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Uluslararası Yatırım Antlaşmalarının İhlalinde Demokratik Yönetişim ve Dolaylı Kamulaştırmanın Rolü

Year 2021, Volume: 18 Issue: 72, 37 - 49, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011808

Abstract

Demokratik rejimlerin, yaptıkları anlaşmaları demokratik olmayan rejimlerden daha nadir olarak ihlal ettikleri
varsayılır; fakat demokratik rejimler, iki taraflı yatırım anlaşmalarını demokratik olmayan rejimler kadar sık
ihlal eder. Demokratik hükümetler uluslararası yükümlülüklerini yerine getirme niyetinde olsa ve demokratik
kurumlar bu yükümlülüklere riayeti destekleyen daha fazla siyasi kısıtlama sağlasa da yatırım anlaşmaları,
yurtiçinde kamuoyu desteğini devam ettirme hedefleriyle çatışabilir. Bu çalışmada, meşru seçimlerin,
hükümetleri yurtiçindeki seçmenlerin yanında durmaya ve yatırım anlaşmalarını ihlal eden yasalar geçirmeye
teşvik ettiğini savunmaktayız. Araştırmamızın sonuçları gösteriyor ki seçmenlerin yöneticiler üzerinde yaptırım
gücüne sahip olması, hükümetleri yatırım anlaşmalarını dolaylı kamulaştırma yoluyla ihlal edebilecek yasalar
geçirmeye yönlendiren önemli bir teşvik mekanizması yaratıyor.

References

  • Allee, Todd, and Clint Peinhardt (2010). “Delegating differences: Bilateral investment treaties and bargaining over dispute resolution provisions”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 1, p. 1–26.
  • Arias, Eric, James R. Hollyer and Peter Rosendorff (2018). “Cooperative Autocracies: Leader Survival, Creditworthiness, and Bilateral Investment Treaties”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 62, No. 4, p. 905–921.
  • Blake, Daniel J. (2013). “Thinking Ahead: Government Time Horizons and the Legalization of International Investment Agreements”, International Organization, Vol. 67, No. 4, p. 797–827.
  • DiGiuseppe, Matthew and Patrick E. Shea (2016). “Borrowed Time: Sovereign Finance, Regime Type, and Leader Survival”, Economics & Politics, Vol. 28, No. 3, p. 342–367.
  • Gaubatz, Kurt Taylor (1996). “Democratic States and Commitment in International Relations”, International Organization, Vol. 50, No. 1, p. 109–139.
  • Gaukrodger, David and Kathryn Gordon (2012). “Investor-state Dispute Settlement: A Scoping Paper for the Investment Policy Community”, OECD Working Papers on International Investment, No. 3.
  • Graham, Benjamin A.T., Noel P. Johnston and Allison F. Kingsley (2018). “Even Constrained Governments Take: The Domestic Politics of Transfer and Expropriation Risks”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 62, No. 8, p. 1784–1813.
  • Heckman, James J. (1976). “The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models”. Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, p. 475–492.
  • Henisz, Witold J. (2002). The Political Constraint Index (POLCON) Dataset.
  • Hyde, Susan D. and Nikolay Marinov (2012). “Which Elections can be Lost?” Political Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 191–210.
  • ICTSD (2010). “Tobacco Company Files Claim against Uruguay over Labelling Laws”, Bridges, Vol. 14, No. 9.
  • IFC (2009). Stabilization Clauses and Human Rights.
  • Jensen, Nathan (2008). “Political Risk, Democratic Institutions, and Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Politics, Vol. 70, No. 4, p. 1040–1052.
  • Jensen, Nathan, et al. (2012). Politics and Foreign Direct Investment. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
  • Kerner, Andrew and Jane Lawrence (2014). “What’s the Risk? Bilateral Investment Treaties, Political Risk and Fixed Capital Accumulation”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, No. 1, p. 107–121.
  • Marshall, Monty G., Ted Robert Gurr, and Keith Jaggers (2017). Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2016. Center for Systemic Peace.
  • Newcombe, Andrew (2005). “The Boundaries of Regulatory Expropriation in International Law”, ICSID Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 1–57.
  • Pelc, Krzysztof J. (2017). “What Explains the Low Success Rate of Investor-State Disputes?”, International Organization, Vol. 71, No. 3, p. 559–583.
  • Perez-Aznar, Facundo (2017). “The Recent Argentina-Qatar BIT and the Challenges of Investment Negotiations”, Investment Treaty News, 12 June.
  • Peterson, Luke Eric (1 June 2003). “International Treaty News: Mexico’s Treatment of Hazardous Waste Site Violates Mexico-Spain BIT”, Investment Law and Policy News Bulletin.
  • Rickard, Stephanie J. (2010). “Democratic Differences: Electoral Institutions and Compliance with GATT/WTO Agreements”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 711–729.
  • Schefer, Krista Nadakavukaren (2020). International Investment Law: Text, Cases and Materials. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Schneiderman, David (2008). Constitutionalizing Economic Globalization: Investment Rules and Democracy’s Promise. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Simmons, Beth (2010). “Treaty Compliance and Violation”, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 13, p. 273–296.
  • Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy (2017). The International Law on Foreign Investment. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Taylor, Adam (2019). “How Citgo, a U.S. Oil Company, Became Venezuela’s Lifeline”, Washington Post, 29 January.
  • Wellhausen, Rachel L. (2016). “Recent Trends in Investor–state Dispute Settlement”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 117–135.
  • Weymouth, Stephen (2011). “Political Institutions and Property Rights: Veto Players and Foreign Exchange Commitments in 127 Countries”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2, p. 211–240.
  • Yackee, Jason Webb (2008). “Bilateral Investment Treaties, Credible Commitment, and the Rule of (International) Law: Do BITs Promote Foreign Direct Investment?”, Law & Society Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, p. 805–832.

The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations

Year 2021, Volume: 18 Issue: 72, 37 - 49, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011808

Abstract

Democracies are thought to violate treaties less frequently than non-democracies, yet democracies violate
bilateral investment treaties (BITs) just as often as non-democracies. Though democratic governments may
intend to meet their international obligations, and though democratic institutions provide greater political
constraints to encourage compliance, investment agreements may conflict with the goal of maintaining domestic
public support. Specifically, we argue that credible elections create strong incentives for governments to side
with domestic voters, and to pass legislation that violates investment agreements. The results suggest that the
ability of voters to sanction leaders is an important mechanism that incentivizes governments to pass legislation
that potentially violates investment treaties through indirect expropriation.

References

  • Allee, Todd, and Clint Peinhardt (2010). “Delegating differences: Bilateral investment treaties and bargaining over dispute resolution provisions”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 1, p. 1–26.
  • Arias, Eric, James R. Hollyer and Peter Rosendorff (2018). “Cooperative Autocracies: Leader Survival, Creditworthiness, and Bilateral Investment Treaties”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 62, No. 4, p. 905–921.
  • Blake, Daniel J. (2013). “Thinking Ahead: Government Time Horizons and the Legalization of International Investment Agreements”, International Organization, Vol. 67, No. 4, p. 797–827.
  • DiGiuseppe, Matthew and Patrick E. Shea (2016). “Borrowed Time: Sovereign Finance, Regime Type, and Leader Survival”, Economics & Politics, Vol. 28, No. 3, p. 342–367.
  • Gaubatz, Kurt Taylor (1996). “Democratic States and Commitment in International Relations”, International Organization, Vol. 50, No. 1, p. 109–139.
  • Gaukrodger, David and Kathryn Gordon (2012). “Investor-state Dispute Settlement: A Scoping Paper for the Investment Policy Community”, OECD Working Papers on International Investment, No. 3.
  • Graham, Benjamin A.T., Noel P. Johnston and Allison F. Kingsley (2018). “Even Constrained Governments Take: The Domestic Politics of Transfer and Expropriation Risks”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 62, No. 8, p. 1784–1813.
  • Heckman, James J. (1976). “The Common Structure of Statistical Models of Truncation, Sample Selection and Limited Dependent Variables and a Simple Estimator for Such Models”. Annals of Economic and Social Measurement, p. 475–492.
  • Henisz, Witold J. (2002). The Political Constraint Index (POLCON) Dataset.
  • Hyde, Susan D. and Nikolay Marinov (2012). “Which Elections can be Lost?” Political Analysis, Vol. 20, No. 2, p. 191–210.
  • ICTSD (2010). “Tobacco Company Files Claim against Uruguay over Labelling Laws”, Bridges, Vol. 14, No. 9.
  • IFC (2009). Stabilization Clauses and Human Rights.
  • Jensen, Nathan (2008). “Political Risk, Democratic Institutions, and Foreign Direct Investment”, Journal of Politics, Vol. 70, No. 4, p. 1040–1052.
  • Jensen, Nathan, et al. (2012). Politics and Foreign Direct Investment. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
  • Kerner, Andrew and Jane Lawrence (2014). “What’s the Risk? Bilateral Investment Treaties, Political Risk and Fixed Capital Accumulation”, British Journal of Political Science, Vol. 44, No. 1, p. 107–121.
  • Marshall, Monty G., Ted Robert Gurr, and Keith Jaggers (2017). Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2016. Center for Systemic Peace.
  • Newcombe, Andrew (2005). “The Boundaries of Regulatory Expropriation in International Law”, ICSID Review, Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 1–57.
  • Pelc, Krzysztof J. (2017). “What Explains the Low Success Rate of Investor-State Disputes?”, International Organization, Vol. 71, No. 3, p. 559–583.
  • Perez-Aznar, Facundo (2017). “The Recent Argentina-Qatar BIT and the Challenges of Investment Negotiations”, Investment Treaty News, 12 June.
  • Peterson, Luke Eric (1 June 2003). “International Treaty News: Mexico’s Treatment of Hazardous Waste Site Violates Mexico-Spain BIT”, Investment Law and Policy News Bulletin.
  • Rickard, Stephanie J. (2010). “Democratic Differences: Electoral Institutions and Compliance with GATT/WTO Agreements”, European Journal of International Relations, Vol. 16, No. 4, p. 711–729.
  • Schefer, Krista Nadakavukaren (2020). International Investment Law: Text, Cases and Materials. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Schneiderman, David (2008). Constitutionalizing Economic Globalization: Investment Rules and Democracy’s Promise. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Simmons, Beth (2010). “Treaty Compliance and Violation”, Annual Review of Political Science, Vol. 13, p. 273–296.
  • Sornarajah, Muthucumaraswamy (2017). The International Law on Foreign Investment. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Taylor, Adam (2019). “How Citgo, a U.S. Oil Company, Became Venezuela’s Lifeline”, Washington Post, 29 January.
  • Wellhausen, Rachel L. (2016). “Recent Trends in Investor–state Dispute Settlement”, Journal of International Dispute Settlement, Vol. 7, No. 1, p. 117–135.
  • Weymouth, Stephen (2011). “Political Institutions and Property Rights: Veto Players and Foreign Exchange Commitments in 127 Countries”, Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2, p. 211–240.
  • Yackee, Jason Webb (2008). “Bilateral Investment Treaties, Credible Commitment, and the Rule of (International) Law: Do BITs Promote Foreign Direct Investment?”, Law & Society Review, Vol. 42, No. 4, p. 805–832.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

David Carlson This is me 0000-0002-9736-5369

Jeffrey Zıegler This is me 0000-0003-3905-7488

Publication Date December 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 18 Issue: 72

Cite

APA Carlson, D., & Zıegler, J. (2021). The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 18(72), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011808
AMA Carlson D, Zıegler J. The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations. uidergisi. December 2021;18(72):37-49. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1011808
Chicago Carlson, David, and Jeffrey Zıegler. “The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 18, no. 72 (December 2021): 37-49. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011808.
EndNote Carlson D, Zıegler J (December 1, 2021) The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 18 72 37–49.
IEEE D. Carlson and J. Zıegler, “The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations”, uidergisi, vol. 18, no. 72, pp. 37–49, 2021, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1011808.
ISNAD Carlson, David - Zıegler, Jeffrey. “The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 18/72 (December 2021), 37-49. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011808.
JAMA Carlson D, Zıegler J. The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations. uidergisi. 2021;18:37–49.
MLA Carlson, David and Jeffrey Zıegler. “The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 18, no. 72, 2021, pp. 37-49, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1011808.
Vancouver Carlson D, Zıegler J. The Role of Democratic Governance and Indirect Expropriation in International Investment Treaty Violations. uidergisi. 2021;18(72):37-49.