In this study, it was aimed to develop a new, valid and reliable measurement tool to measure general earthquake anxiety (EAS). For this purpose, firstly, the literature on earthquake was reviewed and an item pool was created. Then, two separate samples were taken for EFA and CFA. In order to determine the factor structure of the measurement tool, EFA was applied on the data obtained from the first sample group and a structure with 2 factors and 13 items was reached. In order to test the accuracy of this structure, data were collected from a different sample group and CFA was applied on these data. The results revealed that the scale has evidence of construct validity, discriminant validity and internal consistency reliability. In addition, earthquake anxiety scale items can be used to assess anxiety levels in different age groups.
All participants were informed about the beneficial and risky aspects of the research. In addition, ethics committee approval for the research, which is based on volunteering, was received in 2022 from the Scientific Research Publication Ethics Committee of Kyrgyzstan Turkey Manas University at its meeting numbered 2023-4, with the decision number R.30.2023/BAYEK-6829.
Kaynakça
Aksaray, G., Kortan, G., Erkaya, H., Yenilmez, C. & Kaptanoğlu, C. (2006). Gender differences in psychological effect of the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60(5), 387-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480600937553
Ali, I., Azman, A., Mallick, S., Sultana, T. & Hatta, Z.A. (2022). Social Survey Method. In: Islam, M.R., Khan, N.A., Baikady, R. (eds) Principles of Social Research Methodology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2_12
Aliaga, M. & Gunderson, B. (2002). Interactive statistics. Sage Publication.
Bal, A. & Jensen, B. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in Turkish child and adolescent trauma survivors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(7), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0618-z
Baloğlu, M., Harris, M. & Karagözoğlu, C. (2005). The psychological effects of an earthquake on Turkish college students. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 125-136.
Basri, M., Husain, B. & Djaguna, F. (2020). Strategies in Reducing Ahmad Dahlan Students’Anxiety in Speaking. Jurnal. Ika PGSD (Ikatan Alumni PGSD) UNARS, 8(1), 128-134.
Başoǧlu, M., Kiliç, C., Şalcioǧlu, E. & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8
Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M., Ozeren, M., Aker, T., Kılıç, C. & Mestçioğlu, O. (2001). A study of the validity of a screening instrument for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(3), 491-509
Başoǧlu, M., Şalcioǧlu, E. & Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016241826589
Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: a guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25-44, Doi: 10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
Carr, V. J., Lewin, T. J., Webster, R. A., Hazell, P. L., Kenardy, J. A. & Carter, G. L. (1995). Psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake: I. Community disaster experiences and psychological morbidity 6 months post-disaster. Psychological Medicine, 25(3), 539-555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700033468
Claes, F. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Re¬search, 1(18), 39-50.
Clark, K. N. & Malecki, C. K. (2019). Academic grit scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction. Journal of School Psychology, 72, 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.001
Clark, L. A. & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: basic ıssues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
Craske, M. G., et al. (2011). What is an anxiet disorder? Focus Journal, 9(3), 369-388, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.9.3.foc369
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative (C. 7). Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
de la Fuente, R. (1990). The mental health consequences of the 1985 earthquakes in Mexico. International Journal of Mental Health, 19, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1990.11449159
Dereli, M. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde akademik stres: belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, akademik öz-yeterlik, akademik sorumluluk ve cinsiyet değişkenlerinin rolü. “Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi”, Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
Dorahy, M. J., Renouf, C., Rowlands, A., Hanna, D., Britt, E. & Carter, J. D. (2016). Earthquake aftershock anxiety: An examination of psychosocial contributing factors and symptomatic outcomes. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(3), 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2015.1075804
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. https://doi.org/10. 1037/14805-020
Gül, Y. E. (2023). Theoretical perspective on survey method from quantitative researches. Universum: психология и образование, 4(106), 64-68. https://doi.org/10.32743/UniPsy.2023.106.4.15254
Güler Aksu, G. & İmrek, Y. (2023). The earthquake disaster in Türkiye: A review from child and adolescent psychiatry perspective. Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 6-14
Harshman, R. A. (1970). Foundations of the PARAFAC procedure: Models and conditions for an explanatory multimodal factor analysis. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 16, 1- 84.
Kane, J. C., Luitel, N. P., Jordans, M. J. D., Kohrt, B. A., Weissbecker, I. & Tol, W. A. (2018). Mental health and psychosocial problems in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquakes: Findings from a representative cluster sample survey. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 27(3), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016001104
Karanci, A. & Rüstemli, A. (1995). Psychological Consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) Earthquake. Disasters, 19, 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00328.x
Liao, S.-C., Lee, M.-B., Lee, Y.-J., Weng, T., Shih, F.-Y., & Ma, M. H. M. (2002). Association of psychological distress with psychological factors in rescue workers within two months after a major earthquake. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi, 101(3), 169-176.
McMillen, J. C., North, C. S. & Smith, E. M. (2000). What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007768830246
Naeem, F., Ayub, M., Masood, K., Gul, H., Khalid, M., Farrukh, A., Shaheen, A., Waheed, W. & Chaudhry, H. R. (2011). Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.035
Niaz, U., Hassan, S. & Hassan, M. (2007). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, fear and avoidance in destitute women, earthquake survivors of NWFP, Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 4(1), 1-10.
Nunnally, J. (1967). Psychometric theory. Tata McGraw-Hill.
Orihara, M. & Clancey, G. (2012). The Nature of Emergency: The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Crisis of Reason in Late Imperial Japan. Science in Context, 25(1), 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889711000317
Rachman, S. (2013). Anxiety. Psychology Press in an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Rikitake, T. (1968). Earthquake prediction. Earth-Science Reviews, 4, 245-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(68)90154-2
Sağkal, A., Soylu, Y., Pamukçu, B. & Özdemir, Y. (2020). Akademik Azim Ölçeği'nin (AAÖ) Türkçe'ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 56, 326-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.21764/(link is external)
Schencking, J. C. (2008). The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Culture of Catastrophe and Reconstruction in 1920s Japan. Journal of Japanese Studies, 34(2), 295-331.
Schenking, J. C. (2013). The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan. Columbia University Press.
Segars, A. (1997). Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: A paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research. Omega, 25(1), 107-121.
Seismological Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE). (2023). How Often Do Earthquakes Occur? https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/fact-sheet/how_often_do_earthquakes_occur
Tamam, L. & Demirkol, M. E. (2019). Anksiyete Bozuklukları, In Bütüncül Tıp (Birinci Basamakta ve Aile Hekimliğinde Güncel Tanı-Tedavi). Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, pp.1675-1677
Türkçapar, H. (2004). Anksiyete bozukluğu ve depresyonun tanısal ilişkileri. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psuchiatry, 7(4), 12-16.
Ünalsever, B. Ö. & Balcıoğlu, İ. (2006). Yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu: epidemiyoloji, prognoz ve farmakolojik olmayan tedaviler. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi, 37, 115-120.
Zait, A. & Bertea, P. E. (2011). Methods for testing discriminant validity. Management & Marketing, 9(2), 217-224.
Zajacova, A., Lynch, S. M. & Espenshade T. J. (2004). Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 677-706
Deprem Kaygısı Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması
Bu araştırmada genel deprem kaygısını ölçmeye yarayacak yeni, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda öncelikle deprem konusunda literatür taranarak madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra AFA ve DFA için iki ayrı örneklem alma yoluna gidilmiştir. Ölçme aracının faktör yapısını belirlemek adına ilk örneklem grubundan alınan veriler üzerinde AFA uygulanmış ve 2 faktörlü 13 maddeli bir yapıya ulaşılmıştır. Bu yapının doğruluğunu test etmek üzere farklı bir örneklem grubundan veri toplanmış ve bu veriler üzerinde DFA uygulanmıştır. Sonuçlar, ölçeğin yapı geçerliği, ayırt edicilik geçerliği ve iç tutarlık güvenirliğine ilişkin kanıtlara sahip olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca deprem kaygısı ölçeği maddeleri farklı yaş gruplarında kaygı düzeylerini değerlendirmek için kullanılabilir.
Tüm katılımcılara araştırmanın faydalı ve riskli yönleri hakkında bilgi verildi. Ayrıca gönüllülük esasına dayalı olan araştırmanın etik kurul onayı Kırgızistan Türkiye Manas Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Yayın Etiği Kurulu'nun 2022 yılında 2023-4 sayılı toplantısında R.30.2023/BAYEK-6829 karar numarası ile alınmıştır.
Kaynakça
Aksaray, G., Kortan, G., Erkaya, H., Yenilmez, C. & Kaptanoğlu, C. (2006). Gender differences in psychological effect of the August 1999 earthquake in Turkey. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, 60(5), 387-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/08039480600937553
Ali, I., Azman, A., Mallick, S., Sultana, T. & Hatta, Z.A. (2022). Social Survey Method. In: Islam, M.R., Khan, N.A., Baikady, R. (eds) Principles of Social Research Methodology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5441-2_12
Aliaga, M. & Gunderson, B. (2002). Interactive statistics. Sage Publication.
Bal, A. & Jensen, B. (2007). Post-traumatic stress disorder symptom clusters in Turkish child and adolescent trauma survivors. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 16(7), 449-457. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-007-0618-z
Baloğlu, M., Harris, M. & Karagözoğlu, C. (2005). The psychological effects of an earthquake on Turkish college students. Hasan Ali Yücel Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2, 125-136.
Basri, M., Husain, B. & Djaguna, F. (2020). Strategies in Reducing Ahmad Dahlan Students’Anxiety in Speaking. Jurnal. Ika PGSD (Ikatan Alumni PGSD) UNARS, 8(1), 128-134.
Başoǧlu, M., Kiliç, C., Şalcioǧlu, E. & Livanou, M. (2004). Prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder and comorbid depression in earthquake survivors in Turkey: An epidemiological study. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 133-141. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022619.31615.e8
Başoğlu, M., Şalcıoğlu, E., Livanou, M., Ozeren, M., Aker, T., Kılıç, C. & Mestçioğlu, O. (2001). A study of the validity of a screening instrument for traumatic stress in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 14(3), 491-509
Başoǧlu, M., Şalcioǧlu, E. & Livanou, M. (2002). Traumatic stress responses in earthquake survivors in Turkey. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 15(4), 269-276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016241826589
Carpenter, S. (2018). Ten steps in scale development and reporting: a guide for researchers. Communication Methods and Measures, 12(1), 25-44, Doi: 10.1080/19312458.2017.1396583
Carr, V. J., Lewin, T. J., Webster, R. A., Hazell, P. L., Kenardy, J. A. & Carter, G. L. (1995). Psychosocial sequelae of the 1989 Newcastle earthquake: I. Community disaster experiences and psychological morbidity 6 months post-disaster. Psychological Medicine, 25(3), 539-555. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291700033468
Claes, F. & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Re¬search, 1(18), 39-50.
Clark, K. N. & Malecki, C. K. (2019). Academic grit scale: Psychometric properties and associations with achievement and life satisfaction. Journal of School Psychology, 72, 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2018.12.001
Clark, L. A. & Watson, D. (1995). Constructing validity: basic ıssues in objective scale development. Psychological Assessment, 7(3), 309-319.
Craske, M. G., et al. (2011). What is an anxiet disorder? Focus Journal, 9(3), 369-388, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.9.3.foc369
Creswell, J. W. (2002). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative (C. 7). Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River, NJ.
de la Fuente, R. (1990). The mental health consequences of the 1985 earthquakes in Mexico. International Journal of Mental Health, 19, 21-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207411.1990.11449159
Dereli, M. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde akademik stres: belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, akademik öz-yeterlik, akademik sorumluluk ve cinsiyet değişkenlerinin rolü. “Yayınlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi”, Mersin Üniversitesi, Mersin.
Dorahy, M. J., Renouf, C., Rowlands, A., Hanna, D., Britt, E. & Carter, J. D. (2016). Earthquake aftershock anxiety: An examination of psychosocial contributing factors and symptomatic outcomes. Journal of Loss and Trauma, 21(3), 246-258. https://doi.org/10.1080/15325024.2015.1075804
Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C. & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-279. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
Ferguson, C. J. (2009). An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 40(5), 532–538. https://doi.org/10. 1037/14805-020
Gül, Y. E. (2023). Theoretical perspective on survey method from quantitative researches. Universum: психология и образование, 4(106), 64-68. https://doi.org/10.32743/UniPsy.2023.106.4.15254
Güler Aksu, G. & İmrek, Y. (2023). The earthquake disaster in Türkiye: A review from child and adolescent psychiatry perspective. Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(1), 6-14
Harshman, R. A. (1970). Foundations of the PARAFAC procedure: Models and conditions for an explanatory multimodal factor analysis. UCLA Working Papers in Phonetics, 16, 1- 84.
Kane, J. C., Luitel, N. P., Jordans, M. J. D., Kohrt, B. A., Weissbecker, I. & Tol, W. A. (2018). Mental health and psychosocial problems in the aftermath of the Nepal earthquakes: Findings from a representative cluster sample survey. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 27(3), 301-310. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796016001104
Karanci, A. & Rüstemli, A. (1995). Psychological Consequences of the 1992 Erzincan (Turkey) Earthquake. Disasters, 19, 8-18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7717.1995.tb00328.x
Liao, S.-C., Lee, M.-B., Lee, Y.-J., Weng, T., Shih, F.-Y., & Ma, M. H. M. (2002). Association of psychological distress with psychological factors in rescue workers within two months after a major earthquake. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi, 101(3), 169-176.
McMillen, J. C., North, C. S. & Smith, E. M. (2000). What parts of PTSD are normal: Intrusion, avoidance, or arousal? Data from the Northridge, California, earthquake. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 13(1), 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007768830246
Naeem, F., Ayub, M., Masood, K., Gul, H., Khalid, M., Farrukh, A., Shaheen, A., Waheed, W. & Chaudhry, H. R. (2011). Prevalence and psychosocial risk factors of PTSD: 18months after Kashmir earthquake in Pakistan. Journal of Affective Disorders, 130(1), 268-274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.035
Niaz, U., Hassan, S. & Hassan, M. (2007). Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, fear and avoidance in destitute women, earthquake survivors of NWFP, Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Psychiatric Society, 4(1), 1-10.
Nunnally, J. (1967). Psychometric theory. Tata McGraw-Hill.
Orihara, M. & Clancey, G. (2012). The Nature of Emergency: The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Crisis of Reason in Late Imperial Japan. Science in Context, 25(1), 103-126. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0269889711000317
Rachman, S. (2013). Anxiety. Psychology Press in an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
Rikitake, T. (1968). Earthquake prediction. Earth-Science Reviews, 4, 245-282. https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-8252(68)90154-2
Sağkal, A., Soylu, Y., Pamukçu, B. & Özdemir, Y. (2020). Akademik Azim Ölçeği'nin (AAÖ) Türkçe'ye uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 56, 326-344. http://dx.doi.org/10.21764/(link is external)
Schencking, J. C. (2008). The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Culture of Catastrophe and Reconstruction in 1920s Japan. Journal of Japanese Studies, 34(2), 295-331.
Schenking, J. C. (2013). The Great Kanto Earthquake and the Chimera of National Reconstruction in Japan. Columbia University Press.
Segars, A. (1997). Assessing the unidimensionality of measurement: A paradigm and illustration within the context of information systems research. Omega, 25(1), 107-121.
Seismological Facility for the Advancement of Geoscience (SAGE). (2023). How Often Do Earthquakes Occur? https://www.iris.edu/hq/inclass/fact-sheet/how_often_do_earthquakes_occur
Tamam, L. & Demirkol, M. E. (2019). Anksiyete Bozuklukları, In Bütüncül Tıp (Birinci Basamakta ve Aile Hekimliğinde Güncel Tanı-Tedavi). Ankara Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri, pp.1675-1677
Türkçapar, H. (2004). Anksiyete bozukluğu ve depresyonun tanısal ilişkileri. Turkish Journal of Clinical Psuchiatry, 7(4), 12-16.
Ünalsever, B. Ö. & Balcıoğlu, İ. (2006). Yaygın anksiyete bozukluğu: epidemiyoloji, prognoz ve farmakolojik olmayan tedaviler. Cerrahpaşa Tıp Dergisi, 37, 115-120.
Zait, A. & Bertea, P. E. (2011). Methods for testing discriminant validity. Management & Marketing, 9(2), 217-224.
Zajacova, A., Lynch, S. M. & Espenshade T. J. (2004). Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 677-706
Gül, Y. E. (2024). Development of the Earthquake Anxiety Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. Uluslararası Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Eğitim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 25-31. https://doi.org/10.47770/ukmead.1389678