press, 2009, p.237, 262, 281.
• “Sanayici Yol Haritasını Çiziyor”, Radikal, 17 December 2002.
• Özge Yaka, “Hegemony in the making: TÜSİAD’s Hegemonic Role in the Context of Turkey’s EU Membership Process”, Spectrum Journal of Global Studies, Vol.7, No.1, 2015, p.93.
• “Turkey and a new vision for Europe”, opendemocracy.net, 12 December 2007.
• Süleyman Çelebi, “Sendikalar Bir Üst Federasyonda Buluşmalıdır”, Fikret Sazak (ed.) Sendikal Kriz Yaklaşımları: Sendikalar Krizi Tartışıyor, Epos, Ankara, 2007, p.26.
• Gülay Toksöz, Decent Work Country Report – Turkey, International Labour Office (ILO), Regional Office for Europe and Central Asia, 2008.
• European Commission, Turkey 2004 Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession, SEC(2004) 1201, Brussels, 6.10.2004, p.111;
• Ayşe Buğra, Fikret Adaman and Ahmet İnsel, Çalışma Hayatında Yeni Gelişmeler ve Türkiye’de Sendikaların Değişen Rolü, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Sosyal Politika Forumu, Araştırma Raporu, 2008.
• Peter Auer and Natalia Popova, Labour market policy for restructuring in Turkey: The need for more active policies, Employment Paper 2003/51, Employment Sector, International Labour Office, Geneva, 2003.
• DİSK, “İşçi ve Kamu Çalışanları Konfederasyonlarının Ortak Açıklaması”, disk.org.tr, 2010;
• Yasemin Özgün and Özgür Müftüoğlu, “Turkish Unions in the face of the Crisis of Capitalism”, Paper presented at Global Labour University Conference in Berlin, September 2010.
• World Bank, Turkey Country Economic Memorandum Promoting Sustained Growth and Convergence with the European Union, Volume II: Expanded Report, Report No. 33549-TR, 23 February 2006.
• İhsan D. Dağı, “The Justice and Development Party: Identity, Politics, and Discourse of Human Rights in the Search for Security and Legitimacy”, M. Hakan Yavuz (ed.), The Emergence of A New Turkey: Democracy and the AK Party, Salt Lake City, Utah University Press, 2006, p.88-106.
• Negotiating Framework, Council of the European Union, Luxembourg, 3 October 2005.
• Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Seeking Kant in the EU’s Relations with Turkey, Istanbul, TESEV Publications, 2006; Eralp, “The role of temporality and interaction”, p.159.
• European Commission, Turkey 2004 Regular Report on Turkey’s Progress towards Accession, SEC(2004) 1201, Brussels, 6.10.2004.
• “Yolsuzlukla Mücadele Birimi Beklemede”, ntvmsnbc, 19 January 2005.
• TC Başbakanlık, Teftiş Kurulu Başkanlığı Görev ve Yetkiler, http://www.teftis.gov.tr/webform2.aspx?ShowPageId=10.
• Gül Berna Özcan and Hasan Turunç, “Economic Liberalization and Class Dynamics in Turkey: New Business Groups and Islamic Mobilization”, Insight Turkey, Vol.13, No.3, 2011, p.63-86.
• Ziya Öniş, “Beyond the 2001 Financial Crisis: The Political Economy of the New Phase of Neoliberal Restructuring in Turkey”, Review of International Political Economy, Vol.16, No.3, 2009, p.409-432;
• Tanja A. Börzel, Diğdem Soyaltın and Gözde Yılmaz, “Same Same or Different? Accession Europeanization in Central Eastern Europe and Turkey Compared”, Tekin and Güney, Europeanization of Turkey, p.225.
• European Commission, Turkey 2011 Progress Report, European Commission, SEC(2011) 1201 final, Brussels, 12 October 2011, p.19.
• Council Decision of 13 June 2005 on the signature of the Additional Protocol to the Agreement establishing an Association between the European Economic Community and Turkey following the enlargement of the European Union (2005/672/EC).
• European Commission, 9 November 2005, SEC (2005) 1426, Turkey 2005 Progress Report.
• European Commission, Turkey 2007 Progress Report, SEC(2007) 1436, Brussels, 6 November 2007, p.26, 52.
• Bilin Neyaptı, Fatma Taşkın and Murat Üngör, “Has European Customs Union Agreement really affected Turkey’s trade?”, Applied Economics, Vol.39, No.16, 2007, p.2121-2132.
• “Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2007-2008”, Brussels, 6.11.2007, COM (2007) 663 final.
• Atila Eralp, “The role of temporality and interaction in the Turkey-EU relationship”, New Perspectives on Turkey, No.40, 2009.
• E. Fuat Keyman and Senem Aydın-Düzgit, Transforming Turkey-EU Relations: Ground for Hope, Global Turkey in Europe, Policy Brief 06, March 2013; Eralp, “The role of temporality and interaction”, p.159.
• European Commission, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2007-2008, Brussels, 6.11.2007, COM (2007) 663 final.
• Ergun Özbudun, “Europeanization and Turkey’s Constitutional Reform Process”, Tekin and Güney (eds.) Europeanization of Turkey, p.40.
• Aylin Güney, “Europeanization of civil-military relations in Turkey: civilianization without democratization?”, Tekin and Güney (eds.) Europeanization of Turkey, p.108-124.
• European Commission, Turkey 2010 Progress Report, SEC(2010) 1327, Brussels, 9 November 2010, p.8.
• E. Fuat Keyman and Ziya Öniş, Turkish Politics in a Changing World: Global Dynamics and Domestic Transformations, Istanbul Bilgi University Press, Istanbul, 2007, p.286.
• Nathalie Tocci, “Europeanization in Turkey: Trigger or Anchor for Reform?”, South European Society and Politics, Vol.10, No.1, 2005, p.73-83.
• Asef Bayat, “Islamism and Empire: The Incongruous Nature of Islamist Anti-Imperialism”, Socialist Register 2008 Global Flashpoints, Vol.44, 2007, p.38-54;
• European Commission, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2014-15, COM(2014) 700 final, Brussels, 8.10.2014.
• Daniela Huber and Nathalie Tocci, “Introduction”, Senem Aydın-Düzgit et.al. (eds.) Global Turkey in Europe, IAI Research Papers, 2013, p.13-16.
• European Commission, Turkey 2007 Progress Report, SEC(2007) 1436, Brussels, 6.11.2007, p.13-16.
• “Turkey and a new vision for Europe”, opendemocracy.net, 12.12.2007.
• Galip Yalman, “AKP Döneminde Söylem ve Siyaset: Neyin Krizi?”, Simten Coşar and Gamze Yücesan-Özdemir (eds.) İktidarın Şiddeti, Metis, Istanbul, 2014, p.42;
• Emiliano Alessandri, “Democratization and Europeanization in Turkey after the September 12 Referendum”, Insight Turkey, Vol.12, No.4, 2010, p.23-30;
• European Commission, Turkey 2011 Progress Report, European Commission, SEC(2011) 1201 final, Brussels, 12.10.2011, p.15-16;
• European Commission, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2012-2103, COM(2012) 600 final, Brussels, 10.10.2012.
• European Commission, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2014-15, 8.10.2014.
• “Positive EU-Turkey agenda launched in Ankara”, MEMO/12/359, Brussels, 17 May 2012.
• World Bank, Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union, Report No. 85830-TR, 28 March 2014, p.86.
• European Commission, Report from the Commission, to the European Parliament and the Council on progress by Turkey in fulfilling the requirements of its visa liberalisation roadmap, Brussels, COM(2014) 646 final, 20.10.2014.
• “Roadmap towards a visa-free regime with Turkey”, Voltaire Network, Brussels, 16 March 2016.
• Nilgün Arısan Eralp and Atila Eralp, AB Genişleme Sürecinin Sonu mu?, Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı, TEPAV, Değerlendirme Notu, N201502, January 2015.
• European Commission, Turkey 2015 Report, European Commission, SWD(2015) 216 final, Brussels, 10.11.2015;
• European Commission, Turkey 2016 Report, European Commission, SWD(2016) 366 final, Brussels, 9.11.2016.
• Oktar Türel, “Turkey vis-à-vis the Periphery of the EU: An Economic Assessment”, METU Studies in Development, Vol.41, 2014, p.389-413.
• World Bank. Country Partnership Strategy for the Republic of Turkey for the Period 2012- 2015, the World Bank Group, 2012.
• World Bank, Evaluation of the EU-Turkey Customs Union, Report No. 85830-TR, 28 March 2014.
• Zeynep Gürcanlı, “AB müzakerelerinde bir ilk”, Hürriyet, 16 May 2012.
• Erdal Sağlam, “Üst Kurullar Artık Bağımlı”, Radikal, 20 August 2011.
• European Commission, Turkey 2013 Progress Report, European Commission, 2013;
• European Commission, Turkey 2016 Report, 9.11.2016.
• European Commission, Enlargement Strategy and Main Challenges 2014-15, 8.10.2014.
• Emiliano Alessandri and Meliha Benli Altunişik, Unfinished Transitions: Challenges and Opportunities of the EU’s and Turkey’s Responses to the “Arab Spring”, Global Turkey in Europe Working Paper No.4, January 2013.
• Meliha Altunışık, “The possibilities and limits of Turkey’s soft power in the Middle East”, Insight Turkey, Vol.10, No.2, April 2008, p.41-54;
• Cemal Karakaş, “EU–Turkey: Integration without Full Membership or Membership without Full Integration? A Conceptual Framework for Accession Alternatives”, Journal of Common Market Studies, Vol.51. No.6, 2013, p.1057-1073.
• European Commission - Press release, Brussels, 21 December 2016.
• Selen, Akses, “Why the Revision of Turkey-EU Customs Union was Inevitable”, Hürriyet Daily News, 1 June 2015;
• Sübidey Togan, The EU-Turkey Customs Union: A Model for Future Euro-Med Integration, MEDPRO Technical Report No.9, March 2012.
• Marc Pierini and Sinan Ülgen, A Moment of Opportunity in the EU-Turkey Relationship, Carnegie Europe, December 2014, p.5-6.
• Bahri Yılmaz, The Relations of Turkey with the European Union: Candidate Forever?, Center for European Studies Working Paper Series No.167, 2008.
• European Commission - Press release, Brussels, 21 December 2016.