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Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 84, 47 - 63, 09.12.2024

Nazif Mandacı

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522782

Abstract

This study primarily aims to draw attention to the role of the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) in North Macedonia’s1 transition from a hybrid regime to a standard democracy from 2015 to the present. The stability of the country has been of paramount importance for the Western interests, thus the EU and US have continuously supported successive governments to uphold the de-facto powersharing system that prevailed since its independence in the early 1990s. By employing Levitsky and Way’s theoretical framework of linkage and leverage, this study aims to elucidate the decisive roles played by the EU and the US in cultivating the conditions necessitated for North Macedonia’s gradual democratic transition after 2015. To do this it addresses political developments in North Macedonia, discusses the problems that aroused during this transition period, which are inherited in a lack of democratic culture and widespread corruption, and finally, suggests that as the Macedonia example demonstrated, EU support and tutelage is critical during such challenging transitions.

Keywords

Western Balkans Hybrid regimes Corruption Democratization EU Conditionality

References

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  • Bayer, Resat and Bijan Tafazzoli. 2024. Politicization, Ratification of International Agreements, and Domestic Political Competition in Non-Democracies: The Case of Iran and the Paris Climate Accords. Uluslararası İlişkiler 21, 81: 5-25.
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  • Lendvai-Bainton, Noemi and Dorota Szelewa. 2021. Governing New Authoritarianism: Populism, Nationalism and Radical Welfare Reforms in Hungary and Poland. Social Policy Administration 55: 559–572.
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Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?

Year 2024, Volume: 21 Issue: 84, 47 - 63, 09.12.2024

Nazif Mandacı

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522782

Abstract

This study primarily aims to draw attention to the role of the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) in North Macedonia’s1 transition from a hybrid regime to a standard democracy from 2015 to the present. The stability of the country has been of paramount importance for the Western interests, thus the EU and US have continuously supported successive governments to uphold the de-facto powersharing system that prevailed since its independence in the early 1990s. By employing Levitsky and Way’s theoretical framework of linkage and leverage, this study aims to elucidate the decisive roles played by the EU and the US in cultivating the conditions necessitated for North Macedonia’s gradual democratic transition after 2015. To do this it addresses political developments in North Macedonia, discusses the problems that aroused during this transition period, which are inherited in a lack of democratic culture and widespread corruption, and finally, suggests that as the Macedonia example demonstrated, EU support and tutelage is critical during such challenging transitions.

Keywords

Western Balkans Hybrid regimes Corruption Democratization EU Conditionality

References

  • Akgemci, Esra. 2022. Authoritarian Populism as a Response to Crisis: The Case of Brazil. Uluslararası İlişkiler 19, 74: 37-51.
  • Apostolov, Vlado. 2020. Switched off: North Macedonia’s Media Reforms Fade Away. BIRN, June 23. https://balkaninsight.com/2020/06/23/switched-off-north-macedonias-media-reforms-fadeaway/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Auerbach, Kiran Rose and Jennifer Kartner. 2022. How Do Political Parties Capture New Democracies? East European Politics and Societies and Cultures 20, 10: 538-563.
  • Bayer, Resat and Bijan Tafazzoli. 2024. Politicization, Ratification of International Agreements, and Domestic Political Competition in Non-Democracies: The Case of Iran and the Paris Climate Accords. Uluslararası İlişkiler 21, 81: 5-25.
  • Bechev, Dimitar. 2017. Rival Power: Russia’s Influence in the Southeast Europe. London, Yale University Press.
  • Bieber, Florian. 2017. What is Stabilitocracy? The Balkans in Europe Policy Advisory Group (BIEPAG), May 5. https://biepag.eu/article/what-is-a-stabilitocracy/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Bieber, Florian. 2018. The Rise and Fall of Balkan Stabilitocracies. Horizons Winter 10: 176-185.
  • Bliznakovski, Jovan. 2017. Macedonia Has a New Government: What Next For the Crisis-Ridden State? LSE European Politics and Policy, June 2. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/europpblog/2017/06/02/macedonia-has-a-new-government-what-next-for-the-crisis-ridden-state/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Bozóki, András and Dániel Hegedűs. 2018. An Externally Constrained Hybrid Regime: Hungary in the European Union. Democratization 25, 7: 1173-1189.
  • Buckley, Neil. 2015. Russia Accuses West Of Stirring Revolution in Macedonia. Financial Times, May 18. https://www.ft.com/content/bc9ef8b0-fd7b-11e4-b824-00144feabdc0 (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Carothers, C. 2018. The Surprising Instability of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 29, 4: 129-135.
  • Center for Insights in Survey Research (CISR). 2022. National Poll of North Macedonia, September-October 2022, https://www.iri.org/resources/national-poll-of-north-macedonia-september-october-2022/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Diamond, Larry. 2005. The State of Democratization at the Beginning of the 21st Century. The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations 11, 1: 13–18.
  • Dzankic, Jelena. 2018. Capturing Contested States: Structural Mechanisms of Power Reproduction in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia and Montenegro. Southeastern Europe 42, 1: 83-106.
  • EU Commission. 2015. Recommendations of The Senior Experts’ Group on Systemic Rule of Law Issues Relating to The Communications Interception Revealed in Spring. Brussel, June 8. https://neighbourhood-enlargement.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2016-12/20150619_recommendations_of_the_senior_experts_group.pdf (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Fazekas, Mihály and István János Tóth. 2016. From Corruption to State Capture: A New Analytical Framework with Empirical Applications from Hungary. Political Research Quarterly 69, 2: 320-334.
  • Földi, Bence. 2018. Macedonia in 2018: Hope Betrayed. BIRN, December 27. https://balkaninsight.com/2018/12/27/macedonia-in-2018-hope-betrayed-12-24-2018/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Freedom House. 2016. Nations in Transit 2016, Macedonia, https://freedomhouse.org/country/north-macedonia/nations-transit/2016 (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2008. Beyond Clientelism: Incumbent State Capture and State Formation. Comparative Political Studies 41, 4–5: 638–673.
  • Guachalla, V. Ximena Velasco, Calla Hummel, Sam Handlin, Amy Erica Smith. 2021. Latin America Erupts: When does Competitive Authoritarianism Take Root? Journal of Democracy 32, 3: 63-77.
  • Hellman, J. and Kaufmann, D. 2001. Confronting the Challenge of State Capture in Transition Economies. Finance and Development Magazine 38, 3: 5–8.
  • Innes, Abby. 2014. The Political Economy of State Capture in Central Europe. Journal of Common Market Studies 52, 1: 88-104.
  • Keil, S. 2018. The Business of State Capture and The Rise of Authoritarianism in Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia. Southeastern Europe 42, 1: 59-82.
  • Kmezić, Marko. 2019. EU Rule of Law Conditionality: Democracy or ‘Stabilitocracy’ Promotion in the Western Balkans? In The Europeanisation of the Western Balkans, eds. Jelena Džankić, Soeren Keil and Marko Kmezić. Cham, Palgrave McMillan: 87-109.
  • Kupferschmidt, D. 2009. Illicit Political Finance and State Capture. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA), Stockholm. http://www.idea.int/resources/analysis/upload/IDEA_Inlaga_low.pdf (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Lendvai-Bainton, Noemi and Dorota Szelewa. 2021. Governing New Authoritarianism: Populism, Nationalism and Radical Welfare Reforms in Hungary and Poland. Social Policy Administration 55: 559–572.
  • Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. 2010. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Levitsky, Steven and Lucan A. Way. 2020. The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy 13, 2: 51-65.
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2015. Macedonia’s Press Freedom Ranked Worst in Balkans. BIRN, February 12. https://balkaninsight.com/2015/02/12/macedonia-with-worst-press-freedom-in-the-balkans/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017a. Macedonian Party Turns Screws on Soros-Funded NGOs. BIRN, January 26. https://balkaninsight.com/2017/01/26/the-ruling-vmro-dpmne-party-s-new-campaign-against-soros-funded-ngos-accusing-them-of-being-foreign-mercenaries-is-taking-a-threatening-turn-01-26-2017/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017b. Zaev Wins Mandate to Form Macedonia’a Next Govt. BIRN, May 17. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2017/05/17/zaev-recieves-mandate-to-form-new-macedonian-govt-05-17-2017/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017c. Macedonia Vows to Tackle Reforms Ahead of Hahn Visit. BIRN, June 22. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2017/06/22/eu-reforms-to-keep-macedonia-busy-during-summer-06-21-2017/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017d. Macedonia to Scrap Disputed Judicial Council. BIRN, July 28. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2017/07/28/macedonia-moves-to-scrap-dreaded-judicial-body-07-27-2017/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017e. Macedonia Opposition Tries to Paralyze Parliament. BIRN, July 12. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2017/07/12/macedonia-opposition-filibusters-parliament-work-07-11-2017/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017f. Macedonia MPs Sack Controversial Chief Prosecutor. BIRN, August 17. https://balkaninsight.com/2017/08/17/macedonia-finally-dismisses-chief-prosecutor-08-17-2017/ (Accessed 21 May 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017g. Prosecutors Renew Pressure for Macedonia Ex-PM’s Arrest. BIRN, July 5. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2017/07/05/decision-not-to-detain-macedonia-s-former-pm-appealed-07-04-2017/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2017h. Macedonia to Trim Secret Police’s Eavesdropping Powers. BIRN, November 27. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2017/11/27/macedonia-s-secret-police-looses-surveillance-privileges-11-27-2017/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2018a. Interview with Uranija Pirovska. BIRN, November 26. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2018/11/26/uranija-pirovska-zaev-is-disappointing-people-s-expectations-11-26-2018/ (accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2018b. Macedonia’s Ousted PM Awaits Four Trial Verdicts. BIRN, June 7. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2018/06/07/macedonia-s-ousted-pm-faces-four-more-trials-06-06-2018/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2018c. Macedonia Opposition Party Purges High-Profile Members. BIRN, October 23. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2018/10/23/macedonia-opposition-purges-high-profile-members-10-23-2018/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2018d. Macedonia Finds Way to Prolong Special Prosecution’s Work. BIRN, May 4. https://far-rightmap.balkaninsight.com/2018/05/04/macedonia-plans-to-untie-special-prosecution-s-hands-05-04-2018/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2019a. North Macedonia Arrests Outgoing Chief Special Prosecutor. BIRN, August 21. https://balkaninsight.com/2019/08/21/north-macedonia-arrests-outgoing-chief-special-prosecutor/
  • Marusic, Sinisa Jakov. 2019b. North Macedonia ‘Extortion’ Scandal Pulls TV Station’s Plug. BIRN, September 6. https://balkaninsight.com/2019/09/06/north-macedonia-extortion-scandal-pulls-tv-stations-plug/ (Accessed March 11, 2023).
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Politics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nazif Mandacı 0000-0003-0483-4005

Early Pub Date August 1, 2024
Publication Date December 9, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 21 Issue: 84

Cite

APA Mandacı, N. (2024). Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 21(84), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522782
AMA Mandacı N. Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?. uidergisi. December 2024;21(84):47-63. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1522782
Chicago Mandacı, Nazif. “Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons Can Be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21, no. 84 (December 2024): 47-63. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522782.
EndNote Mandacı N (December 1, 2024) Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21 84 47–63.
IEEE N. Mandacı, “Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?”, uidergisi, vol. 21, no. 84, pp. 47–63, 2024, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1522782.
ISNAD Mandacı, Nazif. “Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons Can Be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 21/84 (December 2024), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1522782.
JAMA Mandacı N. Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?. uidergisi. 2024;21:47–63.
MLA Mandacı, Nazif. “Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons Can Be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 21, no. 84, 2024, pp. 47-63, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1522782.
Vancouver Mandacı N. Undoing a Hybrid Regime: What Lessons can be Extracted from the Case of North Macedonia?. uidergisi. 2024;21(84):47-63.
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