Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 87, 5 - 24, 18.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1747945

Abstract

This introductory article outlines the purpose and scope of a special issue dedicated to assessing the current state of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA). We highlight FPA’s evolution as a subfield within International Relations, particularly emphasizing its distinctive focus on agency and the interplay between domestic and international factors in shaping foreign policy. We also introduce the special issue’s contributions to the literature from emerging and established scholars in exploring theoretical, methodological, and empirical innovations in FPA. We conclude that by embracing methodological pluralism and diverse units of analysis, the special issue showcases how FPA continues to enrich our understanding of international politics while providing ideas for promising directions for future research.

References

  • Aggestam, Lisbeth. 2006. Role Theory and European Foreign Policy. In The European Union’s Roles in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis, ed. Ole Elgström and Michael Smith. New York, Routledge: 11–29.
  • Aldrich, John H., Christopher Gelpi, Peter Feaver, Jason Reifler, and Kristin Thompson Sharp. 2006. Foreign Policy and the Eelectoral Connection. Annual Review of Political Science 9: 477–502: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.111605.105008
  • Allison, Graham T. 1971. The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston, Little, Brown and Company.
  • Altıparmak, Süleyman O. and Cameron G. Thies. 2024. Role Strain in Foreign Policy: Analyzing the Carter Doctrine. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-17.
  • Baum, Matthew A. and Philip B.K. and Potter. 2008. The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis, Annual Review of Political Science;11:39- 65.
  • Beasley, Ryan, Juliet Kaarbo, Jeffrey Lantis and Michael Snarr. 2012. Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective: Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior. Washington, SAGE Publications.
  • Bolton, Derek. 2021. Targeting Ontological Security: Information Warfare in the Modern Age. Political Psychology 42, 1: 127-142.
  • Brecher, Michael. 1972. The Foreign Policy System of Israel: Setting, Images, Process. London, Oxford University Press.
  • Breuning, Marijke and Anna Pechenina. 2020. Role Dissonance in Foreign Policy: Russia, Power, and Intercountry Adoption. Foreign Policy Analysis 16, 1: 21–40.
  • Breuning, Marijke. 2011. Role Theory Research in IR: State of the Art and Blind Spots. In Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and Analyses, ed. Sebastian Harnisch, Cornelia Frank and Hanns Maull. Abingdon, New York, Routledge: 16-35.
  • Breuning, Marijke. 2024. National Roles and Foreign Policy. In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, ed. Juliet Kaarbo and Cameron Thies. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 211-260.
  • Brummer, Klaus, Michael D. Young, Özgür Özdamar, Sercan Canbolat, Consuelo Thiers, Christian Rabini, Katharina Dimmroth, Mischa Hansel, and Amene Mehvar. 2020. Coding in Tongues: Developing Non-English Coding Schemes for Leadership Profiling. International Studies Review 22, 4: 1039-1067.
  • Canbolat, Sercan. 2025. Have Middle Eastern Leaders Learned from the Arab Uprisings? An Arabic Operational Code Approach. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-21.
  • Cantir, Cristian and Juliet Kaarbo. 2012. Contested Roles and Domestic Politics: Reflections on Role Theory in Foreign Policy Analysis and IR Theory. Foreign Policy Analysis 8, 1: 5–24.
  • Cantir, Cristian and Juliet Kaarbo. 2016. Domestic Role Contestation, Foreign Policy, and International Relations. New York, Routledge.
  • Clément, Maéva and Eric Sangar. 2017. Methodological Challenges and Opportunities for the Study of Emotions. In Researching Emotions in International Relations: Methodological Perspectives on the Emotional Turn, ed. Clément Maéva and Eric Sangar. Cham, Palgrave McMillan: 1–29.
  • Crawford, Neta. 2000. The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships. International Security, 24. 4: 116-156.
  • Crawford, Neta. 2014. Institutionalizing Passion in World Politics: Fear and Empathy, International Theory, 6,3: 535-557.
  • Cuhadar, Esra, Juliet Kaarbo, Baris Kesgin, and Binnur Ozkececi-Taner. 2017. Examining Leaders’ Orientations to Structural Constraints: Turkey’s 1991 and 2003 War Decisions. Journal of International Relations and Development 20, 1: 29–54.
  • D’Aoust, Anne-Marie. 2014. Ties that Bind? Engaging Emotions, Governmentality, and Neoliberalism: Introduction to the Special Issue, Global Society, 28. 3: 267-276.
  • de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, James D. Morrow, Randolph M. Siverson, and Alastair Smith. 2002. Political Institutions, Policy Choice and the Survival of Leaders, British Journal of Political Science, 32, 4: 559–90.
  • Doğan Haluk. 2025. The Nexus of Power, Culture, and Elite Interactions: A Neoclassical Realist Framework for Foreign Policy Analysis. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication.
  • Dyson, Stephen Benedict. 2006. Personality and Foreign Policy: Tony Blair’s Iraq Decisions. Foreign Policy Analysis 2, 3: 289–306.
  • Edinger, Harald. 2023. Hooked on a Feeling: Russia’s Annexation of Crimea Through the Lens of Emotion. Political Psychology 44, 4: 749-767.
  • Ergurum, Ahmet. 2025. The Transition from Quantitative to Computational Methods in Foreign Policy Analysis. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-19.
  • Freyberg-Inan, Annette. 2006. Rational Paranoia and Enlightened Machismo: The Strange Psychological Foundations of Realism, Journal of International Relations and Development, 9: 247-268.
  • George, Alexander L. 1969. The "operational code": A neglected approach to the study of political leaders and decision-making. International Studies Quarterly 13, 2: 190-222.
  • George, Alexander L., and Bennett, Andrew. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
  • Guimarães, Feliciano de Sá. 2020. A Theory of Master Role Transition: Small Powers Shaping Regional Hegemons. New York, Routledge.
  • Gustafsson, Karl and Todd Hall. 2021. The Politics of Emotions in International Relations: Who Gets to Feel What, Whose Emotions Matter, and the “History Problem” in Sino-Japanese Relations. International Studies Quarterly 65, 4: 973–984.
  • Gürkan, Seda. 2024. Constructing an ‘Emotional Community’ in Times of Crisis: The EU’s Response to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Journal of European Integration 46, 5: 635-659.
  • Halperin, Morton. 1974. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, Brookings Institution.
  • Harnisch, Sebastian. 2011. Role Theory: Operationalization of Key Concepts. In Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and Analyses, ed. Sebastian Harnisch, Cornelia Frank and Hanns Maull. Abingdon, Routledge: 7-15.
  • Hart Paul’t, Stern Eric and Sundelius Bengt. 1997. Foreign Policymaking at the Top: Political Group Dynamics. In Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-making, ed. Paul’t Hart, Eric Stern and Bengt Sundelius. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press: 3-34.
  • Hermann, Margaret G. 1980. Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders. International Studies Quarterly 24, 1: 7-46.
  • Hermann, Margaret G., Thomas Preston, Baghat Korany, and Timothy M. Shaw. 2001. Who Leads Matters: The Effects of Powerful Individuals, International Studies Review, 3, 2: 83-131
  • Hocking, Brian. 1994. Adaptation and the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy: The Experience of Federal States. Diplomacy and Statecraft 5, 1: 47-72
  • Holsti, Kalevi. 1970. National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly 14, 3: 233-309.
  • Holsti, Ole R. 1976. Foreign Policy Formation Viewed Cognitively. In Structure of Decision, ed. Robert Axelrod. Princeton, Princeton University Press: 18-55.
  • Homolar, Alexandra and Ronny Scholz. 2019. The Power of Trump-Speak: Populist Crisis Narratives and Ontological Security. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32, 3: 344-364.
  • Hudson, Valerie. M. 2005. Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations. Foreign Policy Analysis 1, 1: 1–30.
  • Janis, Irving. 1972. Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
  • Jonnson, Christer and Ulf Westerlund. 1982. Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis. In Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics, ed. Christer Jonnson. London, Frances Pinter: 22–57.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet. 1997. Prime Minister Leadership Styles in Foreign Policy Decision‐Making: A Framework for Research. Political Psychology 18, 3: 553-581.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet. 1998. Power Politics in Foreign Policy: The Influence of Bureaucratic Minorities. European Journal of International Relations 4, 1: 67-97.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet., 2015. A foreign policy analysis perspective on the domestic politics turn in IR theory. International Studies Review 17, 2:189-216.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet and Cameron Thies. 2024. Repositioning Foreign Policy Analysis in International Relations. In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, ed. Juliet Kaarbo and Cameron Thies. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 1-22.
  • Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1979. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica 47, 2: 263–91.
  • Kegley, Charles and Margaret Hermann (1995). The Political Psychology of `Peace through Democratization’. Cooperation and Conflict, 30, 1: 5-30.
  • Kılıç, Çağla. 2025. A Different Approach on Analyzing Countries’ Grand Strategies: China and the USA. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-23.
  • Kille, Kent J., and Roger M. Scully. 2003. Executive heads and the role of intergovernmental organizations: Expansionist leadership in the United Nations and the European Union. Political Psychology 24, 1: 175-198.
  • Kösen Mustafa Gökcan and Ş. Gökçe Gezen. 2025. Emotion Norms and International Securitization in Foreign Policy Analysis: The Official Russian Narratives on the Ukrainian-Russian War. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-20.
  • Kubicek, Paul. 2022. Contrasting Theoretical Approaches to Turkish Foreign Policy. Turkish Studies 23, 5: 645–658.
  • Le Prestre, Philippe G. 1997. Role Quests in the Post-Cold War Era: Foreign Policies in Transition. Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Leites, Nathan. 1951. The Operational Code of the Politburo. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
  • Lindsay, James. 1994. Congress, Foreign Policy, and the New Institutionalism. International Studies Quarterly 38, 2: 281–304.
  • Lorci, Enescan and Pao-wen Li. 2025. Navigating the Foreign Policy in Cyber Landscape: A Novel Model for State Decision-Making in Cyberspace. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-19.
  • Löfflmann, Georg. 2022. Enemies of the People: Donald Trump and the Security Imaginary of America First. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24, 3: 543–560.
  • Lupovici, Amir. 2012. Ontological Dissonance, Clashing Identities, and Israel’s Unilateral Steps towards the Palestinians. Review of International Studies 38, 4: 809–833.
  • Manners, Ian. 2024. Political Psychology of Emotions in European Union Foreign policy in Times of Ontological (In)security and Crisis. Journal of European Integration 46, 5: 817–837.
  • Martill, Benjamin and Monika Sus. 2024. Winds of Change? Neoclassical Realism, Foreign Policy Change, and European Responses to the Russia-Ukraine War. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 0, 0: 1-24 .
  • Mastors, Elena. 2000. Gerry Adams and the Northern Ireland peace process. Political Psychology 21, 4: 839-845.
  • McCourt, David. 2012. The Roles States Play: A Meadian Interactionist Approach. Journal of International Relations and Development 15, 3: 370–392.
  • McGowan, Patrick J. and Howard B. Shapiro. 1973. The Comparative Study of Foreign Policy: A Survey of Scientific Findings. Beverly Hills, CA, Sage.
  • Mello, Patrick and Falk Ostermann. 2023. Routledge Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis Methods. London, Routledge.
  • Mercer, Jonathan. 2005. Rationality and Psychology in International Politics. International Organization, 59, 1: 77-106.
  • Mercer Jonathan. 2014. Feeling Like a State: Social Emotion and Identity. International Theory. 6, 3: 515-535.
  • Mintz, Alex. 2004. How do leaders make decisions? A poliheuristic perspective. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48, 1: 3-13.
  • Mintz, Alex, Steven B. Redd, and Arnold Vedlitz. 2006. Can we generalize from student experiments to the real world in political science, military affairs, and international relations?. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, 5: 757-776.
  • Mitzen Jennifer. 2006. Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma. European Journal of International Relations 12, 3: 341–370.
  • Neack, Laura, Jeanne Hey and Patrick Haney. 1995. Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in its Second Generation. Upper Saddle River, Prentice- Hall.
  • Neack, Laura. 2003. The New Foreign Policy: US and Comparative Foreign Policy in the 21st Century. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Nussbaum, Martha. 2001. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Oppermann, Kai. 2024. Unpacking Altercasting in Role Theory: The Biden Administration’s Policy of Altercasting Germany into a Faithful Ally Role in Relations with China. Foreign Policy Analysis 20, 2: orae003.
  • Oppermann, Kai and Micha Hansel. 2019. The Ontological Security of Special Relationships: The Case of Germany’s Relations with Israel. European Journal of International Security 4, 1: 79–100.
  • Özdamar, Özgür and Sercan Canbolat. 2023. Leaders in the Middle East and North Africa: How Ideology Shapes Foreign Policy. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Pamment, James. 2014. The Mediatization of Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9, 3: 253-280.
  • Preston, Thomas. 2001. The president and his inner circle: Leadership style and the advisory process in foreign policy making. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Ripsman, Norrin., Jeffrey Taliaferro and Steven Lobell. 2016. Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Ross, Andrew. 2006. Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions. European Journal of International Relations 12, 2: 197-222.
  • Rose, Gideon. 1998. Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics 51, 1: 144–172.
  • Schafer, Mark and Scott Crichlow. 2010. Groupthink versus High-Quality Decision Making in International Relations. Columbia University Press.
  • Schweller, R. L. (2004). Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security, 29, 2: 159-201.
  • Schweller, Randall. 2018. Opposite but Compatible Nationalisms: A Neoclassical Realist Approach to the Future of US–China Relations. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 11, 1: 23-48.
  • Shih, Chih-yu. 1988. National Role Conception as Foreign Policy Motivation: The Psychocultural Bases of Chinese Diplomacy. Political Psychology 9, 4: 599–631.
  • Snyder, Richard C., H. W. Bruck, and Burton M. Sapin. 1954. Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Sprout, Harold and Margaret Sprout. 1956. Man-Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Steele Brent. 2008. Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-identity and the IR State. London, Routledge.
  • Subotic, Jelena. 2016. Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change. Foreign Policy Analysis 12, 4: 610-627.
  • Tatlı, Metehan and Nilay Tavlı. 2025. Deconstruction of Engagements with Public Opinion in Foreign Policy Analysis: A Critical Essay from the Perspective of Vernacular Approach. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-17.
  • Taysi, Tanyel and Thomas Preston. 2001. The personality and leadership style of President Khatami: Implications for the future of Iranian political reform. In Profiling political leaders: A cross-cultural studies of personality and behavior, ed. Ofer Feldman, Linda O. Valenty. Westport, Praeger: 57-77.
  • Thies, Cameron. 2010. Role Theory and Foreign Policy. In The International Studies Encyclopedia, ed. Robert Denemark. Blackwell Reference Online.
  • Thies, Cameron. 2012. International Socialization Processes vs. Israeli National Role Conceptions: Can Role Theory Integrate IR Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis? Foreign Policy Analysis 8, 1: 25-46.
  • Thies, Cameron. 2013. The United States, Israel, and the search for international order: socializing states. New York and London, Routledge.
  • Thies, Cameron and Marijke Breuning. 2012. Integrating Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations through Role Theory. Foreign Policy Analysis 8, 1: 1-4.
  • Thies, Cameron and Mark Nieman. 2017. Rising Powers and Foreign Policy Revisionism: Understanding BRICS Identity and Behavior through Time. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan.
  • Thiers, Consuelo. 2024. The Role of Political Leaders’ Emotions in Shaping International Rivalries: The Case of Former Bolivian President Evo Morales. Foreign Policy Analysis 20, 1: orad033.
  • Thiers, Consuelo. 2025. Political Leaders’ Role in Latin American Foreign Policy: A Systematic Review. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-17.
  • Thiers, Consuelo and Leslie Wehner. 2022. The Personality Traits of Populist Leaders and Their Foreign Policies: Hugo Chávez and Donald Trump, International Studies Quarterly 66, 1: sqab083.
  • Van Rythoven, Eric and Mira Sucharov. 2020. Methodology and Emotion in International Relations: Parsing the Passions. London, Routledge.
  • von Essen, Hugo and August Danielson. 2023. A Typology of Ontological Insecurity Mechanisms: Russia's Military Engagement in Syria. International Studies Review 25, 2: viad016.
  • Walker, Stephen G. 1977. The Interface between Beliefs and Behavior: Henry Kissinger’s Operational Code and the Vietnam War. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21, 1: 129-168.
  • Walker, Stephen G. 1987. Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis. Durham, Duke University Press.
  • Walker, Stephen G. 1990. The Evolution of Operational Code Analysis. Political Psychology 11, 2: 403–18.
  • Walker, Stephen G., Mark Schafer, and Michael Young. 1998. Systematic Procedures for Operational Code Analysis: Measuring and Modeling Jimmy Carter’s Operational Code. International Studies Quarterly 42: 175–90.
  • Walker, Stephen G., Mark Schafer, and Joshua Lambert. 2025. Individual Leaders and the State: The Case of Israel as a Complex Adaptive System. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1- 18.
  • Wayne Carly. 2023. Terrified or Enraged? Emotional Microfoundations of Public Counterterror Attitudes. International Organization 77, 4: 824-847.
  • Wehner, Leslie. 2015. Role Expectations as Foreign Policy: South American Secondary Powers' Expectations of Brazil as a Regional Power. Foreign Policy Analysis 11, 4: 435–455.
  • Wehner, Leslie. 2020. The Narration of Roles in Foreign Policy Analysis. Journal of International Relations and Development 23, 2: 359-384.
  • Wehner, Leslie and Cameron Thies. 2021. Leader Influence in Role Selection Choices: Fulfilling Role Theory's Potential for Foreign Policy Analysis. International Studies Review 23, 4: 1424–1441.
  • Wehner, Leslie and Cameron Thies. 2014. Role Theory, Narratives and Interpretation: The Domestic Contestation of Roles. International Studies Review 16: 411–436.
  • Wish, Naomi. 1980. Foreign Policy Makers and Their National Role Conceptions. International Studies Quarterly 24, 4: 532–554.
  • Wivel, Anders. 2024. Foreign Policy Analysis and Realism. In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, ed. Juliet Kaarbo and Cameron Thies. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 97-114.

The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 87, 5 - 24, 18.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1747945

Abstract

This introductory article outlines the purpose and scope of a special issue dedicated to assessing the current state of Foreign Policy Analysis (FPA). We highlight FPA’s evolution as a subfield within International Relations, particularly emphasizing its distinctive focus on agency and the interplay between domestic and international factors in shaping foreign policy. We also introduce the special issue’s contributions to the literature from emerging and established scholars in exploring theoretical, methodological, and empirical innovations in FPA. We conclude that by embracing methodological pluralism and diverse units of analysis, the special issue showcases how FPA continues to enrich our understanding of international politics while providing ideas for promising directions for future research.

References

  • Aggestam, Lisbeth. 2006. Role Theory and European Foreign Policy. In The European Union’s Roles in International Politics: Concepts and Analysis, ed. Ole Elgström and Michael Smith. New York, Routledge: 11–29.
  • Aldrich, John H., Christopher Gelpi, Peter Feaver, Jason Reifler, and Kristin Thompson Sharp. 2006. Foreign Policy and the Eelectoral Connection. Annual Review of Political Science 9: 477–502: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.111605.105008
  • Allison, Graham T. 1971. The Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis. Boston, Little, Brown and Company.
  • Altıparmak, Süleyman O. and Cameron G. Thies. 2024. Role Strain in Foreign Policy: Analyzing the Carter Doctrine. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-17.
  • Baum, Matthew A. and Philip B.K. and Potter. 2008. The Relationships Between Mass Media, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy: Toward a Theoretical Synthesis, Annual Review of Political Science;11:39- 65.
  • Beasley, Ryan, Juliet Kaarbo, Jeffrey Lantis and Michael Snarr. 2012. Foreign Policy in Comparative Perspective: Domestic and International Influences on State Behavior. Washington, SAGE Publications.
  • Bolton, Derek. 2021. Targeting Ontological Security: Information Warfare in the Modern Age. Political Psychology 42, 1: 127-142.
  • Brecher, Michael. 1972. The Foreign Policy System of Israel: Setting, Images, Process. London, Oxford University Press.
  • Breuning, Marijke and Anna Pechenina. 2020. Role Dissonance in Foreign Policy: Russia, Power, and Intercountry Adoption. Foreign Policy Analysis 16, 1: 21–40.
  • Breuning, Marijke. 2011. Role Theory Research in IR: State of the Art and Blind Spots. In Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and Analyses, ed. Sebastian Harnisch, Cornelia Frank and Hanns Maull. Abingdon, New York, Routledge: 16-35.
  • Breuning, Marijke. 2024. National Roles and Foreign Policy. In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, ed. Juliet Kaarbo and Cameron Thies. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 211-260.
  • Brummer, Klaus, Michael D. Young, Özgür Özdamar, Sercan Canbolat, Consuelo Thiers, Christian Rabini, Katharina Dimmroth, Mischa Hansel, and Amene Mehvar. 2020. Coding in Tongues: Developing Non-English Coding Schemes for Leadership Profiling. International Studies Review 22, 4: 1039-1067.
  • Canbolat, Sercan. 2025. Have Middle Eastern Leaders Learned from the Arab Uprisings? An Arabic Operational Code Approach. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-21.
  • Cantir, Cristian and Juliet Kaarbo. 2012. Contested Roles and Domestic Politics: Reflections on Role Theory in Foreign Policy Analysis and IR Theory. Foreign Policy Analysis 8, 1: 5–24.
  • Cantir, Cristian and Juliet Kaarbo. 2016. Domestic Role Contestation, Foreign Policy, and International Relations. New York, Routledge.
  • Clément, Maéva and Eric Sangar. 2017. Methodological Challenges and Opportunities for the Study of Emotions. In Researching Emotions in International Relations: Methodological Perspectives on the Emotional Turn, ed. Clément Maéva and Eric Sangar. Cham, Palgrave McMillan: 1–29.
  • Crawford, Neta. 2000. The Passion of World Politics: Propositions on Emotion and Emotional Relationships. International Security, 24. 4: 116-156.
  • Crawford, Neta. 2014. Institutionalizing Passion in World Politics: Fear and Empathy, International Theory, 6,3: 535-557.
  • Cuhadar, Esra, Juliet Kaarbo, Baris Kesgin, and Binnur Ozkececi-Taner. 2017. Examining Leaders’ Orientations to Structural Constraints: Turkey’s 1991 and 2003 War Decisions. Journal of International Relations and Development 20, 1: 29–54.
  • D’Aoust, Anne-Marie. 2014. Ties that Bind? Engaging Emotions, Governmentality, and Neoliberalism: Introduction to the Special Issue, Global Society, 28. 3: 267-276.
  • de Mesquita, Bruce Bueno, James D. Morrow, Randolph M. Siverson, and Alastair Smith. 2002. Political Institutions, Policy Choice and the Survival of Leaders, British Journal of Political Science, 32, 4: 559–90.
  • Doğan Haluk. 2025. The Nexus of Power, Culture, and Elite Interactions: A Neoclassical Realist Framework for Foreign Policy Analysis. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication.
  • Dyson, Stephen Benedict. 2006. Personality and Foreign Policy: Tony Blair’s Iraq Decisions. Foreign Policy Analysis 2, 3: 289–306.
  • Edinger, Harald. 2023. Hooked on a Feeling: Russia’s Annexation of Crimea Through the Lens of Emotion. Political Psychology 44, 4: 749-767.
  • Ergurum, Ahmet. 2025. The Transition from Quantitative to Computational Methods in Foreign Policy Analysis. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-19.
  • Freyberg-Inan, Annette. 2006. Rational Paranoia and Enlightened Machismo: The Strange Psychological Foundations of Realism, Journal of International Relations and Development, 9: 247-268.
  • George, Alexander L. 1969. The "operational code": A neglected approach to the study of political leaders and decision-making. International Studies Quarterly 13, 2: 190-222.
  • George, Alexander L., and Bennett, Andrew. 2005. Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences. Cambridge, MA, MIT Press.
  • Guimarães, Feliciano de Sá. 2020. A Theory of Master Role Transition: Small Powers Shaping Regional Hegemons. New York, Routledge.
  • Gustafsson, Karl and Todd Hall. 2021. The Politics of Emotions in International Relations: Who Gets to Feel What, Whose Emotions Matter, and the “History Problem” in Sino-Japanese Relations. International Studies Quarterly 65, 4: 973–984.
  • Gürkan, Seda. 2024. Constructing an ‘Emotional Community’ in Times of Crisis: The EU’s Response to Russia’s Invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Journal of European Integration 46, 5: 635-659.
  • Halperin, Morton. 1974. Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, Brookings Institution.
  • Harnisch, Sebastian. 2011. Role Theory: Operationalization of Key Concepts. In Role Theory in International Relations: Approaches and Analyses, ed. Sebastian Harnisch, Cornelia Frank and Hanns Maull. Abingdon, Routledge: 7-15.
  • Hart Paul’t, Stern Eric and Sundelius Bengt. 1997. Foreign Policymaking at the Top: Political Group Dynamics. In Beyond Groupthink: Political Group Dynamics and Foreign Policy-making, ed. Paul’t Hart, Eric Stern and Bengt Sundelius. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press: 3-34.
  • Hermann, Margaret G. 1980. Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior Using the Personal Characteristics of Political Leaders. International Studies Quarterly 24, 1: 7-46.
  • Hermann, Margaret G., Thomas Preston, Baghat Korany, and Timothy M. Shaw. 2001. Who Leads Matters: The Effects of Powerful Individuals, International Studies Review, 3, 2: 83-131
  • Hocking, Brian. 1994. Adaptation and the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy: The Experience of Federal States. Diplomacy and Statecraft 5, 1: 47-72
  • Holsti, Kalevi. 1970. National Role Conceptions in the Study of Foreign Policy. International Studies Quarterly 14, 3: 233-309.
  • Holsti, Ole R. 1976. Foreign Policy Formation Viewed Cognitively. In Structure of Decision, ed. Robert Axelrod. Princeton, Princeton University Press: 18-55.
  • Homolar, Alexandra and Ronny Scholz. 2019. The Power of Trump-Speak: Populist Crisis Narratives and Ontological Security. Cambridge Review of International Affairs 32, 3: 344-364.
  • Hudson, Valerie. M. 2005. Foreign Policy Analysis: Actor-Specific Theory and the Ground of International Relations. Foreign Policy Analysis 1, 1: 1–30.
  • Janis, Irving. 1972. Victims of Groupthink: A Psychological Study of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston, Houghton Mifflin.
  • Jonnson, Christer and Ulf Westerlund. 1982. Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis. In Cognitive Dynamics and International Politics, ed. Christer Jonnson. London, Frances Pinter: 22–57.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet. 1997. Prime Minister Leadership Styles in Foreign Policy Decision‐Making: A Framework for Research. Political Psychology 18, 3: 553-581.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet. 1998. Power Politics in Foreign Policy: The Influence of Bureaucratic Minorities. European Journal of International Relations 4, 1: 67-97.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet., 2015. A foreign policy analysis perspective on the domestic politics turn in IR theory. International Studies Review 17, 2:189-216.
  • Kaarbo, Juliet and Cameron Thies. 2024. Repositioning Foreign Policy Analysis in International Relations. In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, ed. Juliet Kaarbo and Cameron Thies. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 1-22.
  • Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky. 1979. Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica 47, 2: 263–91.
  • Kegley, Charles and Margaret Hermann (1995). The Political Psychology of `Peace through Democratization’. Cooperation and Conflict, 30, 1: 5-30.
  • Kılıç, Çağla. 2025. A Different Approach on Analyzing Countries’ Grand Strategies: China and the USA. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-23.
  • Kille, Kent J., and Roger M. Scully. 2003. Executive heads and the role of intergovernmental organizations: Expansionist leadership in the United Nations and the European Union. Political Psychology 24, 1: 175-198.
  • Kösen Mustafa Gökcan and Ş. Gökçe Gezen. 2025. Emotion Norms and International Securitization in Foreign Policy Analysis: The Official Russian Narratives on the Ukrainian-Russian War. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-20.
  • Kubicek, Paul. 2022. Contrasting Theoretical Approaches to Turkish Foreign Policy. Turkish Studies 23, 5: 645–658.
  • Le Prestre, Philippe G. 1997. Role Quests in the Post-Cold War Era: Foreign Policies in Transition. Montreal and Kingston, McGill-Queen’s University Press.
  • Leites, Nathan. 1951. The Operational Code of the Politburo. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
  • Lindsay, James. 1994. Congress, Foreign Policy, and the New Institutionalism. International Studies Quarterly 38, 2: 281–304.
  • Lorci, Enescan and Pao-wen Li. 2025. Navigating the Foreign Policy in Cyber Landscape: A Novel Model for State Decision-Making in Cyberspace. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-19.
  • Löfflmann, Georg. 2022. Enemies of the People: Donald Trump and the Security Imaginary of America First. British Journal of Politics and International Relations 24, 3: 543–560.
  • Lupovici, Amir. 2012. Ontological Dissonance, Clashing Identities, and Israel’s Unilateral Steps towards the Palestinians. Review of International Studies 38, 4: 809–833.
  • Manners, Ian. 2024. Political Psychology of Emotions in European Union Foreign policy in Times of Ontological (In)security and Crisis. Journal of European Integration 46, 5: 817–837.
  • Martill, Benjamin and Monika Sus. 2024. Winds of Change? Neoclassical Realism, Foreign Policy Change, and European Responses to the Russia-Ukraine War. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 0, 0: 1-24 .
  • Mastors, Elena. 2000. Gerry Adams and the Northern Ireland peace process. Political Psychology 21, 4: 839-845.
  • McCourt, David. 2012. The Roles States Play: A Meadian Interactionist Approach. Journal of International Relations and Development 15, 3: 370–392.
  • McGowan, Patrick J. and Howard B. Shapiro. 1973. The Comparative Study of Foreign Policy: A Survey of Scientific Findings. Beverly Hills, CA, Sage.
  • Mello, Patrick and Falk Ostermann. 2023. Routledge Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis Methods. London, Routledge.
  • Mercer, Jonathan. 2005. Rationality and Psychology in International Politics. International Organization, 59, 1: 77-106.
  • Mercer Jonathan. 2014. Feeling Like a State: Social Emotion and Identity. International Theory. 6, 3: 515-535.
  • Mintz, Alex. 2004. How do leaders make decisions? A poliheuristic perspective. Journal of Conflict Resolution 48, 1: 3-13.
  • Mintz, Alex, Steven B. Redd, and Arnold Vedlitz. 2006. Can we generalize from student experiments to the real world in political science, military affairs, and international relations?. Journal of Conflict Resolution 50, 5: 757-776.
  • Mitzen Jennifer. 2006. Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma. European Journal of International Relations 12, 3: 341–370.
  • Neack, Laura, Jeanne Hey and Patrick Haney. 1995. Foreign Policy Analysis: Continuity and Change in its Second Generation. Upper Saddle River, Prentice- Hall.
  • Neack, Laura. 2003. The New Foreign Policy: US and Comparative Foreign Policy in the 21st Century. Lanham, MD, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
  • Nussbaum, Martha. 2001. Upheavals of Thought: The Intelligence of Emotions. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Oppermann, Kai. 2024. Unpacking Altercasting in Role Theory: The Biden Administration’s Policy of Altercasting Germany into a Faithful Ally Role in Relations with China. Foreign Policy Analysis 20, 2: orae003.
  • Oppermann, Kai and Micha Hansel. 2019. The Ontological Security of Special Relationships: The Case of Germany’s Relations with Israel. European Journal of International Security 4, 1: 79–100.
  • Özdamar, Özgür and Sercan Canbolat. 2023. Leaders in the Middle East and North Africa: How Ideology Shapes Foreign Policy. New York, Cambridge University Press.
  • Pamment, James. 2014. The Mediatization of Diplomacy. The Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9, 3: 253-280.
  • Preston, Thomas. 2001. The president and his inner circle: Leadership style and the advisory process in foreign policy making. New York, Columbia University Press.
  • Ripsman, Norrin., Jeffrey Taliaferro and Steven Lobell. 2016. Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York, Oxford University Press.
  • Ross, Andrew. 2006. Coming in from the Cold: Constructivism and Emotions. European Journal of International Relations 12, 2: 197-222.
  • Rose, Gideon. 1998. Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics 51, 1: 144–172.
  • Schafer, Mark and Scott Crichlow. 2010. Groupthink versus High-Quality Decision Making in International Relations. Columbia University Press.
  • Schweller, R. L. (2004). Unanswered Threats: A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security, 29, 2: 159-201.
  • Schweller, Randall. 2018. Opposite but Compatible Nationalisms: A Neoclassical Realist Approach to the Future of US–China Relations. The Chinese Journal of International Politics 11, 1: 23-48.
  • Shih, Chih-yu. 1988. National Role Conception as Foreign Policy Motivation: The Psychocultural Bases of Chinese Diplomacy. Political Psychology 9, 4: 599–631.
  • Snyder, Richard C., H. W. Bruck, and Burton M. Sapin. 1954. Decision-Making as an Approach to the Study of International Politics. Princeton, Princeton University Press.
  • Sprout, Harold and Margaret Sprout. 1956. Man-Milieu Relationship Hypotheses in the Context of International Politics. Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
  • Steele Brent. 2008. Ontological Security in International Relations: Self-identity and the IR State. London, Routledge.
  • Subotic, Jelena. 2016. Narrative, Ontological Security, and Foreign Policy Change. Foreign Policy Analysis 12, 4: 610-627.
  • Tatlı, Metehan and Nilay Tavlı. 2025. Deconstruction of Engagements with Public Opinion in Foreign Policy Analysis: A Critical Essay from the Perspective of Vernacular Approach. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-17.
  • Taysi, Tanyel and Thomas Preston. 2001. The personality and leadership style of President Khatami: Implications for the future of Iranian political reform. In Profiling political leaders: A cross-cultural studies of personality and behavior, ed. Ofer Feldman, Linda O. Valenty. Westport, Praeger: 57-77.
  • Thies, Cameron. 2010. Role Theory and Foreign Policy. In The International Studies Encyclopedia, ed. Robert Denemark. Blackwell Reference Online.
  • Thies, Cameron. 2012. International Socialization Processes vs. Israeli National Role Conceptions: Can Role Theory Integrate IR Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis? Foreign Policy Analysis 8, 1: 25-46.
  • Thies, Cameron. 2013. The United States, Israel, and the search for international order: socializing states. New York and London, Routledge.
  • Thies, Cameron and Marijke Breuning. 2012. Integrating Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations through Role Theory. Foreign Policy Analysis 8, 1: 1-4.
  • Thies, Cameron and Mark Nieman. 2017. Rising Powers and Foreign Policy Revisionism: Understanding BRICS Identity and Behavior through Time. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan.
  • Thiers, Consuelo. 2024. The Role of Political Leaders’ Emotions in Shaping International Rivalries: The Case of Former Bolivian President Evo Morales. Foreign Policy Analysis 20, 1: orad033.
  • Thiers, Consuelo. 2025. Political Leaders’ Role in Latin American Foreign Policy: A Systematic Review. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1-17.
  • Thiers, Consuelo and Leslie Wehner. 2022. The Personality Traits of Populist Leaders and Their Foreign Policies: Hugo Chávez and Donald Trump, International Studies Quarterly 66, 1: sqab083.
  • Van Rythoven, Eric and Mira Sucharov. 2020. Methodology and Emotion in International Relations: Parsing the Passions. London, Routledge.
  • von Essen, Hugo and August Danielson. 2023. A Typology of Ontological Insecurity Mechanisms: Russia's Military Engagement in Syria. International Studies Review 25, 2: viad016.
  • Walker, Stephen G. 1977. The Interface between Beliefs and Behavior: Henry Kissinger’s Operational Code and the Vietnam War. The Journal of Conflict Resolution, 21, 1: 129-168.
  • Walker, Stephen G. 1987. Role Theory and Foreign Policy Analysis. Durham, Duke University Press.
  • Walker, Stephen G. 1990. The Evolution of Operational Code Analysis. Political Psychology 11, 2: 403–18.
  • Walker, Stephen G., Mark Schafer, and Michael Young. 1998. Systematic Procedures for Operational Code Analysis: Measuring and Modeling Jimmy Carter’s Operational Code. International Studies Quarterly 42: 175–90.
  • Walker, Stephen G., Mark Schafer, and Joshua Lambert. 2025. Individual Leaders and the State: The Case of Israel as a Complex Adaptive System. Uluslararası İlişkiler Advanced Online Publication: 1- 18.
  • Wayne Carly. 2023. Terrified or Enraged? Emotional Microfoundations of Public Counterterror Attitudes. International Organization 77, 4: 824-847.
  • Wehner, Leslie. 2015. Role Expectations as Foreign Policy: South American Secondary Powers' Expectations of Brazil as a Regional Power. Foreign Policy Analysis 11, 4: 435–455.
  • Wehner, Leslie. 2020. The Narration of Roles in Foreign Policy Analysis. Journal of International Relations and Development 23, 2: 359-384.
  • Wehner, Leslie and Cameron Thies. 2021. Leader Influence in Role Selection Choices: Fulfilling Role Theory's Potential for Foreign Policy Analysis. International Studies Review 23, 4: 1424–1441.
  • Wehner, Leslie and Cameron Thies. 2014. Role Theory, Narratives and Interpretation: The Domestic Contestation of Roles. International Studies Review 16: 411–436.
  • Wish, Naomi. 1980. Foreign Policy Makers and Their National Role Conceptions. International Studies Quarterly 24, 4: 532–554.
  • Wivel, Anders. 2024. Foreign Policy Analysis and Realism. In The Oxford Handbook of Foreign Policy Analysis, ed. Juliet Kaarbo and Cameron Thies. Oxford, Oxford University Press: 97-114.
There are 113 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations Theories
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Binnur Ozkececi-taner This is me 0000-0001-8100-6559

Leslie E. Wehner This is me 0000-0001-5790-7568

Early Pub Date August 6, 2025
Publication Date September 18, 2025
Submission Date May 19, 2025
Acceptance Date July 22, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 87

Cite

APA Ozkececi-taner, B., & Wehner, L. E. (2025). The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, 22(87), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1747945
AMA Ozkececi-taner B, Wehner LE. The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. September 2025;22(87):5-24. doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1747945
Chicago Ozkececi-taner, Binnur, and Leslie E. Wehner. “The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 22, no. 87 (September 2025): 5-24. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1747945.
EndNote Ozkececi-taner B, Wehner LE (September 1, 2025) The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 22 87 5–24.
IEEE B. Ozkececi-taner and L. E. Wehner, “The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction”, Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 87, pp. 5–24, 2025, doi: 10.33458/uidergisi.1747945.
ISNAD Ozkececi-taner, Binnur - Wehner, Leslie E. “The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi 22/87 (September2025), 5-24. https://doi.org/10.33458/uidergisi.1747945.
JAMA Ozkececi-taner B, Wehner LE. The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. 2025;22:5–24.
MLA Ozkececi-taner, Binnur and Leslie E. Wehner. “The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction”. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi, vol. 22, no. 87, 2025, pp. 5-24, doi:10.33458/uidergisi.1747945.
Vancouver Ozkececi-taner B, Wehner LE. The State of the Art in Foreign Policy Analysis: An Introduction. Uluslararası İlişkiler Dergisi. 2025;22(87):5-24.