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How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 82, 117 - 133, 12.06.2024

Sinan Baran

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1470400

Abstract

The recent African scramble has resulted in uneven and combined development (UCD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) throughout the 21st century due to unequal exchange. South Africa plays a sub-imperial role in this scramble in SSA. It both exploits and is exploited. The mining industry in South Africa has attracted interest from colonial powers, English-speaking businesses, and foreign investors, making it a highly lucrative sector. Furthermore, most black South Africans have been employed in the mining industry since the late 19th century. Over the past 25 years, the African National Congress government has utilised the mining industry to achieve economic transformation through black economic empowerment policies. This study proposes that the mining sector in South Africa is responsible for the ongoing UCD, despite receiving new investments and empowerment policies. South Africa’s inclusion in BRICS has broadened its range of international partners beyond its traditional Western or African counterparts. However, South Africa’s decision to join the BRICS group in 2011 has not yet yielded the expected transformation in the country’s economy and growth. As a result, it is uncertain whether South Africa’s BRICS membership has addressed the country’s persistent problem of UCD. This study argues that South Africa’s BRICS membership has exacerbated UCD in the country. This study proposes that Trotsky’s UCD analytical framework is useful for analysing South Africa’s policy choice to join BRICS, which strengthens its sub-imperial role.

Keywords

Unequal Exchange Sub-imperialism Mining Industry Economic Transformation Transnational Capital

References

  • Allinson, Jamie C, and Alexander Anievas. 2009. The Uses and Misuses of Uneven and Combined Development: An Anatomy of a Concept. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22, 1: 47–67.
  • Allinson, Jamie C, and Alexander Anievas. 2010. Approaching “the International” Beyond Political Marxism. In Marxism and World Politics: Contesting Global Capitalism, ed. Alexander Anievas. London, Routledge: 197–214.
  • Amisi, Barutu, Patrick Bond, Richard Kamidza, Farai Maguwu, and Bobby Peek. 2015. BRICS Corporate Snapshots during African Extractivism. In BRICS: An Anticapitalist Critique, eds. Ana Garcia and Patrick Bond. Chicago, Haymarket Books: 97–116.
  • Anievas, Alexander, and Kerem Nisancioglu. 2014. The Poverty of Political Marxism. International Socialist Review, Fall.
  • Anievas, Alexander, and Kerem Nisancioglu. 2015. How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism. 1st edition. London, Pluto Press.
  • Antunes de Oliveira, Felipe. 2019. The Rise of the Latin American Far-Right Explained: Dependency Theory Meets Uneven and Combined Development. Globalizations 16, 7: 1145–1164.
  • Antunes de Oliveira, Felipe. 2021. Of Economic Whips and Political Necessities: A Contribution to the International Political Economy of Uneven and Combined Development. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 34, 2: 267–95.
  • Ashman, Sam. 2009. Capitalism, Uneven and Combined Development and the Transhistoric. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22, 1: 29–46.
  • Ashman, Sam. 2012. Combined and Uneven Development. In The Elgar Companion to Marxist Economics, eds. Ben Fine, Alfredo Saad-Filho, and Marco Boffo. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Pub.: 60–65.
  • Ashman, Sam. 2023. The Uneven and Combined Development of Racial Capitalism and South Africa’s Changing Race-Class Articulations. Global Political Economy 2, 1: 37–57.
  • Ashman, Sam, Ben Fine, and Susan Newman. 2011. The Crisis in South Africa: Neoliberalism, Financialization and Uneven and Combined Development. Socialist Register 47. https:// socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/14326.
  • Asuelime, Lucky E. 2018a. The Cons of South Africa’s Membership in a China-Led BRICS: An Appraisal. Journal of African Union Studies 7, 1: 115–28.
  • Asuelime, Lucky E. 2018b. The Pros of South Africa’s Membership of BRICS: A Re-Appraisal. Journal of African Union Studies 7, 1: 129–50.
  • Avci, Akif. 2022. The New Regime of Free Trade and Transnational Capital in Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 24, 1: 78–96.
  • Bieler, Andreas, and Adam David Morton. 2014. Uneven and Combined Development and Unequal Exchange: The Second Wind of Neoliberal “Free Trade”? Globalizations 11, 1: 35–45.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2000. Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism in South Africa. 1st edition. London, Pluto Press.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2008. Global Uneven Development, Primitive Accumulation and Political-Economic Conflict in Africa: The Return of the Theory of Imperialism. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 4, 1: 1–14.
  • How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond? Bond, Patrick. 2013. Sub-Imperialism as Lubricant of Neoliberalism: South African “deputy Sheriff” Duty within BRICS. Third World Quarterly 34, 2: 251–270.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2015. BRICS and the Sub-Imperial Location. In BRICS: An Anticapitalist Critique, eds. Ana Garcia and Patrick Bond. Chicago, Haymarket Books: 15–26.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2018. East-West/North-South – or Imperial-Subimperial? The BRICS, Global Governance and Capital Accumulation. Human Geography 11, 2: 1–18.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2022. Leaning on the BRICS as a Geopolitical Counterweight Leads Only to Faux- Polyarchic, Subimperial “Spalling”. Journal of World-Systems Research 28, 1: 146–152.
  • Bond, Patrick, and Ashwin Desai. 2006. Explaining Uneven and Combined Development in South Africa. In 100 Years of Permanent Revolution: Results and Prospects, eds. Bill Dunn and Hugo Radice. London: Pluto Press: 230–244.
  • Brown, William. 2018. Still One Size Fits All? Uneven and Combined Development and African Gatekeeper States. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 3, 3: 325–346.
  • Carmody, Pádraig. 2012. Another BRIC in the Wall? South Africa’s Developmental Impact and Contradictory Rise in Africa and Beyond. The European Journal of Development Research 24, 2: 223–241.
  • Carmody, Pádraig. 2016. The New Scramble for Africa. 2nd edition. Malden, Polity.
  • Carmody, Pádraig. 2017. The Geopolitics and Economics of BRICS’ Resource and Market Access in Southern Africa: Aiding Development or Creating Dependency? Journal of Southern African Studies 43, 5: 863–877.
  • Chancel, Lucas, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman. 2022. World Inequality Report 2022. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
  • Claar, Simone. 2018. International Trade Policy and Class Dynamics in South Africa: The Economic Partnership Agreement. Cham, Springer International Publishing.
  • D’Costa, Anthony P. 2023. Closed Loop, Open Borders: Wealth Inequality and Uneven and Combined Development In India. Journal of Contemporary Asia 53, 4: 668–692.
  • Davidson, Neil. 2006. From Uneven to Combined Development. In 100 Years of Permanent Revolution: Results and Prospects, eds. Bill Dunn and Hugo Radice. London, Pluto Press: 10–26.
  • Denemark, Robert A. 2021. Uneven and Combined Development, International Political Economy, and World-Systems Analysis. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 34, 2: 328–337.
  • Fine, Ben, and Zavareh Rustomjee. 1996. The Political Economy of South Africa: From Minerals- Energy Complex to Industrialisation. London, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
  • Freeman, Linda. 2022. South Africa and Zimbabwe. In New Leaders, New Dawns? South Africa and Zimbabwe under Cyril Ramaphosa and Emmerson Mnangagwa, eds. Chris Brown, David Moore, and Blair Rutherford. Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press: 29–57.
  • Garcia, Ana, and Patrick Bond. 2019. Amplifying the Contradictions: The Centrifugal BRICS. Socialist Register 55. https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/30948.
  • Hardy, Jane. 2017. China’s Place in the Global Divisions of Labour: An Uneven and Combined Development Perspective. Globalizations 14, 2: 189–201.
  • Hobson, John M. 2011. What’s at Stake in the Neo-Trotskyist Debate? Towards a Non-Eurocentric Historical Sociology of Uneven and Combined Development. Millennium 40, 1: 147–166.
  • Kıprızlı, Göktuğ. 2022. Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Uluslararası İlişkiler 19, 75: 65–82.
  • LaFranco, Rob. 2023. Africa’s Richest People 2023. Forbes Africa, February 18. https://www. forbesafrica.com/billionaires/2023/02/18/africas-richest-people-2023/.
  • Lenin, Vladimir İlyiç. 2009. Emperyalizm Kapitalizmin En Yüksek Aşaması. Trans. Cemal Süreya. 12th ed. Ankara, Sol Yayınları.
  • Linklater, Andrew, and André Saramago. 2022. Marxism. In Theories of International Relations, eds. Richard Devetak and Jacqui True. London, Red Globe Press: 97–118.
  • Löwy, Michael. 2010. The Politics of Combined and Uneven Development: The Theory of Permanent Revolution. Chicago, Haymarket Books.
  • Marshall, Judith. 2022. BRICS and South-South Cooperation. In New Leaders, New Dawns? South Africa and Zimbabwe under Cyril Ramaphosa and Emmerson Mnangagwa, eds. Chris Brown, David Moore, and Blair Rutherford, Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press: 78–112.
  • Martin, William G. 2013. South Africa and the “New Scramble for Africa”: Imperialist, Sub-Imperialist, or Victim? Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy 2, 2: 161–188.
  • Minerals Council South Africa. 2023. Fact & Figures Pocketbook 2022. Johannesburg: Minerals Council South Africa. https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/industry-news/publications/facts- and-figures.
  • Neethling, Theo. 2017. South Africa’s Foreign Policy and the BRICS Formation: Reflections on the Quest for the “Right” Economic-Diplomatic Strategy. Insight on Africa 9, 1: 39–61.
  • Qobo, Mzukisi, and Memory Dube. 2015. South Africa’s Foreign Economic Strategies in a Changing Global System. South African Journal of International Affairs 22, 2: 145–164.
  • Pal, Maia. 2017. Marxism. In International Relations Theory, eds. Stephen McGlinchey, Rosie Walters, and Christian Scheinpflug. Bristol, E-International Relations: 42-48.
  • Pradella, Lucia. 2021. Karl Marx (1818-1883). In Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism, eds. Alex Callinicos, Stathis Kouvelakis, and Lucia Pradella. New York, Routledge: 25-40.
  • Pröbsting, Michael. 2016. Capitalism Today and the Law of Uneven Development: The Marxist Tradition and Its Application in the Present Historic Period. Critique 44, 4: 381–418.
  • Robinson, William I. 2015. The Transnational State and the BRICS: A Global Capitalism Perspective. Third World Quarterly 36, 1: 1–21.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2010. Basic Problems in the Theory of Uneven and Combined Development. Part II: Unevenness and Political Multiplicity. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 23, 1: 165–189.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2013a. Kenneth Waltz and Leon Trotsky: Anarchy in the Mirror of Uneven and Combined Development. International Politics 50, 2: 183–230.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2013b. The “Philosophical Premises” of Uneven and Combined Development. Review of International Studies 39, 3: 569–597.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2016. Uneven and Combined Development: “The International” in Theory and History. In Historical Sociology and World History: Uneven and Combined Development over the Longue Durée, eds. Alexander Anievas and Kamran Matin. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield: 17-30.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2021. Results and Prospects: An Introduction to the CRIA Special Issue on UCD. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 34, 2: 146–163.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2022. Uneven and Combined Development: A Defense of the General Abstraction. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 35, 3: 267–290.
  • How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond? Rosenberg, Justin, Ayşe Zarakol, David Blagden, Olivia Rutazibwa, Kevin Gray, Olaf Corry, Kamran Matin, Felipe Antunes de Oliveira, and Luke Cooper. 2022. Debating Uneven and Combined Development/Debating International Relations: A Forum. Millennium 50, 2: 291–327.
  • Rupert, Mark. 2007. Marxism. In International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Martin Griffiths. London, Routledge: 35-46.
  • Saunders, Richard. 2022. Truncated Transitions. In New Leaders, New Dawns? South Africa and Zimbabwe under Cyril Ramaphosa and Emmerson Mnangagwa, eds. Chris Brown, David Moore, and Blair Rutherford. Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press: 302-323.
  • Shelton, Garth, and Claude Kabemba. 2012. Win Win Partnership? China, Southern Africa and Extractive Industries. Johannesburg, Southern African Resource Watch (SARW). https://www. eldis.org/document/A70503.
  • Tansel, Cemal Burak. 2015. Deafening Silence? Marxism, International Historical Sociology and the Spectre of Eurocentrism. European Journal of International Relations 21, 1: 76–100.
  • Taylor, Ian. 2014. Africa Rising?: BRICS - Diversifying Dependency. Oxford, James Currey.
  • Taylor, Ian. 2016. “Meet the New Boss - Same as the Old Boss”: South Africa’s Transition as Embourgeoisement. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos = Brazilian Journal of African Studies 1, 1: 11–39.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2008. Marxism. In The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, eds. Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 163-187.
  • Trotsky, Leon. 2000. History of the Russian Revolution: Volume One. Marxists Internet Archive. Trotsky, Leon. 2010. The Permanent Revolution & Results and Prospects. Revised edition. Seattle, Red Letter Press.
  • Van der Merwe, Justin. 2016a. The BRICS Puzzle: Rise of the Non-West or Veiled Sub-Imperialism?
  • In Africa’s Growing Role in World Politics, eds. Alexander Zhukov and Tatiana Deych. Lac- Beauport, MeaBooks Inc.: 145-162.
  • Van der Merwe, Justin. 2016b. Theorising Emerging Powers in Africa within the Western-Led System of Accumulation. In Emerging Powers in Africa: A New Wave in the Relationship?, eds. Justin van der Merwe, Ian Taylor, and Alexandra Arkhangelskaya. Cham, Springer International Publishing: 17-38.
  • Wenzel, Nadine. 2014. BRICS Corporates: In Collaboration or in Competition in Africa? Case Studies from the South African Mining Industry. South African Journal of International Affairs 21, 3: 431–448.
  • Yalvaç, Faruk, and Öznur Akcalı. 2023. The Cultural Dilemmas of Uneven and Combined Development (UCD): “The Biggest Agony of the Turkish Spirit”. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 0, 0: 1–22.

How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 82, 117 - 133, 12.06.2024

Sinan Baran

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1470400

Abstract

The recent African scramble has resulted in uneven and combined development (UCD) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) throughout the 21st century due to unequal exchange. South Africa plays a sub-imperial role in this scramble in SSA. It both exploits and is exploited. The mining industry in South Africa has attracted interest from colonial powers, English-speaking businesses, and foreign investors, making it a highly lucrative sector. Furthermore, most black South Africans have been employed in the mining industry since the late 19th century. Over the past 25 years, the African National Congress government has utilised the mining industry to achieve economic transformation through black economic empowerment policies. This study proposes that the mining sector in South Africa is responsible for the ongoing UCD, despite receiving new investments and empowerment policies. South Africa’s inclusion in BRICS has broadened its range of international partners beyond its traditional Western or African counterparts. However, South Africa’s decision to join the BRICS group in 2011 has not yet yielded the expected transformation in the country’s economy and growth. As a result, it is uncertain whether South Africa’s BRICS membership has addressed the country’s persistent problem of UCD. This study argues that South Africa’s BRICS membership has exacerbated UCD in the country. This study proposes that Trotsky’s UCD analytical framework is useful for analysing South Africa’s policy choice to join BRICS, which strengthens its sub-imperial role.

Keywords

Unequal Exchange Sub-imperialism Mining Industry Economic Transformation Transnational Capital

References

  • Allinson, Jamie C, and Alexander Anievas. 2009. The Uses and Misuses of Uneven and Combined Development: An Anatomy of a Concept. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22, 1: 47–67.
  • Allinson, Jamie C, and Alexander Anievas. 2010. Approaching “the International” Beyond Political Marxism. In Marxism and World Politics: Contesting Global Capitalism, ed. Alexander Anievas. London, Routledge: 197–214.
  • Amisi, Barutu, Patrick Bond, Richard Kamidza, Farai Maguwu, and Bobby Peek. 2015. BRICS Corporate Snapshots during African Extractivism. In BRICS: An Anticapitalist Critique, eds. Ana Garcia and Patrick Bond. Chicago, Haymarket Books: 97–116.
  • Anievas, Alexander, and Kerem Nisancioglu. 2014. The Poverty of Political Marxism. International Socialist Review, Fall.
  • Anievas, Alexander, and Kerem Nisancioglu. 2015. How the West Came to Rule: The Geopolitical Origins of Capitalism. 1st edition. London, Pluto Press.
  • Antunes de Oliveira, Felipe. 2019. The Rise of the Latin American Far-Right Explained: Dependency Theory Meets Uneven and Combined Development. Globalizations 16, 7: 1145–1164.
  • Antunes de Oliveira, Felipe. 2021. Of Economic Whips and Political Necessities: A Contribution to the International Political Economy of Uneven and Combined Development. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 34, 2: 267–95.
  • Ashman, Sam. 2009. Capitalism, Uneven and Combined Development and the Transhistoric. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 22, 1: 29–46.
  • Ashman, Sam. 2012. Combined and Uneven Development. In The Elgar Companion to Marxist Economics, eds. Ben Fine, Alfredo Saad-Filho, and Marco Boffo. Cheltenham, Edward Elgar Pub.: 60–65.
  • Ashman, Sam. 2023. The Uneven and Combined Development of Racial Capitalism and South Africa’s Changing Race-Class Articulations. Global Political Economy 2, 1: 37–57.
  • Ashman, Sam, Ben Fine, and Susan Newman. 2011. The Crisis in South Africa: Neoliberalism, Financialization and Uneven and Combined Development. Socialist Register 47. https:// socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/14326.
  • Asuelime, Lucky E. 2018a. The Cons of South Africa’s Membership in a China-Led BRICS: An Appraisal. Journal of African Union Studies 7, 1: 115–28.
  • Asuelime, Lucky E. 2018b. The Pros of South Africa’s Membership of BRICS: A Re-Appraisal. Journal of African Union Studies 7, 1: 129–50.
  • Avci, Akif. 2022. The New Regime of Free Trade and Transnational Capital in Turkey. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 24, 1: 78–96.
  • Bieler, Andreas, and Adam David Morton. 2014. Uneven and Combined Development and Unequal Exchange: The Second Wind of Neoliberal “Free Trade”? Globalizations 11, 1: 35–45.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2000. Elite Transition: From Apartheid to Neoliberalism in South Africa. 1st edition. London, Pluto Press.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2008. Global Uneven Development, Primitive Accumulation and Political-Economic Conflict in Africa: The Return of the Theory of Imperialism. Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 4, 1: 1–14.
  • How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond? Bond, Patrick. 2013. Sub-Imperialism as Lubricant of Neoliberalism: South African “deputy Sheriff” Duty within BRICS. Third World Quarterly 34, 2: 251–270.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2015. BRICS and the Sub-Imperial Location. In BRICS: An Anticapitalist Critique, eds. Ana Garcia and Patrick Bond. Chicago, Haymarket Books: 15–26.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2018. East-West/North-South – or Imperial-Subimperial? The BRICS, Global Governance and Capital Accumulation. Human Geography 11, 2: 1–18.
  • Bond, Patrick. 2022. Leaning on the BRICS as a Geopolitical Counterweight Leads Only to Faux- Polyarchic, Subimperial “Spalling”. Journal of World-Systems Research 28, 1: 146–152.
  • Bond, Patrick, and Ashwin Desai. 2006. Explaining Uneven and Combined Development in South Africa. In 100 Years of Permanent Revolution: Results and Prospects, eds. Bill Dunn and Hugo Radice. London: Pluto Press: 230–244.
  • Brown, William. 2018. Still One Size Fits All? Uneven and Combined Development and African Gatekeeper States. Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal 3, 3: 325–346.
  • Carmody, Pádraig. 2012. Another BRIC in the Wall? South Africa’s Developmental Impact and Contradictory Rise in Africa and Beyond. The European Journal of Development Research 24, 2: 223–241.
  • Carmody, Pádraig. 2016. The New Scramble for Africa. 2nd edition. Malden, Polity.
  • Carmody, Pádraig. 2017. The Geopolitics and Economics of BRICS’ Resource and Market Access in Southern Africa: Aiding Development or Creating Dependency? Journal of Southern African Studies 43, 5: 863–877.
  • Chancel, Lucas, Thomas Piketty, Emmanuel Saez, and Gabriel Zucman. 2022. World Inequality Report 2022. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
  • Claar, Simone. 2018. International Trade Policy and Class Dynamics in South Africa: The Economic Partnership Agreement. Cham, Springer International Publishing.
  • D’Costa, Anthony P. 2023. Closed Loop, Open Borders: Wealth Inequality and Uneven and Combined Development In India. Journal of Contemporary Asia 53, 4: 668–692.
  • Davidson, Neil. 2006. From Uneven to Combined Development. In 100 Years of Permanent Revolution: Results and Prospects, eds. Bill Dunn and Hugo Radice. London, Pluto Press: 10–26.
  • Denemark, Robert A. 2021. Uneven and Combined Development, International Political Economy, and World-Systems Analysis. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 34, 2: 328–337.
  • Fine, Ben, and Zavareh Rustomjee. 1996. The Political Economy of South Africa: From Minerals- Energy Complex to Industrialisation. London, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers.
  • Freeman, Linda. 2022. South Africa and Zimbabwe. In New Leaders, New Dawns? South Africa and Zimbabwe under Cyril Ramaphosa and Emmerson Mnangagwa, eds. Chris Brown, David Moore, and Blair Rutherford. Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press: 29–57.
  • Garcia, Ana, and Patrick Bond. 2019. Amplifying the Contradictions: The Centrifugal BRICS. Socialist Register 55. https://socialistregister.com/index.php/srv/article/view/30948.
  • Hardy, Jane. 2017. China’s Place in the Global Divisions of Labour: An Uneven and Combined Development Perspective. Globalizations 14, 2: 189–201.
  • Hobson, John M. 2011. What’s at Stake in the Neo-Trotskyist Debate? Towards a Non-Eurocentric Historical Sociology of Uneven and Combined Development. Millennium 40, 1: 147–166.
  • Kıprızlı, Göktuğ. 2022. Through the Lenses of Morality and Responsibility: BRICS, Climate Change and Sustainable Development. Uluslararası İlişkiler 19, 75: 65–82.
  • LaFranco, Rob. 2023. Africa’s Richest People 2023. Forbes Africa, February 18. https://www. forbesafrica.com/billionaires/2023/02/18/africas-richest-people-2023/.
  • Lenin, Vladimir İlyiç. 2009. Emperyalizm Kapitalizmin En Yüksek Aşaması. Trans. Cemal Süreya. 12th ed. Ankara, Sol Yayınları.
  • Linklater, Andrew, and André Saramago. 2022. Marxism. In Theories of International Relations, eds. Richard Devetak and Jacqui True. London, Red Globe Press: 97–118.
  • Löwy, Michael. 2010. The Politics of Combined and Uneven Development: The Theory of Permanent Revolution. Chicago, Haymarket Books.
  • Marshall, Judith. 2022. BRICS and South-South Cooperation. In New Leaders, New Dawns? South Africa and Zimbabwe under Cyril Ramaphosa and Emmerson Mnangagwa, eds. Chris Brown, David Moore, and Blair Rutherford, Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press: 78–112.
  • Martin, William G. 2013. South Africa and the “New Scramble for Africa”: Imperialist, Sub-Imperialist, or Victim? Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy 2, 2: 161–188.
  • Minerals Council South Africa. 2023. Fact & Figures Pocketbook 2022. Johannesburg: Minerals Council South Africa. https://www.mineralscouncil.org.za/industry-news/publications/facts- and-figures.
  • Neethling, Theo. 2017. South Africa’s Foreign Policy and the BRICS Formation: Reflections on the Quest for the “Right” Economic-Diplomatic Strategy. Insight on Africa 9, 1: 39–61.
  • Qobo, Mzukisi, and Memory Dube. 2015. South Africa’s Foreign Economic Strategies in a Changing Global System. South African Journal of International Affairs 22, 2: 145–164.
  • Pal, Maia. 2017. Marxism. In International Relations Theory, eds. Stephen McGlinchey, Rosie Walters, and Christian Scheinpflug. Bristol, E-International Relations: 42-48.
  • Pradella, Lucia. 2021. Karl Marx (1818-1883). In Routledge Handbook of Marxism and Post-Marxism, eds. Alex Callinicos, Stathis Kouvelakis, and Lucia Pradella. New York, Routledge: 25-40.
  • Pröbsting, Michael. 2016. Capitalism Today and the Law of Uneven Development: The Marxist Tradition and Its Application in the Present Historic Period. Critique 44, 4: 381–418.
  • Robinson, William I. 2015. The Transnational State and the BRICS: A Global Capitalism Perspective. Third World Quarterly 36, 1: 1–21.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2010. Basic Problems in the Theory of Uneven and Combined Development. Part II: Unevenness and Political Multiplicity. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 23, 1: 165–189.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2013a. Kenneth Waltz and Leon Trotsky: Anarchy in the Mirror of Uneven and Combined Development. International Politics 50, 2: 183–230.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2013b. The “Philosophical Premises” of Uneven and Combined Development. Review of International Studies 39, 3: 569–597.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2016. Uneven and Combined Development: “The International” in Theory and History. In Historical Sociology and World History: Uneven and Combined Development over the Longue Durée, eds. Alexander Anievas and Kamran Matin. Lanham, Rowman & Littlefield: 17-30.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2021. Results and Prospects: An Introduction to the CRIA Special Issue on UCD. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 34, 2: 146–163.
  • Rosenberg, Justin. 2022. Uneven and Combined Development: A Defense of the General Abstraction. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 35, 3: 267–290.
  • How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond? Rosenberg, Justin, Ayşe Zarakol, David Blagden, Olivia Rutazibwa, Kevin Gray, Olaf Corry, Kamran Matin, Felipe Antunes de Oliveira, and Luke Cooper. 2022. Debating Uneven and Combined Development/Debating International Relations: A Forum. Millennium 50, 2: 291–327.
  • Rupert, Mark. 2007. Marxism. In International Relations Theory for the Twenty-First Century, ed. Martin Griffiths. London, Routledge: 35-46.
  • Saunders, Richard. 2022. Truncated Transitions. In New Leaders, New Dawns? South Africa and Zimbabwe under Cyril Ramaphosa and Emmerson Mnangagwa, eds. Chris Brown, David Moore, and Blair Rutherford. Montreal & Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press: 302-323.
  • Shelton, Garth, and Claude Kabemba. 2012. Win Win Partnership? China, Southern Africa and Extractive Industries. Johannesburg, Southern African Resource Watch (SARW). https://www. eldis.org/document/A70503.
  • Tansel, Cemal Burak. 2015. Deafening Silence? Marxism, International Historical Sociology and the Spectre of Eurocentrism. European Journal of International Relations 21, 1: 76–100.
  • Taylor, Ian. 2014. Africa Rising?: BRICS - Diversifying Dependency. Oxford, James Currey.
  • Taylor, Ian. 2016. “Meet the New Boss - Same as the Old Boss”: South Africa’s Transition as Embourgeoisement. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos = Brazilian Journal of African Studies 1, 1: 11–39.
  • Teschke, Benno. 2008. Marxism. In The Oxford Handbook of International Relations, eds. Christian Reus-Smit and Duncan Snidal. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 163-187.
  • Trotsky, Leon. 2000. History of the Russian Revolution: Volume One. Marxists Internet Archive. Trotsky, Leon. 2010. The Permanent Revolution & Results and Prospects. Revised edition. Seattle, Red Letter Press.
  • Van der Merwe, Justin. 2016a. The BRICS Puzzle: Rise of the Non-West or Veiled Sub-Imperialism?
  • In Africa’s Growing Role in World Politics, eds. Alexander Zhukov and Tatiana Deych. Lac- Beauport, MeaBooks Inc.: 145-162.
  • Van der Merwe, Justin. 2016b. Theorising Emerging Powers in Africa within the Western-Led System of Accumulation. In Emerging Powers in Africa: A New Wave in the Relationship?, eds. Justin van der Merwe, Ian Taylor, and Alexandra Arkhangelskaya. Cham, Springer International Publishing: 17-38.
  • Wenzel, Nadine. 2014. BRICS Corporates: In Collaboration or in Competition in Africa? Case Studies from the South African Mining Industry. South African Journal of International Affairs 21, 3: 431–448.
  • Yalvaç, Faruk, and Öznur Akcalı. 2023. The Cultural Dilemmas of Uneven and Combined Development (UCD): “The Biggest Agony of the Turkish Spirit”. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 0, 0: 1–22.
There are 70 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Sinan Baran 0000-0003-0285-9647

Early Pub Date April 24, 2024
Publication Date June 12, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 82

Cite

APA Baran, S. (2024). How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 21(82), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1470400
AMA Baran S. How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?. uidergisi. June 2024;21(82):117-133. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1470400
Chicago Baran, Sinan. “How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21, no. 82 (June 2024): 117-33. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1470400.
EndNote Baran S (June 1, 2024) How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21 82 117–133.
IEEE S. Baran, “How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?”, uidergisi, vol. 21, no. 82, pp. 117–133, 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1470400.
ISNAD Baran, Sinan. “How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21/82 (June 2024), 117-133. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1470400.
JAMA Baran S. How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?. uidergisi. 2024;21:117–133.
MLA Baran, Sinan. “How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 82, 2024, pp. 117-33, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1470400.
Vancouver Baran S. How Has South Africa’s Membership of BRICS Intensified Uneven and Combined Development in the Country and Beyond?. uidergisi. 2024;21(82):117-33.