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The Effect of Cost Efficiency on The Financial Performance of Banks: A Research on Public Banks in Turkey

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 188 - 196, 30.09.2025

Abstract

This research seeks to elucidate the impact of cost efficiency within banking institutions on their overall financial performance. The empirical data utilized in this investigation was sourced from the Bloomberg Terminal database. The research sample comprises public deposit banks operating within the Republic of Turkey. Eight banks were selected for data sampling, with the temporal scope of analysis spanning from 2009 to 2022. Initially, the study employed stochastic frontier analysis to assess cost efficiency, subsequently utilizing the technical efficiency metrics derived from this analysis to evaluate its influence on the financial performance of deposit banks via panel regression methodologies. In the stochastic frontier analysis conducted according to the model of Battese and Coelli (1995), it was concluded that the variables selected as input (Personnel Costs and Interest Costs) affected the output (Loans and Financial Assets) at a 1% significance level. Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE) and Net Interest Margin (NIM), which are financial performance indicators of banks, were selected as dependent variables. Logarithm of Total Assets (LNASSETS), Total Equity/Total Assets (TETA), Total Loans/Total Deposits (TLTD) and Non-Performing Loans/Total Loans (NPL), which are important variables for banks with cost efficiency levels, were used as independent variables in this study. As a result of the panel regression, it was seen that Cost efficiency affected the dependent variables ROA, ROE and NIM at 5% significance level. This result indicates that banks need to review their credit risk management, non-interest expense control, and capital adequacy strategies with a focus on cost efficiency; for regulators, it highlights the need for close monitoring of high TLTD and rising NPL ratios and the implementation of countercyclical measures.

References

  • Acar, M. F., Erkoç, T. E., & Yılmaz, B. (2015). Türk bankacılık sektörü için karşılaştırmalı performans analizi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.188782
  • Adeabah, D., & Andoh, C. (2020). Cost efficiency and welfare performance of banks: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 16(5), 549-574. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-06-2019-0212
  • Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1995). A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data. Empirical Economics, 20(2), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205442
  • Berger, A. N., & Mester, L. J. (1997). Inside the black box: What explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(7), 895-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(97)00010-1
  • Diko, A. (2024). A dea and tobit analysis of the determinants of cost and profit efficiency in the Turkish banking sector. International Journal of Banking and Finance, 19(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.32890/ijbf2024.19.1.1
  • Greene, W. H. (2008). The econometric approach to efficiency analysis. In H. O. Fried, C. A. K. Lovell, & S. S. Schmidt (Eds.), The measurement of productive efficiency and productivity growth (pp. 92-250). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183528.003.0002
  • Hamarat, Ç. (2024). The efficiency of participation and conventional banking in Turkiye: A stochastic frontier approach. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 5(1), 56-79. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1341253
  • Hanif Akhtar, M. (2013). After the financial crisis: A cost efficiency analysis of banks from Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 6(4), 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2013-0059
  • Hughes, J. P., & Mester, L. J. (2012). Efficiency in banking: Theory, practice, and evidence. In A. N. Berger, P. Molyneux, & J. O. S. Wilson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of banking (Chapter 18). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199640935.013.0018
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Khalifaturofi'ah, S. O. (2023). Cost efficiency, innovation and financial performance of banks in Indonesia. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(1), 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2020-0124
  • Maudos, J., Pastor, J. M., Perez, F., & Quesada, J. (2002). Cost and profit efficiency in European banks. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 12(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1042-4431(01)00051-8
  • Niţoi, M., & Spulbar, C. (2015). An examination of banks’ cost efficiency in Central and Eastern Europe. Procedia Economics and Finance, 22, 544-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00256-7
  • Pasiouras, F., Tanna, S., & Zopounidis, C. (2009). The impact of banking regulations on banks' cost and profit efficiency: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Financial Analysis, 18(5), 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2009.07.003
  • Rakshit, B. (2023). Assessing the effects of cost, revenue and profit efficiency on bank performance: Empirical evidence from Indian banking. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(5), 1867-1898. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2021-2802
  • Tawiah, V., Zakari, A., & Alvarado, R. (2024). Effect of corruption on green growth. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(4), 10429-10459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03152-w
  • Wang, H., Sua, L. S., & Dolar, B. (2025). CAMELS-DEA in assessing the role of major factors in achieving higher efficiency levels: Evidence from Turkish banks. Applied Economics, 57(27), 3844-3861. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2339186
  • Yalçinkaya, A. E. A., & Kök, R. (2016). Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Maliyet Etkinliği (2005-2013)/Cost efficiency in Turkish banking sector (2005-2013). Ege Akademik Bakis, 16(2), 273. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/560947
  • Zhu, N., Aryee, E. N. T., Agyemang, A. O., Wiredu, I., Zakari, A., & Agbadzidah, S. Y. (2024). Addressing environment, social and governance (ESG) investment in China: Does board composition and financing decision matter?. Heliyon, 10(10), e30783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30783

Maliyet Etkinliğinin Bankaların Finansal Performansına Etkisi: Türkiye’de Halka Açık Bankalar Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 188 - 196, 30.09.2025

Abstract

Bu araştırma, bankacılık kurumlarında maliyet verimliliğinin genel finansal performansları üzerindeki etkisini aydınlatmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu araştırmada kullanılan ampirik veriler Bloomberg Terminal veri tabanından elde edilmiştir. Araştırma örneklemi, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti sınırları içinde faaliyet gösteren halka açık bankalardan oluşmaktadır. Veri örneklemi için sekiz banka seçilmiş ve analiz zaman aralığı 2009 ile 2022 yılları arasında belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada ilk olarak, maliyet verimliliğini değerlendirmek için stokastik frontier analizi kullanılmış, ardından bu analizden elde edilen teknik verimlilik ölçütleri, panel regresyon yöntemi ile halka açık bankaların finansal performansı üzerindeki etkisini değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. Battese ve Coelli (1995) modeline göre yapılan stokastik sınır analizinde, girdi olarak seçilen değişkenlerin (Personel Maliyetleri ve Faiz Maliyetleri) çıktıları (Krediler ve Finansal Varlıklar) %1 anlamlılık düzeyinde etkilediği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bankaların finansal performans göstergeleri olan Aktif Kârlılığı (ROA), Özkaynak Kârlılığı (ROE) ve Net Faiz Marjı (NIM) bağımlı değişkenler olarak seçilmiştir. Maliyet etkinlik seviyeleri ile bankalar için önemli değişkenlerden Toplam Varlıkların Logaritması (LNASSETS), Toplam Özkaynaklar/Toplam Varlıklar (TETA), Toplam Krediler/Toplam Mevduatlar (TLTD) ve Donuk Krediler/Toplam Krediler (NPL) bu çalışmada bağımsız değişkenler olarak kullanılmıştır. Panel regresyon sonucunda maliyet etkinliğinin ROA, ROE ve NIM bağımlı değişkenlerini %5 anlamlılık düzeyinde etkilediği görülmüştür. Bu sonuç, bankaların özellikle kredi risk yönetimi, faiz dışı gider kontrolü ve sermaye yeterliliği stratejilerini maliyet etkinliği ekseninde gözden geçirmeleri gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır; düzenleyiciler içinse yüksek TLTD ve artan NPL oranlarının yakın takibi ve karşı-döngüsel önlemler alınması gerektiğini göstermektedir.

References

  • Acar, M. F., Erkoç, T. E., & Yılmaz, B. (2015). Türk bankacılık sektörü için karşılaştırmalı performans analizi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.30803/adusobed.188782
  • Adeabah, D., & Andoh, C. (2020). Cost efficiency and welfare performance of banks: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Managerial Finance, 16(5), 549-574. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJMF-06-2019-0212
  • Battese, G. E., & Coelli, T. J. (1995). A model for technical inefficiency effects in a stochastic frontier production function for panel data. Empirical Economics, 20(2), 325-332. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01205442
  • Berger, A. N., & Mester, L. J. (1997). Inside the black box: What explains differences in the efficiencies of financial institutions?. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(7), 895-947. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4266(97)00010-1
  • Diko, A. (2024). A dea and tobit analysis of the determinants of cost and profit efficiency in the Turkish banking sector. International Journal of Banking and Finance, 19(1), 1-38. https://doi.org/10.32890/ijbf2024.19.1.1
  • Greene, W. H. (2008). The econometric approach to efficiency analysis. In H. O. Fried, C. A. K. Lovell, & S. S. Schmidt (Eds.), The measurement of productive efficiency and productivity growth (pp. 92-250). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195183528.003.0002
  • Hamarat, Ç. (2024). The efficiency of participation and conventional banking in Turkiye: A stochastic frontier approach. Toplum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Dergisi, 5(1), 56-79. https://doi.org/10.58702/teyd.1341253
  • Hanif Akhtar, M. (2013). After the financial crisis: A cost efficiency analysis of banks from Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 6(4), 322-332. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-05-2013-0059
  • Hughes, J. P., & Mester, L. J. (2012). Efficiency in banking: Theory, practice, and evidence. In A. N. Berger, P. Molyneux, & J. O. S. Wilson (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of banking (Chapter 18). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199640935.013.0018
  • Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90(1), 1-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4076(98)00023-2
  • Khalifaturofi'ah, S. O. (2023). Cost efficiency, innovation and financial performance of banks in Indonesia. Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 39(1), 100-116. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEAS-07-2020-0124
  • Maudos, J., Pastor, J. M., Perez, F., & Quesada, J. (2002). Cost and profit efficiency in European banks. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 12(1), 33-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1042-4431(01)00051-8
  • Niţoi, M., & Spulbar, C. (2015). An examination of banks’ cost efficiency in Central and Eastern Europe. Procedia Economics and Finance, 22, 544-551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)00256-7
  • Pasiouras, F., Tanna, S., & Zopounidis, C. (2009). The impact of banking regulations on banks' cost and profit efficiency: Cross-country evidence. International Review of Financial Analysis, 18(5), 294-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.irfa.2009.07.003
  • Rakshit, B. (2023). Assessing the effects of cost, revenue and profit efficiency on bank performance: Empirical evidence from Indian banking. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 31(5), 1867-1898. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-06-2021-2802
  • Tawiah, V., Zakari, A., & Alvarado, R. (2024). Effect of corruption on green growth. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(4), 10429-10459. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03152-w
  • Wang, H., Sua, L. S., & Dolar, B. (2025). CAMELS-DEA in assessing the role of major factors in achieving higher efficiency levels: Evidence from Turkish banks. Applied Economics, 57(27), 3844-3861. https://doi.org/10.1080/00036846.2024.2339186
  • Yalçinkaya, A. E. A., & Kök, R. (2016). Türk Bankacılık Sektöründe Maliyet Etkinliği (2005-2013)/Cost efficiency in Turkish banking sector (2005-2013). Ege Akademik Bakis, 16(2), 273. Available at: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/560947
  • Zhu, N., Aryee, E. N. T., Agyemang, A. O., Wiredu, I., Zakari, A., & Agbadzidah, S. Y. (2024). Addressing environment, social and governance (ESG) investment in China: Does board composition and financing decision matter?. Heliyon, 10(10), e30783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30783
There are 19 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Finance
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Gökhan Kılıç 0000-0002-0605-2798

Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date August 21, 2025
Acceptance Date September 27, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kılıç, G. (2025). The Effect of Cost Efficiency on The Financial Performance of Banks: A Research on Public Banks in Turkey. International Journal of Business and Economic Studies, 7(3), 188-196. https://doi.org/10.54821/uiecd.1769763


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