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Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War

Year 2025, , 1 - 22

Ebru Canan Sokullu , Mustafa Aydın , Özgehan Şenyuva

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1768825

Abstract

This study conducts a comprehensive quantitative examination of Turkish public opinion about its foreign and security policies, focusing on policy towards the Syrian civil war. By linking scholarly literature to policy, the paper analyzes structural characteristics and political correlates of foreign policy attitudes and perceptions of using military force in the Turkish public. The empirical analysis reveals that (i) increased soft power activism reduces support for policies favoring military interventions; (ii) the type of militarism affects support for a policy that resorts to cross-border military operations; (iii) foreign policy attitudes towards the war vary depending on the internationalization type; (iv) immigration policies shape support for foreign policy concerning the country-of-origin of immigrants affected by the conflict; (v) public support for foreign policy actions is contingent upon the level of knowledge on political matters; and (vi) on the alliance preferences and the self-image. Utilizing a binary logistic regression model, the study employs 2019 Turkish Foreign Policy Trends data, encompassing a wide range of foreign policy indicators on structural characteristics and political correlates of foreign policy attitudes in Turkey and a comprehensive set of indicators on the Syrian conflict. The findings contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of the problem under examination, with implications for international relations and foreign policy policymaking.

Keywords

public opinion foreign policy military interventionism Turkey Syria

References

  • Almond, G. 1950. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York, Prager.
  • Altunışık, M. B. 2013. Explaining the Transformation of Turkish-Syrian Relations: A Regionalist Approach. In Turkey-Syria Relations: Between Enmity and Amity, ed. R. Hinnebusch and Ö. Tür. London, Routledge: 177-192.
  • Arıkan, G. 2012. Attitudes towards the European Union in Turkey: The Role of Perceived Threats and Benefits. Perceptions 7, 3: 81-103.
  • Aydın, M. et al. 2019. Public Perception on Turkish Foreign Policy – 2019, İstanbul, Kadir Has University, Center for Turkish Studies and Akademetre, 4 July, https://www.academia.edu/39756941/Public_Perceptions_on_Turkish_Foreign_Policy_2019.
  • Aydın, M. 2025. Transformation of Turkish-Russian Relations: Rivalry and Cooperation in Eurasia and the Levant. Uluslararası İlişkiler 22, 85: 21-39.
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2012. Türk Kamuoyunda NATO Algısı. Uluslararası İlişkiler 9, 34: 151-182.
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2014. Transatlantic Public Opinion on War: Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Saarbrucken, LAP Lambert Verlag
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2019. How Blurred is European Public Opinion on Legal versus Illegal Immigrants? Journal of Contemporary European Research 15, 1: 4-20.
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2020. Transformation in Foreign and Security Policy in the AKP Era: Realpolitik Codes versus Instrumental Soft-power. In Turkey in Transition: Politics, Society and Foreign Policy, ed. E. Canan-Sokullu. Berlin, Peter Lang: 175-192.
  • Caspary, W. R. 1970. The Mood Theory: A Study of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy. American Political Science Review 64, 2: 536-547.
  • Conover, P. J. and V. Sapiro. 1993. Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and War. American Journal of Political Science 37, 4: 1079–1099.
  • Converse, P. E. 1970. Attitudes and Non-attitudes: Continuation of a Dialogue. In The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems, ed. E. R Tufte. London, Addison-Wesley: 168-189.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. and Ç. Kentmen. 2011. Diagnosing Trends and Determinants in Public Support for Turkey's EU Membership. South European Society and Politics 16, 3: 365-379.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. and K. Kirişçi. 2004. The View from Turkey: Perceptions of Greeks and Greek-Turkish Rapprochement by the Turkish Public. Turkish Studies 5, 1: 117-154.
  • Datta, M. N. 2009. The Decline of America’s Soft Power in the United Nations. International Studies Perspectives 10, 3: 265-284.
  • Demirtas-Bagdonas, Ö. 2014. Reading Turkey's Foreign Policy on Syria: The AKP's Construction of a Great Power Identity and the Politics of Grandeur. Turkish Studies 15, 1: 139-155.
  • Destler, I. M. 2001. The Reasonable Public and the Polarized Policy Process. In The Real and the Ideal: Essays on International Relations in Honor of Richard H. Ullman, ed. R. H Ullman, A. Lake and D. A. Ochmanek. New York, Rowman & Littlefield: 75–90.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. 2005. Victory Has Many Friends: US Public Opinion and the Use of Military Force, 1981–2005. International Security 30, 1: 140–177.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. 2016. Gender Difference in American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force, 1982–2013. International Studies Quarterly 60, 1: 138-148.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. and R. J. Stoll. 2017. The Acceptability of War and Support for Defense Spending: Evidence from Fourteen Democracies, 2004–2013. Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, 4: 788-813.
  • Entman, R. M. 2008. Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: The U.S. Case. International Journal of Press/Politics 13, 2: 87-102.
  • Erdoğan, E. 2013. Dış Politikada Siyasallaşma: Türk Kamuoyunun “Davos Krizi” ve Etkileri Hakkındaki Değerlendirmeleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler 10, 37: 37-67.
  • Facchini, G., A. M. Mayda, L. Guiso and C. Schultz. 2008. From Individual Attitudes towards Migrants to Migration Policy Outcomes: Theory and Evidence. Economic Policy 23, 56: 651-713.
  • Getmansky, A., T. Sınmazdemir and T. Zeitzoff. 2018. Refugees, Xenophobia, and Domestic Conflict: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Turkey. Journal of Peace Research 55, 4: 491–507.
  • Goldsmith, B. E. and Y. Horiuchi. 2012. In Search of Soft Power: Does Foreign Public Opinion Matter for US Foreign Policy? World Politics 64, 3: 555-585.
  • Goldsmith, B. E., Y. Horiuchi and T. Inoguchi. 2005. American Foreign Policy and Global Public Opinion: Who Supported the War in Afghanistan? Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, 3: 408-429.
  • Ghosn, F., A. Braithwaite and T. S. Chu. 2018. Violence, Displacement, Contact, and Attitudes toward Hosting Refugees. Journal of Peace Research 56, 1: 118-133.
  • Holsti, O. R. 2004. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
  • Holsti, O. R. 1992. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann Consensus. International Studies Quarterly 36, 4: 439-466.
  • Holsti, O. R. and J. Rosenau. 1990. The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes: American Leaders. Journal of Politics 52, 1: 94-125.
  • Hurwitz, J. and M. Peffley. 1987. How are American Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model. American Political Science Review 81, 4: 1099-1120.
  • Isernia, P., Z. Juhász and H. Rattinger. 2002. Foreign Policy and the Rational Public in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46, 2: 201–224.
  • Jentleson, B. W. 1992. The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the Use of Military Force. International Studies Quarterly 36, 1: 49-74.
  • Jentleson, B. W. and R. L. Britton. 1998. Still Pretty Prudent: Post Cold-War American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, 4: 395-417.
  • Kennedy, R. and M. Dickenson. 2013. Turkish Foreign Policy and Public Opinion in the AKP Era. Foreign Policy Analysis 9, 2: 171-188.
  • Kesgin, B. and J. Kaarbo. 2010. When and How Parliaments Influence Foreign Policy: The Case of Turkey's Iraq Decision. International Studies Perspectives 11, 1: 19-36.
  • Klarevas, L. 2002. The Essential Domino of Military Operations: American Public Opinion and the Use of Force. International Studies Perspectives 3, 4: 417-437.
  • Klingemann, H. D., R. I. Hofferbert and I. Budge. 1994. Parties, Policies, and Democracy. Boulder, Westview Press.
  • Klugman, J. 1985. Hawks and Doves. Political Psychology 6, 4: 573-589.
  • Kösebalaban, H. 2020. Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy toward Syria: The Return of Securitization. Middle East Critique 29, 3: 335-344.
  • Lippmann, W. 1922. Public Opinion. New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co.
  • Lippmann, W. 1925. The Phantom Public. Piscataway, NJ, Transaction Publishers.
  • Menard, S. 2001. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, SAGE.
  • Mueller, J. 1970. Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson. American Political Science Review 64, 1: 18-34.
  • Mueller, J. 1973. War, Presidents and Public Opinion. New York, Wiley.
  • Mueller, J. 1994. Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
  • Myers, R. H. 1990. Classical and Modern Regression with Applications. Boston, PWS-Kent.
  • Neset, S. et al. 2021. Turkey as a Regional Security Actor in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Levant Region. Bergen, Chr. Michelsen Institute.
  • Niedermayer, O. and R. Sinnott (eds.). 1995. Public Opinion and Internationalized Governance. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, J. S. 1990. Soft Power. Foreign Policy 80: 153-171.
  • Norušis, M. J. 2005. SPSS 13.0 Guide to Data Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.
  • Oğuzlu, T. 2007. Soft Power in Turkish Foreign Policy. Australian Journal of International Affairs 61, 1: 81-97.
  • Parlar Dal, E. 2015. A Normative Approach to Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy: The Cosmopolitanism–Communitarianism Divide. International Journal 70, 3: 421–433.
  • Risse-Kappen, T. 1991. Public Opinion, Domestic Structures and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies. World Politics 43, 4: 479-512.
  • Russett, B. 1991. Doves, Hawks, and U.S. Public Opinion. Political Science Quarterly 105, 4: 515-538.
  • Rüma, İ. and M. Çelikpala. 2019. Russian and Turkish Foreign Policy Activism in the Syrian Theater. Uluslararası İlişkiler 16, 62: 65-84.
  • Salehyan, I. 2019. Conclusion: What Academia Can Contribute to Refugee Policy. Journal of Peace Research 56, 1: 146–151.
  • Sarigil, Z. 2015. Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey. Armed Forces & Society 41, 2: 282-306.
  • Schneider, W. 1983. Conservatism not Interventionism: Trends in Foreign Policy Opinion, 1974-1982. In Defiant: United States Foreign Policy in the 1980s, ed. K. A. Oye, R. J. Lieber and D. Rothchild. Boston, MA, Little Brown: 33-64.
  • Segovia, F. and R. Defever. 2010. Trends — American Public Opinion on Immigrants and Immigration Policy. Public Opinion Quarterly 74, 2: 375-394.
  • Sezer, D. 1972. Kamuoyu ve Dış Politika. Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Yayınları.
  • Shapiro, R. Y. and B. I. Page. 1988. Foreign Policy and the Rational Public. Journal of Conflict Resolution 32, 2: 211-247.
  • Sniderman, P. M., R. A. Brody and P. E. Tetlock. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Şenyuva, Ö. and M. Aydın. 2021. Turkish Public Opinion and Transatlantic Relations. In Turkey's Changing Transatlantic Relations, ed. Ç. Üstün and E. K. Sönmez. London, Lexington Books: 265 -282.
  • Şenbaş, D. 2018. Post-Cold War Relations between Turkey and Syria. London, Transnational Press.
  • Tessler, M. and I. Warriner. 1997. Gender, Feminism, and Attitudes toward International Conflict: Exploring Relationships with Survey Data from the Middle East. World Politics 49, 2: 250–281.
  • Tokdemir, E., S. Akcinaroglu, H. E. Özen and E. Karakoc. 2020. Wars of Others: National Cleavages and Attitudes towards External Conflicts. International Interactions 46, 6: 953-986.
  • Tür, Ö. 2013. Turkey’s Changing Relations with the Middle East: New Challenges and Opportunities in the 2000s. In Debating Security: Challenges and Changes for Turkey in the Twenty-first century, ed. E. Canan-Sokullu. Maryland, Lexington: 23-141.
  • Tür, Ö. and R. Hinnebusch (eds.). 2013. Turkey-Syria Relations Between Enmity and Amity. London, Routledge.
  • UNHCR Turkey. 2020. Operational Update, November, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/12/UNHCR-Turkey-Operational-Update-November-FINAL.pdf.
  • Verbon, H. A. A. and L. Meijdam. 2008. Too Many Migrants, Too Few Services: A Model of Decision-making on Immigration and Integration with Cultural Distance. Journal of Population Economics 21, 3: 665-677.
  • Wittkopf, E. R. 1981. The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes: An Alternative View. Social Science Quarterly 62, 1: 108-123.
  • Wittkopf, E. R. 1990. Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
  • Yılmaz, H. 2011. Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, Elites, and Public Opinion. South European Society and Politics 16, 1: 185-208.
  • Zahra, R. F. 2017. Securitization and De-securitization: Turkey-Syria Relations since the Syrian Crisis. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 11, 2: 27-39.
  • Zaller, J. R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War

Year 2025, , 1 - 22

Ebru Canan Sokullu , Mustafa Aydın , Özgehan Şenyuva

https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1768825

Abstract

This study conducts a comprehensive quantitative examination of Turkish public opinion about its foreign and security policies, focusing on policy towards the Syrian civil war. By linking scholarly literature to policy, the paper analyzes structural characteristics and political correlates of foreign policy attitudes and perceptions of using military force in the Turkish public. The empirical analysis reveals that (i) increased soft power activism reduces support for policies favoring military interventions; (ii) the type of militarism affects support for a policy that resorts to cross-border military operations; (iii) foreign policy attitudes towards the war vary depending on the internationalization type; (iv) immigration policies shape support for foreign policy concerning the country-of-origin of immigrants affected by the conflict; (v) public support for foreign policy actions is contingent upon the level of knowledge on political matters; and (vi) on the alliance preferences and the self-image. Utilizing a binary logistic regression model, the study employs 2019 Turkish Foreign Policy Trends data, encompassing a wide range of foreign policy indicators on structural characteristics and political correlates of foreign policy attitudes in Turkey and a comprehensive set of indicators on the Syrian conflict. The findings contribute to the theoretical and practical understanding of the problem under examination, with implications for international relations and foreign policy policymaking.

Keywords

public opinion foreign policy military interventionism Turkey Syria

References

  • Almond, G. 1950. The American People and Foreign Policy. New York, Prager.
  • Altunışık, M. B. 2013. Explaining the Transformation of Turkish-Syrian Relations: A Regionalist Approach. In Turkey-Syria Relations: Between Enmity and Amity, ed. R. Hinnebusch and Ö. Tür. London, Routledge: 177-192.
  • Arıkan, G. 2012. Attitudes towards the European Union in Turkey: The Role of Perceived Threats and Benefits. Perceptions 7, 3: 81-103.
  • Aydın, M. et al. 2019. Public Perception on Turkish Foreign Policy – 2019, İstanbul, Kadir Has University, Center for Turkish Studies and Akademetre, 4 July, https://www.academia.edu/39756941/Public_Perceptions_on_Turkish_Foreign_Policy_2019.
  • Aydın, M. 2025. Transformation of Turkish-Russian Relations: Rivalry and Cooperation in Eurasia and the Levant. Uluslararası İlişkiler 22, 85: 21-39.
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2012. Türk Kamuoyunda NATO Algısı. Uluslararası İlişkiler 9, 34: 151-182.
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2014. Transatlantic Public Opinion on War: Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq. Saarbrucken, LAP Lambert Verlag
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2019. How Blurred is European Public Opinion on Legal versus Illegal Immigrants? Journal of Contemporary European Research 15, 1: 4-20.
  • Canan-Sokullu, E. 2020. Transformation in Foreign and Security Policy in the AKP Era: Realpolitik Codes versus Instrumental Soft-power. In Turkey in Transition: Politics, Society and Foreign Policy, ed. E. Canan-Sokullu. Berlin, Peter Lang: 175-192.
  • Caspary, W. R. 1970. The Mood Theory: A Study of Public Opinion and Foreign Policy. American Political Science Review 64, 2: 536-547.
  • Conover, P. J. and V. Sapiro. 1993. Gender, Feminist Consciousness, and War. American Journal of Political Science 37, 4: 1079–1099.
  • Converse, P. E. 1970. Attitudes and Non-attitudes: Continuation of a Dialogue. In The Quantitative Analysis of Social Problems, ed. E. R Tufte. London, Addison-Wesley: 168-189.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. and Ç. Kentmen. 2011. Diagnosing Trends and Determinants in Public Support for Turkey's EU Membership. South European Society and Politics 16, 3: 365-379.
  • Çarkoğlu, A. and K. Kirişçi. 2004. The View from Turkey: Perceptions of Greeks and Greek-Turkish Rapprochement by the Turkish Public. Turkish Studies 5, 1: 117-154.
  • Datta, M. N. 2009. The Decline of America’s Soft Power in the United Nations. International Studies Perspectives 10, 3: 265-284.
  • Demirtas-Bagdonas, Ö. 2014. Reading Turkey's Foreign Policy on Syria: The AKP's Construction of a Great Power Identity and the Politics of Grandeur. Turkish Studies 15, 1: 139-155.
  • Destler, I. M. 2001. The Reasonable Public and the Polarized Policy Process. In The Real and the Ideal: Essays on International Relations in Honor of Richard H. Ullman, ed. R. H Ullman, A. Lake and D. A. Ochmanek. New York, Rowman & Littlefield: 75–90.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. 2005. Victory Has Many Friends: US Public Opinion and the Use of Military Force, 1981–2005. International Security 30, 1: 140–177.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. 2016. Gender Difference in American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force, 1982–2013. International Studies Quarterly 60, 1: 138-148.
  • Eichenberg, R. C. and R. J. Stoll. 2017. The Acceptability of War and Support for Defense Spending: Evidence from Fourteen Democracies, 2004–2013. Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, 4: 788-813.
  • Entman, R. M. 2008. Theorizing Mediated Public Diplomacy: The U.S. Case. International Journal of Press/Politics 13, 2: 87-102.
  • Erdoğan, E. 2013. Dış Politikada Siyasallaşma: Türk Kamuoyunun “Davos Krizi” ve Etkileri Hakkındaki Değerlendirmeleri. Uluslararası İlişkiler 10, 37: 37-67.
  • Facchini, G., A. M. Mayda, L. Guiso and C. Schultz. 2008. From Individual Attitudes towards Migrants to Migration Policy Outcomes: Theory and Evidence. Economic Policy 23, 56: 651-713.
  • Getmansky, A., T. Sınmazdemir and T. Zeitzoff. 2018. Refugees, Xenophobia, and Domestic Conflict: Evidence from a Survey Experiment in Turkey. Journal of Peace Research 55, 4: 491–507.
  • Goldsmith, B. E. and Y. Horiuchi. 2012. In Search of Soft Power: Does Foreign Public Opinion Matter for US Foreign Policy? World Politics 64, 3: 555-585.
  • Goldsmith, B. E., Y. Horiuchi and T. Inoguchi. 2005. American Foreign Policy and Global Public Opinion: Who Supported the War in Afghanistan? Journal of Conflict Resolution 49, 3: 408-429.
  • Ghosn, F., A. Braithwaite and T. S. Chu. 2018. Violence, Displacement, Contact, and Attitudes toward Hosting Refugees. Journal of Peace Research 56, 1: 118-133.
  • Holsti, O. R. 2004. Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press.
  • Holsti, O. R. 1992. Public Opinion and Foreign Policy: Challenges to the Almond-Lippmann Consensus. International Studies Quarterly 36, 4: 439-466.
  • Holsti, O. R. and J. Rosenau. 1990. The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes: American Leaders. Journal of Politics 52, 1: 94-125.
  • Hurwitz, J. and M. Peffley. 1987. How are American Foreign Policy Attitudes Structured? A Hierarchical Model. American Political Science Review 81, 4: 1099-1120.
  • Isernia, P., Z. Juhász and H. Rattinger. 2002. Foreign Policy and the Rational Public in Comparative Perspective. Journal of Conflict Resolution 46, 2: 201–224.
  • Jentleson, B. W. 1992. The Pretty Prudent Public: Post Post-Vietnam American Opinion on the Use of Military Force. International Studies Quarterly 36, 1: 49-74.
  • Jentleson, B. W. and R. L. Britton. 1998. Still Pretty Prudent: Post Cold-War American Public Opinion on the Use of Military Force. Journal of Conflict Resolution 42, 4: 395-417.
  • Kennedy, R. and M. Dickenson. 2013. Turkish Foreign Policy and Public Opinion in the AKP Era. Foreign Policy Analysis 9, 2: 171-188.
  • Kesgin, B. and J. Kaarbo. 2010. When and How Parliaments Influence Foreign Policy: The Case of Turkey's Iraq Decision. International Studies Perspectives 11, 1: 19-36.
  • Klarevas, L. 2002. The Essential Domino of Military Operations: American Public Opinion and the Use of Force. International Studies Perspectives 3, 4: 417-437.
  • Klingemann, H. D., R. I. Hofferbert and I. Budge. 1994. Parties, Policies, and Democracy. Boulder, Westview Press.
  • Klugman, J. 1985. Hawks and Doves. Political Psychology 6, 4: 573-589.
  • Kösebalaban, H. 2020. Transformation of Turkish Foreign Policy toward Syria: The Return of Securitization. Middle East Critique 29, 3: 335-344.
  • Lippmann, W. 1922. Public Opinion. New York, Harcourt, Brace & Co.
  • Lippmann, W. 1925. The Phantom Public. Piscataway, NJ, Transaction Publishers.
  • Menard, S. 2001. Applied Logistic Regression Analysis. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, SAGE.
  • Mueller, J. 1970. Presidential Popularity from Truman to Johnson. American Political Science Review 64, 1: 18-34.
  • Mueller, J. 1973. War, Presidents and Public Opinion. New York, Wiley.
  • Mueller, J. 1994. Policy and Opinion in the Gulf War. Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press.
  • Myers, R. H. 1990. Classical and Modern Regression with Applications. Boston, PWS-Kent.
  • Neset, S. et al. 2021. Turkey as a Regional Security Actor in the Black Sea, the Mediterranean, and the Levant Region. Bergen, Chr. Michelsen Institute.
  • Niedermayer, O. and R. Sinnott (eds.). 1995. Public Opinion and Internationalized Governance. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
  • Nye, J. S. 1990. Soft Power. Foreign Policy 80: 153-171.
  • Norušis, M. J. 2005. SPSS 13.0 Guide to Data Analysis. Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall.
  • Oğuzlu, T. 2007. Soft Power in Turkish Foreign Policy. Australian Journal of International Affairs 61, 1: 81-97.
  • Parlar Dal, E. 2015. A Normative Approach to Contemporary Turkish Foreign Policy: The Cosmopolitanism–Communitarianism Divide. International Journal 70, 3: 421–433.
  • Risse-Kappen, T. 1991. Public Opinion, Domestic Structures and Foreign Policy in Liberal Democracies. World Politics 43, 4: 479-512.
  • Russett, B. 1991. Doves, Hawks, and U.S. Public Opinion. Political Science Quarterly 105, 4: 515-538.
  • Rüma, İ. and M. Çelikpala. 2019. Russian and Turkish Foreign Policy Activism in the Syrian Theater. Uluslararası İlişkiler 16, 62: 65-84.
  • Salehyan, I. 2019. Conclusion: What Academia Can Contribute to Refugee Policy. Journal of Peace Research 56, 1: 146–151.
  • Sarigil, Z. 2015. Public Opinion and Attitude toward the Military and Democratic Consolidation in Turkey. Armed Forces & Society 41, 2: 282-306.
  • Schneider, W. 1983. Conservatism not Interventionism: Trends in Foreign Policy Opinion, 1974-1982. In Defiant: United States Foreign Policy in the 1980s, ed. K. A. Oye, R. J. Lieber and D. Rothchild. Boston, MA, Little Brown: 33-64.
  • Segovia, F. and R. Defever. 2010. Trends — American Public Opinion on Immigrants and Immigration Policy. Public Opinion Quarterly 74, 2: 375-394.
  • Sezer, D. 1972. Kamuoyu ve Dış Politika. Ankara, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Yayınları.
  • Shapiro, R. Y. and B. I. Page. 1988. Foreign Policy and the Rational Public. Journal of Conflict Resolution 32, 2: 211-247.
  • Sniderman, P. M., R. A. Brody and P. E. Tetlock. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
  • Şenyuva, Ö. and M. Aydın. 2021. Turkish Public Opinion and Transatlantic Relations. In Turkey's Changing Transatlantic Relations, ed. Ç. Üstün and E. K. Sönmez. London, Lexington Books: 265 -282.
  • Şenbaş, D. 2018. Post-Cold War Relations between Turkey and Syria. London, Transnational Press.
  • Tessler, M. and I. Warriner. 1997. Gender, Feminism, and Attitudes toward International Conflict: Exploring Relationships with Survey Data from the Middle East. World Politics 49, 2: 250–281.
  • Tokdemir, E., S. Akcinaroglu, H. E. Özen and E. Karakoc. 2020. Wars of Others: National Cleavages and Attitudes towards External Conflicts. International Interactions 46, 6: 953-986.
  • Tür, Ö. 2013. Turkey’s Changing Relations with the Middle East: New Challenges and Opportunities in the 2000s. In Debating Security: Challenges and Changes for Turkey in the Twenty-first century, ed. E. Canan-Sokullu. Maryland, Lexington: 23-141.
  • Tür, Ö. and R. Hinnebusch (eds.). 2013. Turkey-Syria Relations Between Enmity and Amity. London, Routledge.
  • UNHCR Turkey. 2020. Operational Update, November, https://www.unhcr.org/tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/12/UNHCR-Turkey-Operational-Update-November-FINAL.pdf.
  • Verbon, H. A. A. and L. Meijdam. 2008. Too Many Migrants, Too Few Services: A Model of Decision-making on Immigration and Integration with Cultural Distance. Journal of Population Economics 21, 3: 665-677.
  • Wittkopf, E. R. 1981. The Structure of Foreign Policy Attitudes: An Alternative View. Social Science Quarterly 62, 1: 108-123.
  • Wittkopf, E. R. 1990. Faces of Internationalism: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy. Durham, NC, Duke University Press.
  • Yılmaz, H. 2011. Euroscepticism in Turkey: Parties, Elites, and Public Opinion. South European Society and Politics 16, 1: 185-208.
  • Zahra, R. F. 2017. Securitization and De-securitization: Turkey-Syria Relations since the Syrian Crisis. Asian Journal of Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies 11, 2: 27-39.
  • Zaller, J. R. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
There are 76 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Turkish Foreign Policy
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ebru Canan Sokullu 0000-0003-1182-4112

Mustafa Aydın 0000-0002-4029-6681

Özgehan Şenyuva 0000-0003-2433-0736

Early Pub Date September 16, 2025
Publication Date September 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025

Cite

APA Canan Sokullu, E., Aydın, M., & Şenyuva, Ö. (2025). Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi1-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1768825
AMA Canan Sokullu E, Aydın M, Şenyuva Ö. Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. Published online September 1, 2025:1-22. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1768825
Chicago Canan Sokullu, Ebru, Mustafa Aydın, and Özgehan Şenyuva. “Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement With the Syrian Civil War”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, September (September 2025), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1768825.
EndNote Canan Sokullu E, Aydın M, Şenyuva Ö (September 1, 2025) Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 1–22.
IEEE E. Canan Sokullu, M. Aydın, and Ö. Şenyuva, “Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War”, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, pp. 1–22, September2025, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1768825.
ISNAD Canan Sokullu, Ebru et al. “Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement With the Syrian Civil War”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. September2025. 1-22. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1768825.
JAMA Canan Sokullu E, Aydın M, Şenyuva Ö. Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. 2025;:1–22.
MLA Canan Sokullu, Ebru et al. “Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement With the Syrian Civil War”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 2025, pp. 1-22, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1768825.
Vancouver Canan Sokullu E, Aydın M, Şenyuva Ö. Structural Characteristics and Political Correlates of Public Opinion on Turkish Engagement with the Syrian Civil War. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. 2025:1-22.