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Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 128 - 158
https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1596962

Abstract

The creative economy has become instrumental for the development of cities. In this respect, the ‘European Capital of Culture’ in the EU, as well as the global ‘Creative Cities Network’ of UNESCO, are initiatives that promote the creative economy. Nowadays, as a consequence of international calls and practices, the agenda in urban areas comprises the development of the creative economy, the site selection of industries, and the attraction of the creative workforce by means of various urban design practices as well as innovative planning approaches and policies. To discuss the contribution of the creative economy in urban development, this study focuses on the outcomes of the workshop titled ‘UNESCO Creative Cities and Experience of Türkiye’, which was held on 8 December 2022 in the ‘Urban Development Workshops’ action group as part of the Taskisla Design LAB project sponsored by the Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA). The specific experiences of Turkish cities in UNESCO’s Creative Cities Network (UCCN) help to confirm the various achievements ensured by creative-economy-based practices.

References

  • Alpan, A. (2021). Yaratıcı end¨ustrilerin kentsel politikalardaki yeri. International Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(47), 2401–2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.861
  • Chapain, C., & Comunian, R. (2010). Enabling and inhibiting the creative economy: The role of the local and regional dimensions in England. Regional Studies, 43(6), 717–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903107728
  • Colomb, C. (2013). Staging the new Berlin: Place marketing and the politics of urban reinvention post-1989. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203137543
  • Czarniawska, B. (2011). Narratives in social science research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/ 9781849209502.n1
  • Daskalaki, M. (2010). Building ‘bonds’ and ‘bridges’: Linking tie evolution and network identity in the creative industries. Organization Studies, 31(12), 1649–1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840610380805
  • d’Ovidio, M., & Cossu, A. (2017). Culture is reclaiming the creative city: The case of Macao in Milan, Italy. City, Culture and Society, 8, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2016.04.001
  • Eglite, Ž. (2022). Creative people, industries and places in small cities and rural areas. Culture Crossroads, 21, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol21.267
  • Florea, C. A. (2015). Creative and innovative cities–A new perspective for sustainable development. Network Intelligence Studies, 3(1), 49–53. https://ideas.repec.org/a/cmj/networ/y2015i5p49-54.html
  • Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class: And how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. Basic Books.
  • Gertler, M., & Levitte, Y. M. (2005). Local nodes in global networks: The geography of knowledge flows in biotechnology. Industry and Innovation, 12(4), 487–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662710500361981
  • Grodach, C. (2013). Cultural economy planning in creative cities: Discourse and practice. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(5), 1747–1765. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01165.x
  • Hahn, J. (2010). Creative cities and (un)sustainability – Cultural perspectives. Cultura, 21. https://cercles. diba.cat/documentsdigitals/pdf/E110031.pdf
  • Hamdouch, A., Demaziere, C., & Banovac, K. (2017). The socio-economic profiles of small and medium-sized towns: Insights from European case studies. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 108(4), 456–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12254
  • Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA). (2023). Istanbul regional plan (2024–2028). https://www.istka.org. tr/media/133573/2024-2028-%C4%B0stanbul-b%C3%B6lge-plan%C4%B1-taslak.pdf
  • Izmir Development Agency (IZKA). (2021). Türkiye’de yaratıcı endüstrilerin İBBS-2 bölgeleri düzeyinde analizi: İzmir’e bir bakış. İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı Yayınları. https://izka.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Yaratici-Endustriler-Raporu.pdf
  • Karlsson, C. (2011). Clusters, networks and creativity. In D. Andersson, A . Andersson, & C. Mellander (Eds.), Handbook of creative cities (pp. 85–113). Edward Elgar.
  • Kerimoğlu, E. (2017). Yaratıcı ekonominin kentsel alandaki varlı˘gı: Plancının rol¨u ve farkındalık üzerine. Planlama Dergisi, 27(2), 109–114. http://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2017.24085
  • Laitinen, I., Osborne, M., & Stenvall, J. (2016). Complex regional innovation networks and HEI engagement – The case of Chicago. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 7(2), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKBD.2016.076462
  • Landry, C. (2000). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Landry, C. (2008). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781849772945/creative-city-charles-landry
  • Landry, C. (2012). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators (e-book). Routledge. https://doi.org/10. 4324/9781849772945
  • Ling, S., & Martins, J. T. (2015). Learning and innovation in network: Online communicative practices of a local enterprise partnership sector group. Regional Studies, 2(1), 171–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2015.1013149
  • Montalto, V., Moura, C. J. T., Langedijk, S., & Saisana, M. (2019). Culture counts: An empirical approach to measure the cultural and creative vitality of European cities. Cities, 89, 167–185. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.cities.2019.01.014
  • Namyślak, B. (2014). Cooperation and forming networks of creative cities: Polish experiences. European Planning Studies, 22(11), 2411–2427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.843652
  • Neff, G. (2005). The changing place of cultural production: The location of social networks in a digital media industry. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 597(1), 134–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716204270505
  • Niblett, V. (2020). The economic spillover of creative people and places: Five case studies. https://www. artscouncil.org.uk/research-and-data/economic-spillover-creative-people-and-places
  • Pearson, D., & Pearson, T. (2016). Branding food culture: UNESCO Creative Cities of Gastronomy. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 28(2), 164–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2015.1035472
  • Potts, J., Cunningham, S., Hartley, J., & Ormerod, P. (2008). Social network markets: A new definition of the creative industries. Journal of Cultural Economics, 32(3), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-008-9066-y
  • Prayudi, K., Ayu, A., & Ninik, P. (2022). Branding the creative city of design: Lesson from Singapore. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 20(3), 303–314.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Development. (2014–2023). B¨olgesel gelis¸me ulusal stratejisi. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2014-2023 B%C3%B6lgesel Geli%C5% 9Fme Ulusal Stratejisi.pdf
  • Riessman, K. C. (1993). Narrative analysis (Vol. 30). SAGE Publications. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/ 1993-98991-000
  • Rivas, M. (2011). From creative industries to the creative place: Refreshing the local development agenda in small and medium-sized towns. https://www.academia.edu/9564663/From_Creative_Industries_to_the_Creative_Place_Refreshing_the_Local_Development_Agenda_in_Small_and_Medium_sized_Towns_Lead_expert_for_the_URBACT_network_on_Creative_Clusters
  • Rodrigues, M., & Franco, M. (2020). Networks and performance of creative cities: A bibliometric analysis. City, Culture and Society, 20, 100326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2019.100326
  • Stocker, K. (2013). The power of design: A journey through the 11 UNESCO Cities of Design. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1583-1
  • Taskisla Design LAB Project, ISTKA. (2022). Tas¸kıs¸la Design LAB Project. https://taskisladesignlab.itu.edu.tr
  • Tepeli, Türel, O. (2023). Geography of social networks: The case of creative industries in Tomtom Neighborhood (Ph.D. thesis, Istanbul Technical University). http://hdl.handle.net/11527/26402
  • TR Ministry of Industry and Technology. (2014–2023). Regional development plans. https://www.sanayi.gov. tr/bolgesel-kalkinma-faaliyetleri/strateji-belgeleri/01154b
  • TR Ministry of Industry and Technology. (2017). SEGE reports. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/ b94224510b7b/sege/il-sege-raporlari
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). (2022). Population statistics. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • UNCTAD. (2004). Creative industries and development. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ tdxibpd13 en.pdf
  • United Nations. (2019). Montalto, V., Tacao Moura, C., Panella, F., Alberti, V., Becker, W., & Saisana, M. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor: 2019 Edition. Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/257371
  • UNESCO. (2024). Impact of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network at local, national and international level. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000390387
  • UNESCO. (2022). UNESCO Creative Cities Network – Official pages. https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/ home
  • UNESCO. (2022). Gaziantep Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/gaziantep
  • UNESCO. (2022). Hatay Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/hatay
  • UNESCO. (2022). Istanbul Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/istanbul
  • UNESCO. (2022). https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/kutahya
  • UNESCO. (2022). Afyonkarahisar Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/afyonkarahisar
  • UNESCO. (2022). Kırşehir Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/kirsehir
  • UNESCO. (2022). UNESCO Türkiye Creative Cities Poster – Bursa. https://www.unesco.org/en/ creative-cities/bursa?hub=80094
  • UNESCO. (2025). UCCN mission statement. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/mission
  • URBACT. (2010). Creative clusters: Complete overview.
Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 128 - 158
https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1596962

Abstract

References

  • Alpan, A. (2021). Yaratıcı end¨ustrilerin kentsel politikalardaki yeri. International Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(47), 2401–2420. http://dx.doi.org/10.31589/JOSHAS.861
  • Chapain, C., & Comunian, R. (2010). Enabling and inhibiting the creative economy: The role of the local and regional dimensions in England. Regional Studies, 43(6), 717–734. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400903107728
  • Colomb, C. (2013). Staging the new Berlin: Place marketing and the politics of urban reinvention post-1989. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203137543
  • Czarniawska, B. (2011). Narratives in social science research. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/ 9781849209502.n1
  • Daskalaki, M. (2010). Building ‘bonds’ and ‘bridges’: Linking tie evolution and network identity in the creative industries. Organization Studies, 31(12), 1649–1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840610380805
  • d’Ovidio, M., & Cossu, A. (2017). Culture is reclaiming the creative city: The case of Macao in Milan, Italy. City, Culture and Society, 8, 7–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2016.04.001
  • Eglite, Ž. (2022). Creative people, industries and places in small cities and rural areas. Culture Crossroads, 21, 7–20. https://doi.org/10.55877/cc.vol21.267
  • Florea, C. A. (2015). Creative and innovative cities–A new perspective for sustainable development. Network Intelligence Studies, 3(1), 49–53. https://ideas.repec.org/a/cmj/networ/y2015i5p49-54.html
  • Florida, R. (2002). The rise of the creative class: And how it’s transforming work, leisure, community and everyday life. Basic Books.
  • Gertler, M., & Levitte, Y. M. (2005). Local nodes in global networks: The geography of knowledge flows in biotechnology. Industry and Innovation, 12(4), 487–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/13662710500361981
  • Grodach, C. (2013). Cultural economy planning in creative cities: Discourse and practice. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 37(5), 1747–1765. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2427.2012.01165.x
  • Hahn, J. (2010). Creative cities and (un)sustainability – Cultural perspectives. Cultura, 21. https://cercles. diba.cat/documentsdigitals/pdf/E110031.pdf
  • Hamdouch, A., Demaziere, C., & Banovac, K. (2017). The socio-economic profiles of small and medium-sized towns: Insights from European case studies. Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 108(4), 456–471. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12254
  • Istanbul Development Agency (ISTKA). (2023). Istanbul regional plan (2024–2028). https://www.istka.org. tr/media/133573/2024-2028-%C4%B0stanbul-b%C3%B6lge-plan%C4%B1-taslak.pdf
  • Izmir Development Agency (IZKA). (2021). Türkiye’de yaratıcı endüstrilerin İBBS-2 bölgeleri düzeyinde analizi: İzmir’e bir bakış. İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı Yayınları. https://izka.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Yaratici-Endustriler-Raporu.pdf
  • Karlsson, C. (2011). Clusters, networks and creativity. In D. Andersson, A . Andersson, & C. Mellander (Eds.), Handbook of creative cities (pp. 85–113). Edward Elgar.
  • Kerimoğlu, E. (2017). Yaratıcı ekonominin kentsel alandaki varlı˘gı: Plancının rol¨u ve farkındalık üzerine. Planlama Dergisi, 27(2), 109–114. http://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2017.24085
  • Laitinen, I., Osborne, M., & Stenvall, J. (2016). Complex regional innovation networks and HEI engagement – The case of Chicago. International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 7(2), 184–201. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJKBD.2016.076462
  • Landry, C. (2000). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators (1st ed.). Routledge.
  • Landry, C. (2008). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781849772945/creative-city-charles-landry
  • Landry, C. (2012). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators (e-book). Routledge. https://doi.org/10. 4324/9781849772945
  • Ling, S., & Martins, J. T. (2015). Learning and innovation in network: Online communicative practices of a local enterprise partnership sector group. Regional Studies, 2(1), 171–184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21681376.2015.1013149
  • Montalto, V., Moura, C. J. T., Langedijk, S., & Saisana, M. (2019). Culture counts: An empirical approach to measure the cultural and creative vitality of European cities. Cities, 89, 167–185. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.cities.2019.01.014
  • Namyślak, B. (2014). Cooperation and forming networks of creative cities: Polish experiences. European Planning Studies, 22(11), 2411–2427. https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2013.843652
  • Neff, G. (2005). The changing place of cultural production: The location of social networks in a digital media industry. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 597(1), 134–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716204270505
  • Niblett, V. (2020). The economic spillover of creative people and places: Five case studies. https://www. artscouncil.org.uk/research-and-data/economic-spillover-creative-people-and-places
  • Pearson, D., & Pearson, T. (2016). Branding food culture: UNESCO Creative Cities of Gastronomy. Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 28(2), 164–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/08974438.2015.1035472
  • Potts, J., Cunningham, S., Hartley, J., & Ormerod, P. (2008). Social network markets: A new definition of the creative industries. Journal of Cultural Economics, 32(3), 167–185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10824-008-9066-y
  • Prayudi, K., Ayu, A., & Ninik, P. (2022). Branding the creative city of design: Lesson from Singapore. Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi, 20(3), 303–314.
  • Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Development. (2014–2023). B¨olgesel gelis¸me ulusal stratejisi. https://www.sbb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/2014-2023 B%C3%B6lgesel Geli%C5% 9Fme Ulusal Stratejisi.pdf
  • Riessman, K. C. (1993). Narrative analysis (Vol. 30). SAGE Publications. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/ 1993-98991-000
  • Rivas, M. (2011). From creative industries to the creative place: Refreshing the local development agenda in small and medium-sized towns. https://www.academia.edu/9564663/From_Creative_Industries_to_the_Creative_Place_Refreshing_the_Local_Development_Agenda_in_Small_and_Medium_sized_Towns_Lead_expert_for_the_URBACT_network_on_Creative_Clusters
  • Rodrigues, M., & Franco, M. (2020). Networks and performance of creative cities: A bibliometric analysis. City, Culture and Society, 20, 100326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccs.2019.100326
  • Stocker, K. (2013). The power of design: A journey through the 11 UNESCO Cities of Design. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1583-1
  • Taskisla Design LAB Project, ISTKA. (2022). Tas¸kıs¸la Design LAB Project. https://taskisladesignlab.itu.edu.tr
  • Tepeli, Türel, O. (2023). Geography of social networks: The case of creative industries in Tomtom Neighborhood (Ph.D. thesis, Istanbul Technical University). http://hdl.handle.net/11527/26402
  • TR Ministry of Industry and Technology. (2014–2023). Regional development plans. https://www.sanayi.gov. tr/bolgesel-kalkinma-faaliyetleri/strateji-belgeleri/01154b
  • TR Ministry of Industry and Technology. (2017). SEGE reports. https://www.sanayi.gov.tr/merkez-birimi/ b94224510b7b/sege/il-sege-raporlari
  • Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK). (2022). Population statistics. https://www.tuik.gov.tr/
  • UNCTAD. (2004). Creative industries and development. https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ tdxibpd13 en.pdf
  • United Nations. (2019). Montalto, V., Tacao Moura, C., Panella, F., Alberti, V., Becker, W., & Saisana, M. The Cultural and Creative Cities Monitor: 2019 Edition. Publications Office of the European Union. http://dx.doi.org/10.2760/257371
  • UNESCO. (2024). Impact of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network at local, national and international level. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000390387
  • UNESCO. (2022). UNESCO Creative Cities Network – Official pages. https://en.unesco.org/creative-cities/ home
  • UNESCO. (2022). Gaziantep Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/gaziantep
  • UNESCO. (2022). Hatay Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/hatay
  • UNESCO. (2022). Istanbul Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/istanbul
  • UNESCO. (2022). https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/kutahya
  • UNESCO. (2022). Afyonkarahisar Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/afyonkarahisar
  • UNESCO. (2022). Kırşehir Creative City Page. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/kirsehir
  • UNESCO. (2022). UNESCO Türkiye Creative Cities Poster – Bursa. https://www.unesco.org/en/ creative-cities/bursa?hub=80094
  • UNESCO. (2025). UCCN mission statement. https://www.unesco.org/en/creative-cities/mission
  • URBACT. (2010). Creative clusters: Complete overview.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Regional Development and Globalisation in Sociology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ebru Kerimoglu 0000-0002-4721-3930

Early Pub Date July 30, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date December 5, 2024
Acceptance Date July 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kerimoglu, E. (2025). Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Universal Journal of History and Culture, 7(2), 128-158. https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1596962
AMA Kerimoglu E. Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Universal Journal of History and Culture. July 2025;7(2):128-158. doi:10.52613/ujhc.1596962
Chicago Kerimoglu, Ebru. “Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network”. Universal Journal of History and Culture 7, no. 2 (July 2025): 128-58. https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1596962.
EndNote Kerimoglu E (July 1, 2025) Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Universal Journal of History and Culture 7 2 128–158.
IEEE E. Kerimoglu, “Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network”, Universal Journal of History and Culture, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 128–158, 2025, doi: 10.52613/ujhc.1596962.
ISNAD Kerimoglu, Ebru. “Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network”. Universal Journal of History and Culture 7/2 (July 2025), 128-158. https://doi.org/10.52613/ujhc.1596962.
JAMA Kerimoglu E. Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Universal Journal of History and Culture. 2025;7:128–158.
MLA Kerimoglu, Ebru. “Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network”. Universal Journal of History and Culture, vol. 7, no. 2, 2025, pp. 128-5, doi:10.52613/ujhc.1596962.
Vancouver Kerimoglu E. Creative Cities: Experience of Türkiye in the UNESCO Creative Cities Network. Universal Journal of History and Culture. 2025;7(2):128-5.

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