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De facto Devletler ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi

Year 2021, Volume: 18 Issue: 72, 51 - 71, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011811

Abstract

Dış yardım literatürü genellikle dış yardımın etkinliğini kişi başına düşen milli geliri artırma kapasitesi olarak
nitelendirir. Halbuki, dış yardımın etkinliğini sadece gelir artışı olarak düşünmek hem gelirin nasıl arttığını hem
de nasıl dağıldığını göz ardı eder. Bu perspektif aynı zamanda dış yardımın sürdürülebirliği ve uzun vadede
yardıma bağlı ekonomilerin kendi kendilerine yetebilecek noktaya gelebilme potansiyellerini de sorgulamaz.
Bu makalede Kuzey Kıbrıs’a yapılan yardımın etkinliği hem geleneksel yardım-büyüme bağlamında, hem de de
facto devlet-patron ilişkisi çerçevesinde politik ve ekonomik bağımlılık çerçevesinden değerlendirilmektedir.
Türkiye’nin maddi yardımlarının yerel tüketim, dış ticaret ve bütçe harcamaları üzerindeki etkilerine bakıldığı
zaman, yardımın kalkınma amaçlı kullanılmaktan ziyade, bütçe açığı kapatmak gibi geçici tampon amacı ile
kullanıldığına dair bulgulara rastlanmaktadır. Bu durum, bağımlılığı daha da arttırmakta ve de facto-patron
ilişkisini kronikleştirmektedir.

References

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  • Aslim, Ilksoy (2017). “Energy Sources in The Eastern Mediterranean: Contributor to Solve the Problems in Cyprus, Turkey, and Israel Triangle?”, Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 37-46.
  • Ayberk, İbrahim, Sait Akşit and Ali Dayıoğlu (2019). “Bir De Facto Devlet Olarak Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Sivil Toplum: Toplumsal Tepki, Kıbrıs Türk Sendikaları ve Türkiye’yle İlişkiler”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 16, No. 64, p. 127-144.
  • Aydın, Mustafa and Cihan Dizdaroğlu (2018). “Levantine Challenges on Turkish Foreign Policy”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 15, No. 60, p. 89-103.
  • Azam, Jean-Paul (1999). “Aid Dependence Reconsidered”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2144, p. 1-21.
  • Balde, Yero (2012). “The Impact of Remittances and Foreign Aid on Savings/Investment in Sub‐Saharan Africa”, African Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, p.247-262.
  • Benedek, Dora et al. (2014). “Foreign Aid and Revenue: Still A Crowding-Out Effect?”, Finanzarchiv, Vol. 70, No. 1, p. 67-96.
  • Boone, Peter (1996). “Politics and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid”, European Economic Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 289-329.
  • Brautigam, Deborah (1992). “Governance, Economy, And Foreign Aid”, Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 27, No. 3, p. 3-25.
  • Brautigam, Deborah and Stephen Knack (2004). “Foreign Aid, Institutions, And Governance in Sub‐Saharan Africa”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 52, No. 2, p. 255-285.
  • Briggs, Ryan (2015). “The Influence of Aid Changes on African Election Outcomes”, International Interactions, Vol. 41, No. 2, p. 201-225.
  • Brown, Robert, James Durbin and J. M. Evans (1975). “Techniques For Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time”, Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), Vol. 37, No. 2, p. 149-163.
  • Caspersen, Nina (2015). “The Pursuit of International Recognition After Kosovo”, Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizastions, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 393-412.
  • Cha, Jung-Mi (2019). “China’s Geopolitical Perceptions Toward North Korea: China’s New Geopolitical Grand Strategy And Its Old Geopolitical Perceptions On North Korea”, East And West Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2, p. 139-167.
  • Crivelli, Ernesto and Sanjeev Gupta (2017). “IMF Conditionality Supports Revenue Collection: Is It Just Tax Rates?”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 25, No. 12, s. 882-885.
  • Cruz, Cesi and Christina Schneider (2017). “Foreign Aid and Undeserved Credit Claiming”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 61, No. 2, p. 396-408.
  • Dalgaard, Carl-Johan and Henrik Hansen (2017). “The Return to Foreign Aid”, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 53, No. 7, p. 998-1018.
  • Debski, Slawomir et al. (2017). “EU Policy Options towards Post-Soviet De Facto States”, The Polish Institute of International Affairs Policy Paper, Vol. 6, No. 59, p. 1-9
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  • Dodd, Clement (1992). “Politics in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”, The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, Vol. 22, p. 37-49.
  • Dollar, David and Lant Pritchett (1999). “Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why”, World Bank Policy Research Report 18295, No. 1, p. 130-135.
  • Dreher, Axel et al. (2018). “Geopolitics, Aid, and Growth: The Impact of UN Security Council Membership on the Effectiveness of Aid”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 268-286.
  • Easterly, William et al. (2003). “New Data, New Doubts: A Comment On Burnside And Dollar’s ‘Aid, Policies, And Growth’ (2000)”, Center For Global Development Working Paper 26, p. 1-22.
  • Florea, Adrian (2017). “De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011)”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 2, p. 337-351.
  • Fry, Maxwell J (1978). “Money and Capital or Financial Deepening in Economic Development?”, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 10, No. 4, p.464-75.
  • Geng, Xin and Manuel A. Hernandez (2019). “Aid, Policies and Growth: A Nonlinear Reassessment”, Applied Economics, Vol. 52, No. 15, p. 1617-1633.
  • Ghatak, Subrata and Jalal U. Siddiki (2001). “The Use of The ARDL Approach in Estimating Virtual Exchange Rates In India”, Journal Of Applied Statistics, Vol. 28, No. 5, p. 573-583.
  • Griffin, Keith and John Enos (1970). “Foreign Assistance: Objectives and Consequences”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 313-327.
  • Hansen, Henrik and Finn Tarp (2000). “Aid Effectiveness Disputed”, Journal of International Development, Vol. 12, No. 3, p. 375-398.
  • Hansen, Henrik and Finn Tarp (2001). “Aid And Growth Regressions”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 64, No. 2, p. 547-570.
  • Hattori, Tomohisa (2001). “Reconceptualizing Foreign Aid”, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 8, No. 4, p. 633-660.
  • Hattori, Tomohisa (2003). “The Moral Politics of Foreign Aid”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, p. 229-247.
  • Hayman, Rachel (2011). “Budget Support and Democracy: A Twist In The Conditionality Tale”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4, p. 673-688.
  • Heckelman, Jac and Stephen Knack (2008). “Foreign Aid and Market-Liberalizing Reform”, Economica, Vol. 75, No. 299, p. 524-548.
  • Herzer, Dierk and Michael Grimm (2011). “Does Foreign Aid Increase Private Investment? Evidence From Panel Cointegration”, Applied Economics, Vol. 44, No. 20, p. 2537-2550.
  • Herzer, Dierk and Oliver Morrissey (2013). “Foreign Aid and Domestic Output in The Long Run”, Review of World Economics, Vol. 149, No. 4, p. 723-748.
  • Hoffmeister, Frank (2002). „Cyprus V. Turkey. App. No. 25781/94”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 96, No. 2, p. 445-452.
  • Hudson, John and Paul Mosley (2001). “Aid Policies and Growth: In Search Of The Holy Grail”, Journal Of International Development, Vol. 13, No. 7, p. 1023-1038.
  • Islam, Muhammed (2005). “Regime Changes, Economic Policies and the Effect of Aid on Growth”, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 41, No. 8, p. 1467-1492.
  • Juselius, Katarina et al. (2013). “The Long‐Run Impact of Foreign Aid In 36 African Countries: Insights from Multivariate Time Series Analysis”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 76, No. 2, p. 153-184.
  • Kisangani, Emizet and Jeffrey Pickering (2015) “The Human Consequences of Foreign Military Intervention”, Defence And Peace Economics, Vol. 28, No. 2, p. 230-249.
  • Knack, Stephen (2001). “Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance: Cross-Country Empirical Tests”, Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 68, No. 2, p. 310-329.
  • Koeberle, Stefan (2003). “Should Policy-Based Lending Still Involve Conditionality?”, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 249-273.
  • Kolstad, Ivar and Arne Wiig (2009). “Is Transparency the Key to Reducing Corruption in Resource-Rich Countries?”, World Development, Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 521-532.
  • Kolstad, Ivar and Arne Wiig (2015). “Does Democracy Reduce Corruption?”, Democratization, Vol. 23, No. 7, p. 1198-1215.
  • Köylü, Hilal (18 October 2020). “Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Seçim: Halk Gerilim Siyaseti İstemiyor”, Deutsche Welle, https://www. dw.com/tr/kuzey-kıbrısta-seçim-halk-gerilim-siyaseti-istemiyor/a-55310987 (Accessed 17 December 2020).
  • Lensink, Robert and Oliver Morrissey (2000). “Aid Instability as a Measure of Uncertainty and the Positive Impact of Aid on Growth”, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 31-49.
  • Mallard, Grégoire (2018). “The Gift as Colonial Ideology? Marcel Mauss and the Solidarist Colonial Policy In The Interwar Era”, Journal Of International Political Theory, Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 183-202.
  • Markovits, Daniel et al. (2019) “Foreign Aid and The Status Quo: Evidence from Pre-Marshall Plan Aid”, The Chinese Journal Of International Politics, Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 585-613.
  • Mehmood, Sultan and Avner Seror (2019). “The Political Economy of Foreign Aid and Growth: Theory and Evidence”, Economic Science Institute Working Papers 19-10, p. 1-62.
  • Miller, Stephen M. and Frank S. Russek (1997). “Fiscal Structures and Economic Growth at The State and Local Level”, Public Finance Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 213-237.
  • Montinola, Gabriella (2010). “When Does Aid Conditionality Work?”, Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 45, No. 3, p. 358-382.
  • Mosley, Paul et al. (1987). “Aid, The Public Sector and The Market In Less Developed Countries”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 97, No. 387, p. 616-641.
  • Özdağ, Mert (25 February 2016). “Maaşlar Ödenmedi Tarihi’miz Var Bizim”, Yenidüzen, https://www.yeniduzen.com/ maaslar-odenmedi-tarihimiz-var-bizim-8147yy.htm. (Accessed 16 January 2021)
  • Özyigit, Ahmet (2008). “The Impact of Aid on the Economy of Northern Cyprus”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 185-187.
  • Papanek, Gustav (1973). “Aid, Foreign Private Investment, Savings, And Growth In Less Developed Countries”, Journal Of Political Economy, Vol. 81, No. 1, p. 120-130.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (1997). “The Role of Economic Theory in Modelling The Long Run”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 107, No. 440, p. 178-191.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem et al. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 289-326.
  • Şafaklı Okan Veli ve Hüseyin Özdeşer (2002). “KKTC Ekonomisinin Genel Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 151-171.
  • Schleindin, Dahlia (30 October 2020). “Changing Tides in Divided Cyprus”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/10/30/north-cyprus-ersin-tatar-erdogan-turkey-varosha. (Accessed 31 October 2020).
  • Sosyal ve Makroekonomik Göstergeler (2018). Devlet Planlama Örgütü, Lefkoşa.
  • Sprinkle, Richard et al. (1984). “Foreign Capital, Savings and Growth: An International Cross-Section Study”. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1, p.308-309.
  • Stubbs, Thomas et al. (2018). “How To Evaluate the Effects Of IMFConditionality”, The Review of International Organizations, Vol. 15, No. 1, p. 29-73.
  • Svensson, Jakob (1999). “Aid, Growth and Democracy”, Economics and Politics, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 275-297.
  • Talmon, Stefan (2005). “The Security Council as World Legislature”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, No. 1, p. 175-193.
  • Temple, Jonathan (2010). “Aid And Conditionality”, Dani Rodrik and Mark Rosenzweig (eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 4415-4523.
  • Temple, Jonathan and Nicolas Van De Sijpe (2017). “Foreign Aid and Domestic Absorption”, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 108, p. 431-443.
  • Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2002). “Debating Foreign Aid: Right Versus Left”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 449-466.
  • Ulusoy, Kıvanç (2016). “The Cyprus Conflict: Turkey’s Strategic Dilemma”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, p. 393-406.
  • Winrow, Gareth (2018). “Discovery of Energy Reserves in the Levant and Impacts on Regional Security”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 15, No. 60, p. 45-57.
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De-facto States and Aid Dependence: An Analysis of the Impact of Turkish Aid on the Economy of Northern Cyprus

Year 2021, Volume: 18 Issue: 72, 51 - 71, 20.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011811

Abstract

Aid-growth literature often looks at per capita income growth as a measure of aid effectiveness. However,
perceiving effectiveness merely as per capita income growth tends to disregard how income is generated or
distributed. It also fails to address crucial long-run sustainability issues such as the likelihood of the recipients to
manage on their own in the absence of such financial assistance. In this article, aid effectiveness in North Cyprus
is analyzed both from a traditional aid-growth nexus as well as an aid-dependence perspective with a focus on
the unique de-facto state-and-patron relationship, which places additional emphasis on aid-conditionality and
aid-dependence. Looking at the impact of aid on consumption, trade, and government expenditure patterns, we
can see evidence for aid being used as a deficit-financing tool, perpetuating the chronicity of the aid-dependent
relationship rather than financing future growth and development prospects.

References

  • Annen, Kurt and Stephen Knack (2018). “On the Delegation of Aid Implementation to Multilateral Agencies”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 133, p. 295-305.
  • Aslim, Ilksoy (2017). “Energy Sources in The Eastern Mediterranean: Contributor to Solve the Problems in Cyprus, Turkey, and Israel Triangle?”, Athens Journal of Mediterranean Studies, Vol. 4, No. 1, p. 37-46.
  • Ayberk, İbrahim, Sait Akşit and Ali Dayıoğlu (2019). “Bir De Facto Devlet Olarak Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Sivil Toplum: Toplumsal Tepki, Kıbrıs Türk Sendikaları ve Türkiye’yle İlişkiler”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 16, No. 64, p. 127-144.
  • Aydın, Mustafa and Cihan Dizdaroğlu (2018). “Levantine Challenges on Turkish Foreign Policy”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 15, No. 60, p. 89-103.
  • Azam, Jean-Paul (1999). “Aid Dependence Reconsidered”, World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2144, p. 1-21.
  • Balde, Yero (2012). “The Impact of Remittances and Foreign Aid on Savings/Investment in Sub‐Saharan Africa”, African Development Review, Vol. 23, No. 2, p.247-262.
  • Benedek, Dora et al. (2014). “Foreign Aid and Revenue: Still A Crowding-Out Effect?”, Finanzarchiv, Vol. 70, No. 1, p. 67-96.
  • Boone, Peter (1996). “Politics and the Effectiveness of Foreign Aid”, European Economic Review, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 289-329.
  • Brautigam, Deborah (1992). “Governance, Economy, And Foreign Aid”, Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 27, No. 3, p. 3-25.
  • Brautigam, Deborah and Stephen Knack (2004). “Foreign Aid, Institutions, And Governance in Sub‐Saharan Africa”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 52, No. 2, p. 255-285.
  • Briggs, Ryan (2015). “The Influence of Aid Changes on African Election Outcomes”, International Interactions, Vol. 41, No. 2, p. 201-225.
  • Brown, Robert, James Durbin and J. M. Evans (1975). “Techniques For Testing the Constancy of Regression Relationships Over Time”, Journal Of The Royal Statistical Society: Series B (Methodological), Vol. 37, No. 2, p. 149-163.
  • Caspersen, Nina (2015). “The Pursuit of International Recognition After Kosovo”, Global Governance: A Review of Multilateralism and International Organizastions, Vol. 21, No. 3, p. 393-412.
  • Cha, Jung-Mi (2019). “China’s Geopolitical Perceptions Toward North Korea: China’s New Geopolitical Grand Strategy And Its Old Geopolitical Perceptions On North Korea”, East And West Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2, p. 139-167.
  • Crivelli, Ernesto and Sanjeev Gupta (2017). “IMF Conditionality Supports Revenue Collection: Is It Just Tax Rates?”, Applied Economics Letters, Vol. 25, No. 12, s. 882-885.
  • Cruz, Cesi and Christina Schneider (2017). “Foreign Aid and Undeserved Credit Claiming”, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 61, No. 2, p. 396-408.
  • Dalgaard, Carl-Johan and Henrik Hansen (2017). “The Return to Foreign Aid”, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 53, No. 7, p. 998-1018.
  • Debski, Slawomir et al. (2017). “EU Policy Options towards Post-Soviet De Facto States”, The Polish Institute of International Affairs Policy Paper, Vol. 6, No. 59, p. 1-9
  • Dickey, David A. and Wayne A. Fuller (1981). “Likelihood Ratio Statistics for Autoregressive Time Series with A Unit Root”, Econometrica, Vol. 49, No. 4, p. 1057-1072.
  • Dodd, Clement (1992). “Politics in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus”, The Turkish Yearbook of International Relations, Vol. 22, p. 37-49.
  • Dollar, David and Lant Pritchett (1999). “Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn’t, and Why”, World Bank Policy Research Report 18295, No. 1, p. 130-135.
  • Dreher, Axel et al. (2018). “Geopolitics, Aid, and Growth: The Impact of UN Security Council Membership on the Effectiveness of Aid”, The World Bank Economic Review, Vol. 32, No. 2, p. 268-286.
  • Easterly, William et al. (2003). “New Data, New Doubts: A Comment On Burnside And Dollar’s ‘Aid, Policies, And Growth’ (2000)”, Center For Global Development Working Paper 26, p. 1-22.
  • Florea, Adrian (2017). “De Facto States: Survival and Disappearance (1945–2011)”, International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 2, p. 337-351.
  • Fry, Maxwell J (1978). “Money and Capital or Financial Deepening in Economic Development?”, Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, Vol. 10, No. 4, p.464-75.
  • Geng, Xin and Manuel A. Hernandez (2019). “Aid, Policies and Growth: A Nonlinear Reassessment”, Applied Economics, Vol. 52, No. 15, p. 1617-1633.
  • Ghatak, Subrata and Jalal U. Siddiki (2001). “The Use of The ARDL Approach in Estimating Virtual Exchange Rates In India”, Journal Of Applied Statistics, Vol. 28, No. 5, p. 573-583.
  • Griffin, Keith and John Enos (1970). “Foreign Assistance: Objectives and Consequences”, Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 18, No. 3, p. 313-327.
  • Hansen, Henrik and Finn Tarp (2000). “Aid Effectiveness Disputed”, Journal of International Development, Vol. 12, No. 3, p. 375-398.
  • Hansen, Henrik and Finn Tarp (2001). “Aid And Growth Regressions”, Journal of Development Economics, Vol. 64, No. 2, p. 547-570.
  • Hattori, Tomohisa (2001). “Reconceptualizing Foreign Aid”, Review of International Political Economy, Vol. 8, No. 4, p. 633-660.
  • Hattori, Tomohisa (2003). “The Moral Politics of Foreign Aid”, Review of International Studies, Vol. 29, No. 2, p. 229-247.
  • Hayman, Rachel (2011). “Budget Support and Democracy: A Twist In The Conditionality Tale”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 4, p. 673-688.
  • Heckelman, Jac and Stephen Knack (2008). “Foreign Aid and Market-Liberalizing Reform”, Economica, Vol. 75, No. 299, p. 524-548.
  • Herzer, Dierk and Michael Grimm (2011). “Does Foreign Aid Increase Private Investment? Evidence From Panel Cointegration”, Applied Economics, Vol. 44, No. 20, p. 2537-2550.
  • Herzer, Dierk and Oliver Morrissey (2013). “Foreign Aid and Domestic Output in The Long Run”, Review of World Economics, Vol. 149, No. 4, p. 723-748.
  • Hoffmeister, Frank (2002). „Cyprus V. Turkey. App. No. 25781/94”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 96, No. 2, p. 445-452.
  • Hudson, John and Paul Mosley (2001). “Aid Policies and Growth: In Search Of The Holy Grail”, Journal Of International Development, Vol. 13, No. 7, p. 1023-1038.
  • Islam, Muhammed (2005). “Regime Changes, Economic Policies and the Effect of Aid on Growth”, The Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 41, No. 8, p. 1467-1492.
  • Juselius, Katarina et al. (2013). “The Long‐Run Impact of Foreign Aid In 36 African Countries: Insights from Multivariate Time Series Analysis”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 76, No. 2, p. 153-184.
  • Kisangani, Emizet and Jeffrey Pickering (2015) “The Human Consequences of Foreign Military Intervention”, Defence And Peace Economics, Vol. 28, No. 2, p. 230-249.
  • Knack, Stephen (2001). “Aid Dependence and the Quality of Governance: Cross-Country Empirical Tests”, Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 68, No. 2, p. 310-329.
  • Koeberle, Stefan (2003). “Should Policy-Based Lending Still Involve Conditionality?”, The World Bank Research Observer, Vol. 18, No. 2, p. 249-273.
  • Kolstad, Ivar and Arne Wiig (2009). “Is Transparency the Key to Reducing Corruption in Resource-Rich Countries?”, World Development, Vol. 37, No. 3, p. 521-532.
  • Kolstad, Ivar and Arne Wiig (2015). “Does Democracy Reduce Corruption?”, Democratization, Vol. 23, No. 7, p. 1198-1215.
  • Köylü, Hilal (18 October 2020). “Kuzey Kıbrıs’ta Seçim: Halk Gerilim Siyaseti İstemiyor”, Deutsche Welle, https://www. dw.com/tr/kuzey-kıbrısta-seçim-halk-gerilim-siyaseti-istemiyor/a-55310987 (Accessed 17 December 2020).
  • Lensink, Robert and Oliver Morrissey (2000). “Aid Instability as a Measure of Uncertainty and the Positive Impact of Aid on Growth”, Journal of Development Studies, Vol. 36, No. 3, p. 31-49.
  • Mallard, Grégoire (2018). “The Gift as Colonial Ideology? Marcel Mauss and the Solidarist Colonial Policy In The Interwar Era”, Journal Of International Political Theory, Vol. 14, No. 2, p. 183-202.
  • Markovits, Daniel et al. (2019) “Foreign Aid and The Status Quo: Evidence from Pre-Marshall Plan Aid”, The Chinese Journal Of International Politics, Vol. 12, No. 4, p. 585-613.
  • Mehmood, Sultan and Avner Seror (2019). “The Political Economy of Foreign Aid and Growth: Theory and Evidence”, Economic Science Institute Working Papers 19-10, p. 1-62.
  • Miller, Stephen M. and Frank S. Russek (1997). “Fiscal Structures and Economic Growth at The State and Local Level”, Public Finance Review, Vol. 25, No. 2, p. 213-237.
  • Montinola, Gabriella (2010). “When Does Aid Conditionality Work?”, Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 45, No. 3, p. 358-382.
  • Mosley, Paul et al. (1987). “Aid, The Public Sector and The Market In Less Developed Countries”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 97, No. 387, p. 616-641.
  • Özdağ, Mert (25 February 2016). “Maaşlar Ödenmedi Tarihi’miz Var Bizim”, Yenidüzen, https://www.yeniduzen.com/ maaslar-odenmedi-tarihimiz-var-bizim-8147yy.htm. (Accessed 16 January 2021)
  • Özyigit, Ahmet (2008). “The Impact of Aid on the Economy of Northern Cyprus”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 40, No. 2, p. 185-187.
  • Papanek, Gustav (1973). “Aid, Foreign Private Investment, Savings, And Growth In Less Developed Countries”, Journal Of Political Economy, Vol. 81, No. 1, p. 120-130.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem (1997). “The Role of Economic Theory in Modelling The Long Run”, The Economic Journal, Vol. 107, No. 440, p. 178-191.
  • Pesaran, M. Hashem et al. (2001). “Bounds Testing Approaches to The Analysis of Level Relationships”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, Vol. 16, No. 3, p. 289-326.
  • Şafaklı Okan Veli ve Hüseyin Özdeşer (2002). “KKTC Ekonomisinin Genel Analizi”, Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 151-171.
  • Schleindin, Dahlia (30 October 2020). “Changing Tides in Divided Cyprus”, Foreign Policy, https://foreignpolicy. com/2020/10/30/north-cyprus-ersin-tatar-erdogan-turkey-varosha. (Accessed 31 October 2020).
  • Sosyal ve Makroekonomik Göstergeler (2018). Devlet Planlama Örgütü, Lefkoşa.
  • Sprinkle, Richard et al. (1984). “Foreign Capital, Savings and Growth: An International Cross-Section Study”. Southern Economic Journal, Vol. 51, No. 1, p.308-309.
  • Stubbs, Thomas et al. (2018). “How To Evaluate the Effects Of IMFConditionality”, The Review of International Organizations, Vol. 15, No. 1, p. 29-73.
  • Svensson, Jakob (1999). “Aid, Growth and Democracy”, Economics and Politics, Vol. 11, No. 3, p. 275-297.
  • Talmon, Stefan (2005). “The Security Council as World Legislature”, American Journal of International Law, Vol. 99, No. 1, p. 175-193.
  • Temple, Jonathan (2010). “Aid And Conditionality”, Dani Rodrik and Mark Rosenzweig (eds.), Handbook of Development Economics, Amsterdam, Elsevier, p. 4415-4523.
  • Temple, Jonathan and Nicolas Van De Sijpe (2017). “Foreign Aid and Domestic Absorption”, Journal of International Economics, Vol. 108, p. 431-443.
  • Thérien, Jean-Philippe (2002). “Debating Foreign Aid: Right Versus Left”, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3, p. 449-466.
  • Ulusoy, Kıvanç (2016). “The Cyprus Conflict: Turkey’s Strategic Dilemma”, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, p. 393-406.
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There are 72 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Özyiğit This is me 0000-0002-0717-8528

Fehiman Eminer This is me 0000-0003-0969-6553

Publication Date December 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 18 Issue: 72

Cite

APA Özyiğit, A., & Eminer, F. (2021). De facto Devletler ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 18(72), 51-71. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011811
AMA Özyiğit A, Eminer F. De facto Devletler ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi. uidergisi. December 2021;18(72):51-71. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1011811
Chicago Özyiğit, Ahmet, and Fehiman Eminer. “De Facto Devletler Ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 18, no. 72 (December 2021): 51-71. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011811.
EndNote Özyiğit A, Eminer F (December 1, 2021) De facto Devletler ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 18 72 51–71.
IEEE A. Özyiğit and F. Eminer, “De facto Devletler ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi”, uidergisi, vol. 18, no. 72, pp. 51–71, 2021, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1011811.
ISNAD Özyiğit, Ahmet - Eminer, Fehiman. “De Facto Devletler Ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 18/72 (December 2021), 51-71. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1011811.
JAMA Özyiğit A, Eminer F. De facto Devletler ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi. uidergisi. 2021;18:51–71.
MLA Özyiğit, Ahmet and Fehiman Eminer. “De Facto Devletler Ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 18, no. 72, 2021, pp. 51-71, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1011811.
Vancouver Özyiğit A, Eminer F. De facto Devletler ve Dış Yardım Bağımlılığı: Türkiye Yardımlarının Kuzey Kıbrıs Ekonomisi Üzerindeki Etkisinin Analizi. uidergisi. 2021;18(72):51-7.