Research Article
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The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 74, 21 - 35, 02.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1115070

Abstract

This paper proposes a discussion of its core theoretical argument that the international order is more complex than the theories generated by traditionalist state-centric approaches and critical approaches, including the regional security complex approach. The complexity approach highlights the sensitive dependency of complex systems on the nonlinear feedback loops and dynamic interactions by which the longer term reactions to the behavior of actors could set off actions-reaction spirals. This path dependency is evident in the erosion of U.S.-Turkey relations which is a cause and a consequence of the realignment in the international system and the Middle East regional system.

References

  • Aras, Bülent and Richard Falk (2016). “Five years after the Arab Spring: a critical evaluation”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 37, No 12, 2016, p. 2252-2258.
  • Aydın, Mustafa et al. (2018). Public Perceptions on Turkish Foreign Policy, İstanbul.
  • Basar Baysal, “20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 17, No 67, 2020, p. 3-20.
  • Buzan, Barry. Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Buzan, Barry and Ole Wæver (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Capra, Francis (2003). The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living. London, Flamingo.
  • Cederman, Lars-Erik (1997). Emergent Actors in World Politics. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
  • Cilliers, Paul (1998). Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems. New York, Routledge.
  • Cudworth, Erica and Stephen Hobden (2012). “The Foundations of Complexity, the Complexity of Foundations”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 42, No 2, p. 163-187.
  • Earnest, David and James Rosenau (2006). “Signifying Nothing? What Complex Systems Theory Can and Cannot Tell Us About Global Politics”, Harrison Neil (ed.), Complexity in World Politics: Concepts and Methods of a New Paradigm. Albany, State University of New York Press, p. 143-164.
  • Görmüş, Evrim and Soli Özel, “US Policies Adrift in a Levant in Turmoil”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 15, No 60, 2018, p. 135- 150.
  • Gunitsky, Seva (2013). “Complexity and Theories of Change in International Politics”, International Theory, Vol. 5, No 1, p. 35-63.
  • Jervis, Robert (1997). System Effects: Complexity in Social and Political Life. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Kahl, Colin (12 May 2017). “Shadow Government: The United States and Turkey Are on a Collision Course in Syria”, Foreign Policy.
  • Kardaş, Şaban (2011). “Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?”, Perceptions, Vol. 16, No 3, p. 25-52.
  • Knudsen, Erik L. (2003). “The Quagmire of Northern Iraq: The Clash of US, Turkish and Iraqi Kurdish Interests”, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 26, No 4, p. 11–36.
  • Lorenz, Edward N. (1963). “Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow”, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 20, No 2, p. 130–141.
  • Morin, Edgar (1992). “From the Concept of System to the Paradigm of Complexity”, Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems, Vol. 15, No 4, p. 371-385.
  • Park, Bill (2016). “Regional Turmoil, the Rise of Islamic State, and Turkey’s Multiple Kurdish Dilemmas”, International Journal, Vol. 71, No 3, p. 450–67.
  • Patton, Marcie J. (2006). “The Economic Policies of Turkey’s AKP Government: Rabbits from a Hat?”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 60, No 3, p. 513–36.
  • Peak, David and Michael Frame (1984). Chaos under Control: The Art and Science of Complexity. New York, W. H. Freeman and Company.
  • Rosenau, James N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
  • Schmidt, Brian C. (2002). “Anarchy, World Politics and the Birth of a Discipline: American International Relations, Pluralist Theory and the Myth of Interwar Idealism”, International Relations, Vol. 16, No 1, p. 9–31.
  • Schmitt, Eric and Maggie Haberman (20 October 2019). “Trump Said to Favor Leaving a Few Hundred Troops in Eastern Syria”, The New York Times.
  • Sözen, Ahmet (2010). “A Theoretical Evaluation of Different Faces of Power: US-Turkey Relations Towards Iraq”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 6, No 24, p. 55-78.
  • Stokes, Doug (2018). “Trump, American Hegemony and the Future of the Liberal International Order”, International Affairs, Vol. 94, No 1, p. 133–150.
  • Thiétart, Raymond A. and Bernard Forgues (1995). “Chaos Theory and Organization”, Organization Science, Vol. 6, No 1, p. 19-31.
  • Thompson, James D. (1967). Organizations in Action. London, Transaction Publishers.
  • Yetkin, Murat (2004). Tezkere: Irak Krizinin Gerçek Öyküsü, (Resolution: The True Story of the Iraq Crisis), İstanbul, Remzi Kitabevi, p. 16-17.
  • Zakaria, Fareed (2011). The Post-American World: Release 2:0. NY, London, W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Walt, Stephen M. (2018). “US Grand Strategy after the Cold War: Can Realism Explain It? Should Realism Guide It?”, International Relations, Vol 32, No 1, p.3–22.
  • Williams, Paul (2004). “Critical Security Studies”, Alex J. Bellamy (ed.), International Society and its Critics. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.135–51.
  • Wilkinson, Claire (2007). “The Copenhagen School on Tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable (sic) Outside Europe?”, Security Dialogue, Vol. 38, No 1, p. 5–25.

ABD-Türkiye İlişkilerinde Karmaşıklık Etkisi: Orta Doğu Bölgesel Güvenliğinin Yeniden Yapılandırılması

Year 2022, Volume: 19 Issue: 74, 21 - 35, 02.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1115070

Abstract

Bu makale uluslararası düzenin, bölgesel güvenlik kompleksi yaklaşımı da dahil olmak üzere, gelenekselci devlet merkezli yaklaşımlar ve eleştirel yaklaşımlar tarafından üretilen teorilerden daha karmaşık olduğuna dair temel teorik argümanının bir tartışmasını sunmaktadır. Karmaşıklık yaklaşımı karmaşık sistemlerin, aktörlerin davranışı sonucu uzun vadede ortaya çıkan reaksiyonların etki-tepki sarmalları başlatabileceği, doğrusal olmayan geribildirim döngülerinine ve dinamik etkileşimlere olan hassas bağımlılığını vurgulamaktadır. Bu patika bağımlılığı, uluslararası sistemdeki ve Orta Doğu bölgesel sistemindeki taban kaymasının bir nedeni ve sonucu olan ABD-Türkiye ilişkilerinin erozyonunda açıkça görülmektedir.

References

  • Aras, Bülent and Richard Falk (2016). “Five years after the Arab Spring: a critical evaluation”, Third World Quarterly, Vol 37, No 12, 2016, p. 2252-2258.
  • Aydın, Mustafa et al. (2018). Public Perceptions on Turkish Foreign Policy, İstanbul.
  • Basar Baysal, “20 Years of Securitization: Strengths, Limitations and A New Dual Framework”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 17, No 67, 2020, p. 3-20.
  • Buzan, Barry. Ole Wæver and Jaap de Wilde (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Boulder, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
  • Buzan, Barry and Ole Wæver (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Security. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Capra, Francis (2003). The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living. London, Flamingo.
  • Cederman, Lars-Erik (1997). Emergent Actors in World Politics. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
  • Cilliers, Paul (1998). Complexity and Postmodernism: Understanding Complex Systems. New York, Routledge.
  • Cudworth, Erica and Stephen Hobden (2012). “The Foundations of Complexity, the Complexity of Foundations”, Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Vol. 42, No 2, p. 163-187.
  • Earnest, David and James Rosenau (2006). “Signifying Nothing? What Complex Systems Theory Can and Cannot Tell Us About Global Politics”, Harrison Neil (ed.), Complexity in World Politics: Concepts and Methods of a New Paradigm. Albany, State University of New York Press, p. 143-164.
  • Görmüş, Evrim and Soli Özel, “US Policies Adrift in a Levant in Turmoil”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 15, No 60, 2018, p. 135- 150.
  • Gunitsky, Seva (2013). “Complexity and Theories of Change in International Politics”, International Theory, Vol. 5, No 1, p. 35-63.
  • Jervis, Robert (1997). System Effects: Complexity in Social and Political Life. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Kahl, Colin (12 May 2017). “Shadow Government: The United States and Turkey Are on a Collision Course in Syria”, Foreign Policy.
  • Kardaş, Şaban (2011). “Turkish-American Relations in the 2000s: Revisiting the Basic Parameters of Partnership?”, Perceptions, Vol. 16, No 3, p. 25-52.
  • Knudsen, Erik L. (2003). “The Quagmire of Northern Iraq: The Clash of US, Turkish and Iraqi Kurdish Interests”, Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 26, No 4, p. 11–36.
  • Lorenz, Edward N. (1963). “Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow”, Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 20, No 2, p. 130–141.
  • Morin, Edgar (1992). “From the Concept of System to the Paradigm of Complexity”, Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems, Vol. 15, No 4, p. 371-385.
  • Park, Bill (2016). “Regional Turmoil, the Rise of Islamic State, and Turkey’s Multiple Kurdish Dilemmas”, International Journal, Vol. 71, No 3, p. 450–67.
  • Patton, Marcie J. (2006). “The Economic Policies of Turkey’s AKP Government: Rabbits from a Hat?”, Middle East Journal, Vol. 60, No 3, p. 513–36.
  • Peak, David and Michael Frame (1984). Chaos under Control: The Art and Science of Complexity. New York, W. H. Freeman and Company.
  • Rosenau, James N. (1990). Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton, New Jersey, Princeton University Press.
  • Schmidt, Brian C. (2002). “Anarchy, World Politics and the Birth of a Discipline: American International Relations, Pluralist Theory and the Myth of Interwar Idealism”, International Relations, Vol. 16, No 1, p. 9–31.
  • Schmitt, Eric and Maggie Haberman (20 October 2019). “Trump Said to Favor Leaving a Few Hundred Troops in Eastern Syria”, The New York Times.
  • Sözen, Ahmet (2010). “A Theoretical Evaluation of Different Faces of Power: US-Turkey Relations Towards Iraq”, Uluslararası İlişkiler, Vol. 6, No 24, p. 55-78.
  • Stokes, Doug (2018). “Trump, American Hegemony and the Future of the Liberal International Order”, International Affairs, Vol. 94, No 1, p. 133–150.
  • Thiétart, Raymond A. and Bernard Forgues (1995). “Chaos Theory and Organization”, Organization Science, Vol. 6, No 1, p. 19-31.
  • Thompson, James D. (1967). Organizations in Action. London, Transaction Publishers.
  • Yetkin, Murat (2004). Tezkere: Irak Krizinin Gerçek Öyküsü, (Resolution: The True Story of the Iraq Crisis), İstanbul, Remzi Kitabevi, p. 16-17.
  • Zakaria, Fareed (2011). The Post-American World: Release 2:0. NY, London, W. W. Norton & Company.
  • Walt, Stephen M. (2018). “US Grand Strategy after the Cold War: Can Realism Explain It? Should Realism Guide It?”, International Relations, Vol 32, No 1, p.3–22.
  • Williams, Paul (2004). “Critical Security Studies”, Alex J. Bellamy (ed.), International Society and its Critics. Oxford, Oxford University Press, p.135–51.
  • Wilkinson, Claire (2007). “The Copenhagen School on Tour in Kyrgyzstan: Is Securitization Theory Useable (sic) Outside Europe?”, Security Dialogue, Vol. 38, No 1, p. 5–25.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Devrim Şahin This is me 0000-0002-1019-4756

Ahmet Sözen This is me 0000-0001-7018-6865

Publication Date June 2, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 19 Issue: 74

Cite

APA Şahin, D., & Sözen, A. (2022). The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 19(74), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1115070
AMA Şahin D, Sözen A. The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security. uidergisi. June 2022;19(74):21-35. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1115070
Chicago Şahin, Devrim, and Ahmet Sözen. “The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19, no. 74 (June 2022): 21-35. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1115070.
EndNote Şahin D, Sözen A (June 1, 2022) The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19 74 21–35.
IEEE D. Şahin and A. Sözen, “The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security”, uidergisi, vol. 19, no. 74, pp. 21–35, 2022, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1115070.
ISNAD Şahin, Devrim - Sözen, Ahmet. “The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 19/74 (June 2022), 21-35. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1115070.
JAMA Şahin D, Sözen A. The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security. uidergisi. 2022;19:21–35.
MLA Şahin, Devrim and Ahmet Sözen. “The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 19, no. 74, 2022, pp. 21-35, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1115070.
Vancouver Şahin D, Sözen A. The Complexity Effect in U.S.-Turkey Relations: The Restructuring of the Middle East Regional Security. uidergisi. 2022;19(74):21-35.