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From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries

Year 2024, Online First, 1 - 22
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1546705

Abstract

Recent developments in the operationalization of mutual military buildups raise some questions about the findings of the quantitative literature on the association of mutual military buildups (MMB) and militarized dispute (MID) onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire and Greece-Turkey dyads. We use the novel data to evaluate that relationship, working within the Steps to War explanatory framework. The Greece-Ottoman Empire and Greece-Turkey cases are puzzles for the framework, since on the one had they have a frequent presence of the Steps to War but have far fewer wars than we would expect. Our analysis indicates that despite that puzzling incongruity the Greece - Ottoman Empire and Greece-Turkey cases are good fits for the Steps to War, except when it comes to the role of mutual military buildups. We find indicators that while the other factors of Steps to War have a positive combined association with MID onset, the inclusion of mutual military buildups renders such an association statistically insignificant. On the other hand, we do find indicators that mutual military buildups may contribute to the transition from Lesser to Severe Rivalry, as per the Steps to Rivalry. Finally, the dyads reach infection periods that make war more likely as per the Steps to War. But many expected wars do not take place. We posit two possible explanations for future research: deterrence, or major power managerial coordination.

Supporting Institution

The research project was supported by the Hellenic Foundation for Research and Innovation (H.F.R.I.) under the “2nd Call for H.F.R.I. Research Projects to support Post-Doctoral Researchers” (Project Number: 00789, ARCADE).

References

  • Aksakal, Mustafa. 2008. The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War. Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bayer, Reşat. 2023. Major Powers’ Management of Complex Peace Relationships. International Journal of Conflict Management, online ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-12-2022-0219
  • Benson, Brett V. 2011. Unpacking Alliances: Deterrent and Compellent Alliances and Their Relationship with Conflict, 1816–2000. The Journal of Politics 73, 4: 1111-1127.
  • Brauer, Jurgen. 2002. Survey and Review of the Defense Economics Literature on Greece and Turkey: What Have We Learned? Defence and Peace Economics 13, 2: 85-107.
  • Choulis, Ioannis, Marius Mehrl, and Konstantinos Ifantis. 2022.Arms Racing, Military Build-Ups and Dispute Intensity: Evidence from the Greek-Turkish Rivalry, 1985-2020. Defence and Peace Economics 33, 7: 779-804.
  • Christodoulidis, Theodoros A. 2004. Diplomatiki Istoria Trion Aionon Tomos. 2, Apo ti Vienni stis Versallies (1814-1919) [Diplomatic History of Three Centuries Volume 2, From Vienna to Versailles 1814-1919]. Athens, GR, I. Sideris.
  • Danilovic, Vesna. 2002. When the Stakes are High: Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. Ann Arbor MI, University of Michigan Press.
  • Diehl, Paul F. 1983. Arms Races and Escalation: A Closer Look. Journal of Peace Research 20, 3: 205-212.
  • Diehl, Paul F., and Gary Goertz. 2001. War and Peace in International Rivalry. Ann Arbor MI, University of Michigan Press.
  • Fakiolas, Efstathios T. 2012. How a Small State Expands: Grand Strategy and Greece’s Territorial Expansion in the Balkans and Asia Minor. New York, NY, Nova Science Publishers.
  • Fotakis, Zisis. 2005. Greek Naval Strategy and Policy 1910-1919. New York, NY, Routledge.
  • Frederick, Bryan A., Paul R. Hensel, and Christopher Macaulay. 2017. The Issue Correlates of War Territorial Claims Data, 1816–20011. Journal of Peace Research 54, 1: 99-108.
  • Gibler, Douglas M., Toby J. Rider, and Marc L. Hutchison. 2005. Taking Arms against a Sea of Troubles: Conventional Arms Races during Periods of Rivalry. Journal of Peace Research 42, 2: 131–147.
  • Goertz, Gary, Paul F, Diehl and Alexandru Balas. 2016. The Puzzle of Peace: The Evolution of Peace in the International System. Oxford UK, Oxford University Press.
  • Hensel, R. Paul. 1996. Charting a Course to Conflict: Territorial Issue and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992. Conflict Management and Peace Science 15, 1: 43–73.
  • Ifantis, Kostas. 2018. Greece’s Strategy and Perceptions towards Turkey: The End of Consensus and the Return of History?, International Relations, 15, 58: 93-106.
  • Jann, Ben. 2014. Plotting Regression Coefficients and Other Estimates. The Stata Journal 14, 4: 708-737.
  • Kadera. Kelly M., and Sara M. Mitchell. 2005. Heeding Ray's Advice: An Exegesis on Control Variables in Systemic Democratic Peace Research. Conflict Management and Peace Science 22, 4: 311-326.
  • Kenwick, Michael R., John A. Vasquez, and Matthew A. Powers. 2015. Do Alliances Really Deter? The Journal of Politics 77,4: 943-954
  • Klapsis, Antonis. 2019. “Sto klouvi tis Ellados tis stenis mas kleismenoi”: politiki kai diplomatia tis ellinikis ethnikis oloklirosis 1821-1923 [Closed in the Cage of a Narrow Greece: Politics and Diplomacy of the Greek National Unification 1821-1923]. Athens, GR, Pedio.
  • Kofos, Evangelos. 2015. E voulgariki exegersi, o servotourkikos polemos kai o Ellinismos [The Bulgarian Revolt, the Serbo-Ottoman War and Hellenism]. In Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous Tomos 31 (History of the Hellenic Nation Vol. 31), ed. Ioannis Bastias. Athens, GR, Ekdotiki Athinon and Parapolitika Ekdoseis: 56-59.
  • Leeds, Brett A., Jeffrey M. Ritter, Sara M. Mitchell and Andrew G. Long. 2002. Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815–1944. International Interactions 28, 3: 237-260.
  • Louvri, Lina. 2004. To Ethniko Zitima: ‘Slavikos Kindynos’ kai Elliniki Exoteriki Politiki [The National Issue, the “Slavic Threat” and Greek Foreign Policy]. In Istoria tou Neou Ellinismou Tomos 5os [History of Neo-Hellenism Vol. 5], ed. Vasileios Panagiotopoulos. Athens, GR, Ellinika Grammata: 37-43.
  • Malesis, Dimitris. 2018.“n’ anapsei e epanastasis”: Megali Idea kai Stratos ton 19o Aiona [Let the Revolution Ignite: The Megali Idea and the Army in 19th century]. Athens, GR, Ekdoseis Asini.
  • Malesis, Dimitris. 2022. Itta, Thriamvos, Katastrofi: O Stratos sto Elliniko Kratos apo to 1898 eos to 1922 [Defeat, Triumph, Catastrophe: The Army in the Greek State from 1898 to 1922]. Athens and Thessaloniki, GR, Epikentro and To Vima.
  • Markovich, Slobodan G. 2020. History of Hellenic-Serbian (Yugoslav) alliances from Karageorge to the Balkan Pact 1817-1954. Balcanica 51: 143-181.
  • Maroniti, Niki. 2003. E epochi tou Georgiou A’: politiki ananeosi kai alytrotismos [The era of Georgios A’: political renewal and irredentism]. In Istoria tou Neou Ellinismou 1770-2000 Tomos 5os [History of Neo-Hellenism 1770-2000 Vol. 5], ed. Vasilis Panagiotopoulos. Athens: Ellinika Grammata: 9-36. p. 18-19
  • Maroniti, Niki. 2009. Politiki Exousia kai “Ethniko Zitima” stin Ellada, 1880-1910 [Political Power and the National Issue in Greece, 1880-1910]. Athens, GR, Alexandreia Publications.
  • Mitchell, Sara M., and John A. Vasquez. 2021. What Do We Know about War. In What do We Known About War, eds. Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and John A. Vasquez, New York, Rowman and Littlefield: 319-342.
  • Nioutsikos, Ioannis, Konstantinos Travlos, and Magdalini Daskalopoulou. 2023. Breaking the Stalemate in the study of the relationship of Mutual Military Buildups, Arms Races and Militarized Disputes: The Greece - Turkey/Ottoman Empire Cases. All Azimuth 12, 2: 175-194.
  • Palmer, Glen, Vito D’ Orazio, Michael Kenwick, and Matthew Lane. 2015.The MID4 Data Set, 2002-2010. Conflict Management and Peace Science 32, 2: 222-242.
  • Palmer, Glen, Roseanne W. McManus, Vito D’ Orazio, Michael R. Kenwick, Mikaela Karstens, Chase Bloch, Nick Dietrich, Kayla Kahn, Kellan Ritter, and Michael J. Soules. 2020. The MID5 Dataset, 2011-2014: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description. Conflict Management and Peace Science 39, 4: 470-482.
  • Papasotiriou, Charalambos. 1997. E Poreia tis Neoellinikis Ipsilis Stratigikis [The Course of the Neo-Hellenic Grand Strategy]. Aeroporiki Epitheorisi 53: 42-62.
  • Rider, Toby J., Michael G. Findley, and Paul F. Diehl. 2011. Just Part of the Game? Arms Races, Rivalry, and War. Journal of Peace Research 48, 1: 85–100.
  • Rudkevich, Gennady, Konstantinos Travlos, and Paul F. Diehl. 2013.Terminated or Just Interrupted? How the End of a Rivalry Plants the Seeds for Future Conflict. Social Science Quarterly 94, 1: 158-174.
  • Sample, Susan G. 1997. Arms Races and Dispute Escalation: Resolving the Debate. Journal of Peace Research 34, 1: 7-22.
  • Sample, Susan G. 1998. Military Buildups, War, and Realpolitik: A Multivariate Model. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, 2: 156–175.
  • Sample, Susan G. 2002. The Outcomes of Military Buildups: Minor States vs. Major Powers. Journal of Peace Research 39, 6: 669–691.
  • Sarkees, Meredith R. and Frank Wayman. 2010. Resort to War: 1816 –2007. Washington DC, CQ Press.
  • Senese, Paul D. and John A. Vasquez. 2008. The Steps to War. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Sert, Deniz Ş. and Konstantinos Travlos. 2018. Making a Case over Greco-Turkish Rivalry: Major Power Linkages and Rivalry Strength. Uluslararası İlişkiler 15, 59: 105-127.
  • Singer, David J., Stuart Bremer, and John Stuckey. 1972.Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820-1965. In Peace, War, and Numbers, ed. Bruce Russett. Beverly Hills CA, Sage: 19-48.
  • Singer, David J. 1988. Reconstructing the Correlates of War Dataset on Material Capabilities of States, 1816-1985. International Interactions 14, 2: 115-132.
  • Skopetea, Elli. 1988. To Protypo Vasileio” kai e Megali Idea: opseis tou ethnikou provlimatos stin Ellada, 1830-1880 [The Model Kingdom and the Megali Idea: aspects of the national problem in Greece 1830-1880]. Athens, GR, Ekdoseis Polytypo.
  • Sotirovic, Vladislav B. 2008. Serbia’s Diplomatic Preparations for the Creation of the First Balkan Alliance, 1861–1864. Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies 22, 1: 65-82.
  • Svolopoulos, Konstantinos. 2005. E Elliniki Exoteriki Politiki 1900-1945 [Greek Foreign Policy 1900-1945]. Athens: Vivliopoleion tis Estias.
  • Svolopoulos, Konstantinos. 2017. Elliniki Exoteriki Politiki 1830-1981 [Greek Foreign Policy]. Athens, GR, Vivliopoleion tis Estias.
  • Travlos, Konstantinos. 2019. Mobilization Follies in International Relations: A Multi-Method Exploration of Why Some Decision Makers Fail to Avoid War When Public Mobilization as a Bargaining Tool Fails. All Azimuth 8, 2: 359-385.
  • Travlos, Konstantinos. 2021. Insulating Peace: Managerial Coordination in Durable Security Complexes. International Studies Review 23, 4: 1442–1466.
  • Tsoucalas, Konstantinos. 2015. E kyvernisi Th. Diligianni. E krisi tis anatolikis Romylias kai oi politikes synepeies stin Ellada [The government of Theodoros Diligiannis and the Eastern Rumelia Crisis and the political consequences in Greece]. In Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous Tomos 32 [History of the Greek Nation Vol. 32], ed. Ioannis Bastias. Athens, GR, Ekdotiki Athinon and Parapolitika Ekdoseis: 24-30.
  • Valeriano, Brandon. 2003. The Steps to Rivalry: Power Politics and Rivalry Formation. PhD Dissertation, Vanderbilt University.
  • Vasquez, John A. 1998[1983]. The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
  • Vasquez, John A. 2009. The War Puzzle Revisited. New York, NY, Cambridge University Press.
  • Vasquez, John A. 2012. What Do We Know about War? In What do we Know about War, ed. John A. Vasquez. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: 301-330.
  • Vergopoulos, Kostas. 2015. O ananeomenos ethnismos [The renewed ethnicism]. In I. Bastias (ed.), Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous Tomos 23 [History of the Hellenic Nation Vol. 23], ed. Ioannis K. Bastias. Athens, GR, Ekdotiki Athinon and Parapolitika Ekdoseis: 56-60.
  • Zürcher, Eric J. 2010. The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Ataturk’s Turkey. New York NY, I. B. Tauris.

From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries

Year 2024, Online First, 1 - 22
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1546705

Abstract

Recent developments in the operationalization of mutual military buildups raise some questions about the findings of the quantitative literature on the association of mutual military buildups (MMB) and militarized dispute (MID) onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire and Greece-Turkey dyads. We use the novel data to evaluate that relationship, working within the Steps to War explanatory framework. The Greece-Ottoman Empire and Greece-Turkey cases are puzzles for the framework, since on the one had they have a frequent presence of the Steps to War but have far fewer wars than we would expect. Our analysis indicates that despite that puzzling incongruity the Greece - Ottoman Empire and Greece-Turkey cases are good fits for the Steps to War, except when it comes to the role of mutual military buildups. We find indicators that while the other factors of Steps to War have a positive combined association with MID onset, the inclusion of mutual military buildups renders such an association statistically insignificant. On the other hand, we do find indicators that mutual military buildups may contribute to the transition from Lesser to Severe Rivalry, as per the Steps to Rivalry. Finally, the dyads reach infection periods that make war more likely as per the Steps to War. But many expected wars do not take place. We posit two possible explanations for future research: deterrence, or major power managerial coordination.

References

  • Aksakal, Mustafa. 2008. The Ottoman Road to War in 1914: The Ottoman Empire and the First World War. Cambridge UK, Cambridge University Press.
  • Bayer, Reşat. 2023. Major Powers’ Management of Complex Peace Relationships. International Journal of Conflict Management, online ahead-of-print, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCMA-12-2022-0219
  • Benson, Brett V. 2011. Unpacking Alliances: Deterrent and Compellent Alliances and Their Relationship with Conflict, 1816–2000. The Journal of Politics 73, 4: 1111-1127.
  • Brauer, Jurgen. 2002. Survey and Review of the Defense Economics Literature on Greece and Turkey: What Have We Learned? Defence and Peace Economics 13, 2: 85-107.
  • Choulis, Ioannis, Marius Mehrl, and Konstantinos Ifantis. 2022.Arms Racing, Military Build-Ups and Dispute Intensity: Evidence from the Greek-Turkish Rivalry, 1985-2020. Defence and Peace Economics 33, 7: 779-804.
  • Christodoulidis, Theodoros A. 2004. Diplomatiki Istoria Trion Aionon Tomos. 2, Apo ti Vienni stis Versallies (1814-1919) [Diplomatic History of Three Centuries Volume 2, From Vienna to Versailles 1814-1919]. Athens, GR, I. Sideris.
  • Danilovic, Vesna. 2002. When the Stakes are High: Deterrence and Conflict among Major Powers. Ann Arbor MI, University of Michigan Press.
  • Diehl, Paul F. 1983. Arms Races and Escalation: A Closer Look. Journal of Peace Research 20, 3: 205-212.
  • Diehl, Paul F., and Gary Goertz. 2001. War and Peace in International Rivalry. Ann Arbor MI, University of Michigan Press.
  • Fakiolas, Efstathios T. 2012. How a Small State Expands: Grand Strategy and Greece’s Territorial Expansion in the Balkans and Asia Minor. New York, NY, Nova Science Publishers.
  • Fotakis, Zisis. 2005. Greek Naval Strategy and Policy 1910-1919. New York, NY, Routledge.
  • Frederick, Bryan A., Paul R. Hensel, and Christopher Macaulay. 2017. The Issue Correlates of War Territorial Claims Data, 1816–20011. Journal of Peace Research 54, 1: 99-108.
  • Gibler, Douglas M., Toby J. Rider, and Marc L. Hutchison. 2005. Taking Arms against a Sea of Troubles: Conventional Arms Races during Periods of Rivalry. Journal of Peace Research 42, 2: 131–147.
  • Goertz, Gary, Paul F, Diehl and Alexandru Balas. 2016. The Puzzle of Peace: The Evolution of Peace in the International System. Oxford UK, Oxford University Press.
  • Hensel, R. Paul. 1996. Charting a Course to Conflict: Territorial Issue and Interstate Conflict, 1816-1992. Conflict Management and Peace Science 15, 1: 43–73.
  • Ifantis, Kostas. 2018. Greece’s Strategy and Perceptions towards Turkey: The End of Consensus and the Return of History?, International Relations, 15, 58: 93-106.
  • Jann, Ben. 2014. Plotting Regression Coefficients and Other Estimates. The Stata Journal 14, 4: 708-737.
  • Kadera. Kelly M., and Sara M. Mitchell. 2005. Heeding Ray's Advice: An Exegesis on Control Variables in Systemic Democratic Peace Research. Conflict Management and Peace Science 22, 4: 311-326.
  • Kenwick, Michael R., John A. Vasquez, and Matthew A. Powers. 2015. Do Alliances Really Deter? The Journal of Politics 77,4: 943-954
  • Klapsis, Antonis. 2019. “Sto klouvi tis Ellados tis stenis mas kleismenoi”: politiki kai diplomatia tis ellinikis ethnikis oloklirosis 1821-1923 [Closed in the Cage of a Narrow Greece: Politics and Diplomacy of the Greek National Unification 1821-1923]. Athens, GR, Pedio.
  • Kofos, Evangelos. 2015. E voulgariki exegersi, o servotourkikos polemos kai o Ellinismos [The Bulgarian Revolt, the Serbo-Ottoman War and Hellenism]. In Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous Tomos 31 (History of the Hellenic Nation Vol. 31), ed. Ioannis Bastias. Athens, GR, Ekdotiki Athinon and Parapolitika Ekdoseis: 56-59.
  • Leeds, Brett A., Jeffrey M. Ritter, Sara M. Mitchell and Andrew G. Long. 2002. Alliance Treaty Obligations and Provisions, 1815–1944. International Interactions 28, 3: 237-260.
  • Louvri, Lina. 2004. To Ethniko Zitima: ‘Slavikos Kindynos’ kai Elliniki Exoteriki Politiki [The National Issue, the “Slavic Threat” and Greek Foreign Policy]. In Istoria tou Neou Ellinismou Tomos 5os [History of Neo-Hellenism Vol. 5], ed. Vasileios Panagiotopoulos. Athens, GR, Ellinika Grammata: 37-43.
  • Malesis, Dimitris. 2018.“n’ anapsei e epanastasis”: Megali Idea kai Stratos ton 19o Aiona [Let the Revolution Ignite: The Megali Idea and the Army in 19th century]. Athens, GR, Ekdoseis Asini.
  • Malesis, Dimitris. 2022. Itta, Thriamvos, Katastrofi: O Stratos sto Elliniko Kratos apo to 1898 eos to 1922 [Defeat, Triumph, Catastrophe: The Army in the Greek State from 1898 to 1922]. Athens and Thessaloniki, GR, Epikentro and To Vima.
  • Markovich, Slobodan G. 2020. History of Hellenic-Serbian (Yugoslav) alliances from Karageorge to the Balkan Pact 1817-1954. Balcanica 51: 143-181.
  • Maroniti, Niki. 2003. E epochi tou Georgiou A’: politiki ananeosi kai alytrotismos [The era of Georgios A’: political renewal and irredentism]. In Istoria tou Neou Ellinismou 1770-2000 Tomos 5os [History of Neo-Hellenism 1770-2000 Vol. 5], ed. Vasilis Panagiotopoulos. Athens: Ellinika Grammata: 9-36. p. 18-19
  • Maroniti, Niki. 2009. Politiki Exousia kai “Ethniko Zitima” stin Ellada, 1880-1910 [Political Power and the National Issue in Greece, 1880-1910]. Athens, GR, Alexandreia Publications.
  • Mitchell, Sara M., and John A. Vasquez. 2021. What Do We Know about War. In What do We Known About War, eds. Sara McLaughlin Mitchell and John A. Vasquez, New York, Rowman and Littlefield: 319-342.
  • Nioutsikos, Ioannis, Konstantinos Travlos, and Magdalini Daskalopoulou. 2023. Breaking the Stalemate in the study of the relationship of Mutual Military Buildups, Arms Races and Militarized Disputes: The Greece - Turkey/Ottoman Empire Cases. All Azimuth 12, 2: 175-194.
  • Palmer, Glen, Vito D’ Orazio, Michael Kenwick, and Matthew Lane. 2015.The MID4 Data Set, 2002-2010. Conflict Management and Peace Science 32, 2: 222-242.
  • Palmer, Glen, Roseanne W. McManus, Vito D’ Orazio, Michael R. Kenwick, Mikaela Karstens, Chase Bloch, Nick Dietrich, Kayla Kahn, Kellan Ritter, and Michael J. Soules. 2020. The MID5 Dataset, 2011-2014: Procedures, Coding Rules, and Description. Conflict Management and Peace Science 39, 4: 470-482.
  • Papasotiriou, Charalambos. 1997. E Poreia tis Neoellinikis Ipsilis Stratigikis [The Course of the Neo-Hellenic Grand Strategy]. Aeroporiki Epitheorisi 53: 42-62.
  • Rider, Toby J., Michael G. Findley, and Paul F. Diehl. 2011. Just Part of the Game? Arms Races, Rivalry, and War. Journal of Peace Research 48, 1: 85–100.
  • Rudkevich, Gennady, Konstantinos Travlos, and Paul F. Diehl. 2013.Terminated or Just Interrupted? How the End of a Rivalry Plants the Seeds for Future Conflict. Social Science Quarterly 94, 1: 158-174.
  • Sample, Susan G. 1997. Arms Races and Dispute Escalation: Resolving the Debate. Journal of Peace Research 34, 1: 7-22.
  • Sample, Susan G. 1998. Military Buildups, War, and Realpolitik: A Multivariate Model. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, 2: 156–175.
  • Sample, Susan G. 2002. The Outcomes of Military Buildups: Minor States vs. Major Powers. Journal of Peace Research 39, 6: 669–691.
  • Sarkees, Meredith R. and Frank Wayman. 2010. Resort to War: 1816 –2007. Washington DC, CQ Press.
  • Senese, Paul D. and John A. Vasquez. 2008. The Steps to War. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Sert, Deniz Ş. and Konstantinos Travlos. 2018. Making a Case over Greco-Turkish Rivalry: Major Power Linkages and Rivalry Strength. Uluslararası İlişkiler 15, 59: 105-127.
  • Singer, David J., Stuart Bremer, and John Stuckey. 1972.Capability Distribution, Uncertainty, and Major Power War, 1820-1965. In Peace, War, and Numbers, ed. Bruce Russett. Beverly Hills CA, Sage: 19-48.
  • Singer, David J. 1988. Reconstructing the Correlates of War Dataset on Material Capabilities of States, 1816-1985. International Interactions 14, 2: 115-132.
  • Skopetea, Elli. 1988. To Protypo Vasileio” kai e Megali Idea: opseis tou ethnikou provlimatos stin Ellada, 1830-1880 [The Model Kingdom and the Megali Idea: aspects of the national problem in Greece 1830-1880]. Athens, GR, Ekdoseis Polytypo.
  • Sotirovic, Vladislav B. 2008. Serbia’s Diplomatic Preparations for the Creation of the First Balkan Alliance, 1861–1864. Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies 22, 1: 65-82.
  • Svolopoulos, Konstantinos. 2005. E Elliniki Exoteriki Politiki 1900-1945 [Greek Foreign Policy 1900-1945]. Athens: Vivliopoleion tis Estias.
  • Svolopoulos, Konstantinos. 2017. Elliniki Exoteriki Politiki 1830-1981 [Greek Foreign Policy]. Athens, GR, Vivliopoleion tis Estias.
  • Travlos, Konstantinos. 2019. Mobilization Follies in International Relations: A Multi-Method Exploration of Why Some Decision Makers Fail to Avoid War When Public Mobilization as a Bargaining Tool Fails. All Azimuth 8, 2: 359-385.
  • Travlos, Konstantinos. 2021. Insulating Peace: Managerial Coordination in Durable Security Complexes. International Studies Review 23, 4: 1442–1466.
  • Tsoucalas, Konstantinos. 2015. E kyvernisi Th. Diligianni. E krisi tis anatolikis Romylias kai oi politikes synepeies stin Ellada [The government of Theodoros Diligiannis and the Eastern Rumelia Crisis and the political consequences in Greece]. In Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous Tomos 32 [History of the Greek Nation Vol. 32], ed. Ioannis Bastias. Athens, GR, Ekdotiki Athinon and Parapolitika Ekdoseis: 24-30.
  • Valeriano, Brandon. 2003. The Steps to Rivalry: Power Politics and Rivalry Formation. PhD Dissertation, Vanderbilt University.
  • Vasquez, John A. 1998[1983]. The Power of Power Politics: From Classical Realism to Neotraditionalism. Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press.
  • Vasquez, John A. 2009. The War Puzzle Revisited. New York, NY, Cambridge University Press.
  • Vasquez, John A. 2012. What Do We Know about War? In What do we Know about War, ed. John A. Vasquez. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers: 301-330.
  • Vergopoulos, Kostas. 2015. O ananeomenos ethnismos [The renewed ethnicism]. In I. Bastias (ed.), Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous Tomos 23 [History of the Hellenic Nation Vol. 23], ed. Ioannis K. Bastias. Athens, GR, Ekdotiki Athinon and Parapolitika Ekdoseis: 56-60.
  • Zürcher, Eric J. 2010. The Young Turk Legacy and Nation Building: From the Ottoman Empire to Ataturk’s Turkey. New York NY, I. B. Tauris.
There are 56 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ioannis Nioutsikos This is me 0009-0009-1209-4407

Konstantinos Travlos This is me 0000-0003-1383-4197

Magdalini Daskalopoulou This is me

Early Pub Date September 18, 2024
Publication Date
Published in Issue Year 2024 Online First

Cite

APA Nioutsikos, I., Travlos, K., & Daskalopoulou, M. (2024). From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi1-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1546705
AMA Nioutsikos I, Travlos K, Daskalopoulou M. From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries. uidergisi. Published online September 1, 2024:1-22. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1546705
Chicago Nioutsikos, Ioannis, Konstantinos Travlos, and Magdalini Daskalopoulou. “From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, September (September 2024), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1546705.
EndNote Nioutsikos I, Travlos K, Daskalopoulou M (September 1, 2024) From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 1–22.
IEEE I. Nioutsikos, K. Travlos, and M. Daskalopoulou, “From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries”, uidergisi, pp. 1–22, September 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1546705.
ISNAD Nioutsikos, Ioannis et al. “From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. September 2024. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1546705.
JAMA Nioutsikos I, Travlos K, Daskalopoulou M. From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries. uidergisi. 2024;:1–22.
MLA Nioutsikos, Ioannis et al. “From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 2024, pp. 1-22, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1546705.
Vancouver Nioutsikos I, Travlos K, Daskalopoulou M. From Arming to Fighting? The Steps to War, Mutual Military Buildups and Dispute Onset in the Greece-Ottoman Empire/Turkey Rivalries. uidergisi. 2024:1-22.