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HİBRİT SAVAŞ: İRAN SİLAHLI KUVVETLERİ

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 2 - Journal of Crises and Political Research "Hybrid Warfare" Special Issue, 68 - 105, 31.10.2017

Abstract




Savaş tarih boyunca değişen bir olgudur.
Savaşlarda kullanılan strateji, taktik ve silahlar sürekli olarak değişim
içindedir. Son zamanlarda hibrit savaş terimi literatürde sıkça
kullanılmaktadır. Bu makalede hibrit savaşı genel kabul görebilecek şekilde
kapsamlı bir şekilde tanımlanmıştır. Araştırmanın bir sonraki adımında devletlerin
neden bu yeni savaş türünü kullanmaya yöneldiği ve hibrit savaşın aktörleri ele
alınmıştır. Konvansiyonel ordu ve özel askeri şirketlerden yasadışı örgütler ve
hedef ülke halkına kadar uzanan unsurların kullanılmasının arkasındaki temel
neden nedir? Ayrıca vurgulanan bir diğer konu ise klasik ordunun önemidir. Hibrit
savaşı tanımlanarak, aktörlerin çıkarlarını açıklandıktan sonra hibrit savaş
bağlamında İran Ordusu incelenecektir. Ordu nasıl yapılandırılmıştır ve hibrit
savaş için uygun mudur? Son olarak Türkiye ve İran’ın askeri yeteneklerini yeni
nesil savaş bağlamında karşılaştırılacaktır.




References

  • ALFONEH, Ali, “Eternal Rivals? The Artesh and The IRGC”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 32-35.
  • ALFONEH, Ali, “The Basij Resistance Force”, 2010, http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/basij-resistance-force, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2016).
  • AMAN, Fatemah, “Living with the Artesh’s Green Sympathies”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 16-19.
  • ARASLI, Jahangir, “Obsolete Weapons, Unconventional Tactics, and Martyrdom Zeal: How Iran Would Apply Its Asymetric Naval Warfare Doctrine in a Future Conlict”, George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, Sayı: 10, Nisan 2007.
  • ARYAN, Hossein, “The Artesh:Iran’s Marginalized and Under - Armed Conventional Military”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 46-50.
  • BAHGAT, Gawdat, “Iran’s Regular Army: It’s History and Capacities”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 20-22.
  • CIOFFI-REVILLA, Claudio, “Origins and Evolution of War and Politics”, International Studies Quarterly, Cilt: 40, Sayı:1, Mart 1996, s.1-22.
  • CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von, “On War”, çev. Michael Howard-Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1976. CONNELL, Michael, “Iran Primier: Iran Military Doctrine”, United States Institute of Peace, http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/irans-military-doctrine, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2016).
  • CORDESMAN, Anthony H., “Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, The Al Quds Force, and Other Intelligence and Paramilitary Forces (Rough Working Draft)”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 16 Ağustos 2007.
  • DAYSPRİNG, Stephen M., Toward A Theory of Hybrid Warfare: The Russian Conduct of War During Peace, Naval Postgraduate School, Aralık 2015, (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • DE LA GARZA, Paul-David Adams, “Military Aid……from the Private Sector”, St. Petersburg Times, 3 Aralık 2000, http://www.sptimes.com/News/120300/Worldandnation/Military_aid____from_.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Kasım 2016).
  • DUMLUPINAR, Nihat, Regulation of Private Military Companies in Iraq, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey-California, Mart 2010, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • EROL, Mehmet Seyfettin-Şafak Oğuz, “Hibrit Savaş Çalışmaları ve Kırım’daki Rusya Örneği”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Cilt:9, Sayı:15, Kış 2015.
  • Federal Research Division, Library of Congress “Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security: A Profile”, A Report Prepared by the under an Interagency Agreement with the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office’s Irregular Warfare Support Program, Aralık 2012.
  • GERASIMOV, Valery, “The Value of Science Is in the Foresight; New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying Out Combat Operations”, çev. Robert Coalson, Military Review, Ocak-Şubat 2016.
  • GLENN, Russell W., “Thoughts on Hybrid Conflict,” Small Wars Journal, 2 Mart 2009, www.smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/thoughts-on-hybrid-conflict, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2016).
  • GROSSMAN, Laura, “Sanctioning Iran’s Military Industrial Complex”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 13-15.
  • GÜRCAN, Metin “Savaşın Evrimi ve Teorik Yaklaşımlar”, BİLGESAM, http://www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-163-201404072m_gurcan.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2016).
  • HASSAN-YARİ, Houchang, “The Artesh and Revolution”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 29-31. HOFFMAN, Frank, “Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hibrid Wars”, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Aralık 2007.
  • HOFFMAN, Frank, “On Not-So-New Warfare: Political Warfare vs Hybrid Threats”, 28 Temmuz 2014, http://warontherocks.com/2014/07/on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybrid-threats, (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Ekim 2016).
  • HOFFMAN, Frank, “Hybrid vs. Compound War”, Armed Forces Journal, 1 Ekim 2009.
  • HUBER, Thomas M., “Compound Warfare: That Fatal Knot”, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press, 2002, http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA481548, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2016).
  • HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., “The Soldier and The State: The Theory and Politics of Civil Military Relations”, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
  • Iran Focus, “Irans Suicide Bombers Threaten to Burn Down U.S. Interests”, 13 Şubat 2006, http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5752:irans-suicide-bombers-threaten-to-burn-down-us-interests&catid=9&Itemid=114, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2016).
  • KALDOR, Mary, “New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era”, 3rd Edition, Cambridge: Polity Press, e-book, 2012.
  • KATZMAN, Ken, “Politics of Iran’s Regular Military,” Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 10-12.
  • KATZMAN, Kenneth, “Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies”, Congressional Research Service, 21 Ekim 2016.
  • KAUSSLER, Bernd, “The Iranian Army: Tasks and Capabilities”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 36-39.
  • KIDWELL, Deborah C., “Public War, Private Fight? The United States and Private Military Companies”, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2005.
  • , Michael-Matthew Rojansky, “A Closer Look At Russia’s ‘Hybrid War’”, Kennan Cable, Sayı: 7, Nisan 2015.
  • LANOZSKA, Alexander, “Russian Hybrid Warfare and Extended Deterrence in Eastern Europe”, International Affairs, Cilt: 92, Sayı: 1, 2016, s. 175-195.
  • MEARSHEİMER, John J., “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”, New York: Norton & Company, 2001.
  • MOTADEL, David “Iran: Revolutionary Guards: March of the Guards”, The World Today, Cilt: 65, Sayı: 11, Kasım 2009, s. 8-10.
  • NALLU, Preethi, Foreign Policy Ambitions of Iran in The Levant: Influences, Constraints and The Plausibility for Cooperation, Webster University, Londra-İngiltere, Mayıs 2009, (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • NEWSON, Robert A., “Counter-Unconventional Warfare Is the Way of the Future. How Can We Get There?”, 23 Ekim 2014, http://blogs.cfr.org/davidson/2014/10/23/counter-unconventional-warfare-is-the-way-of-the-future-how-can-we-get-there/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2016).
  • Oxford Dictionaries, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hybrid, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2016).
  • PUYVELDE, Damiyen Van, “Hybrid War-Does It Even Exist?”, NATO Review Magazine, http://www.nato.int/docu/Review/2015/Also-in-2015/hybrid-modern-future-warfare-russia-ukraine/EN/index.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2016).
  • RUSSELL, Richard, “The Artesh:From the War With Iraq Until Today”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 23-28.
  • SADEGHİ, Fatemeh, “Foot Soldiers of the Islamic Republic's "Culture of Modesty"”, Middle East Report, Sayı: 250, İlkbahar 2009, s. 50-55.
  • SAFSHEKAN, Roozbeh-Farzan SABET, “The Ayatollah's Praetorians: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the 2009 Election Crisis”, Middle East Journal, Cilt: 64, Sayı: 4, Sonbahar 2010, s. 543-558.
  • SANDIKLI, Atilla-Bilgehan EMEKLİER, “İran’ın Dış Politika Hedefleri ve Jeopolitik Vizyonu”, BİLGESAM, http://www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-173-2014120952iran.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2016).
  • SİNKAYA, Bayram, “Devrimden Günümüze: İran Dış Politikasının Dönüşümü”, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Dergisi, Cilt: 247, Sayı: 5-6, Nisan-Mayıs 2005.
  • SMİTH II, Michael S., “The Al-Qa’ida-Qods Force Nexus: Scratching The Surface of a Known Unknown”, 29 Nisan 2011.
  • T.C 7-100 “Hybrid Threat”, ABD Kara Kuvvetleri Karargâhı, 26 Kasım 2010.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, http://www.tdk.gov.tr/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2016).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration, “The Strait of Hormuz is The World's Most Important Oil Transit Chokepoint”, 4 Ocak 2012, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4430 , (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2016).
  • U.S. Department of Defense, “Unclassified Report on Military Power of Iran,” April 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/IranReportUnclassified.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2016).
  • WARD, Steven R., “The Continuing Evolution of Iran's Military Doctrine”, Middle East Journal, Cilt: 59, Sayı: 4, Sonbahar 2005, s. 559-576.
  • YEGİN, Abdullah, “İran’ın Sert Gücü”, SETA, 2016.

Hybrid War: Iran Armed Forces

Year 2017, Volume: 1 Issue: 2 - Journal of Crises and Political Research "Hybrid Warfare" Special Issue, 68 - 105, 31.10.2017

Abstract



The term of hybrid
warfare has been largely used in the literature recently. But it is very
difficult to find a common definition that all scholars agree on. Also, none of
the definitions clearly touch all the important characteristics of the term,
even though some are addressing a few. In this article we are trying to define
the hybrid warfare comprehensively that could be accepted commonly. After
defining hybrid warfare and explaining the interests of the actors, we are
examining the military of Iran in the context of hybrid warfare. How did Iran
structure its’ military?  Is it suitable
for hybrid warfare? Finally, we are comparing the military capabilities of Turkey
and Iran in the context of new generation of warfare.




References

  • ALFONEH, Ali, “Eternal Rivals? The Artesh and The IRGC”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 32-35.
  • ALFONEH, Ali, “The Basij Resistance Force”, 2010, http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/basij-resistance-force, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.12.2016).
  • AMAN, Fatemah, “Living with the Artesh’s Green Sympathies”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 16-19.
  • ARASLI, Jahangir, “Obsolete Weapons, Unconventional Tactics, and Martyrdom Zeal: How Iran Would Apply Its Asymetric Naval Warfare Doctrine in a Future Conlict”, George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies, Sayı: 10, Nisan 2007.
  • ARYAN, Hossein, “The Artesh:Iran’s Marginalized and Under - Armed Conventional Military”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 46-50.
  • BAHGAT, Gawdat, “Iran’s Regular Army: It’s History and Capacities”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 20-22.
  • CIOFFI-REVILLA, Claudio, “Origins and Evolution of War and Politics”, International Studies Quarterly, Cilt: 40, Sayı:1, Mart 1996, s.1-22.
  • CLAUSEWITZ, Carl Von, “On War”, çev. Michael Howard-Peter Paret, Princeton University Press, 1976. CONNELL, Michael, “Iran Primier: Iran Military Doctrine”, United States Institute of Peace, http://iranprimer.usip.org/resource/irans-military-doctrine, (Erişim Tarihi: 22.11.2016).
  • CORDESMAN, Anthony H., “Iran’s Revolutionary Guards, The Al Quds Force, and Other Intelligence and Paramilitary Forces (Rough Working Draft)”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 16 Ağustos 2007.
  • DAYSPRİNG, Stephen M., Toward A Theory of Hybrid Warfare: The Russian Conduct of War During Peace, Naval Postgraduate School, Aralık 2015, (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • DE LA GARZA, Paul-David Adams, “Military Aid……from the Private Sector”, St. Petersburg Times, 3 Aralık 2000, http://www.sptimes.com/News/120300/Worldandnation/Military_aid____from_.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 19 Kasım 2016).
  • DUMLUPINAR, Nihat, Regulation of Private Military Companies in Iraq, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey-California, Mart 2010, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • EROL, Mehmet Seyfettin-Şafak Oğuz, “Hibrit Savaş Çalışmaları ve Kırım’daki Rusya Örneği”, Gazi Akademik Bakış, Cilt:9, Sayı:15, Kış 2015.
  • Federal Research Division, Library of Congress “Iran’s Ministry of Intelligence and Security: A Profile”, A Report Prepared by the under an Interagency Agreement with the Combating Terrorism Technical Support Office’s Irregular Warfare Support Program, Aralık 2012.
  • GERASIMOV, Valery, “The Value of Science Is in the Foresight; New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying Out Combat Operations”, çev. Robert Coalson, Military Review, Ocak-Şubat 2016.
  • GLENN, Russell W., “Thoughts on Hybrid Conflict,” Small Wars Journal, 2 Mart 2009, www.smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/thoughts-on-hybrid-conflict, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2016).
  • GROSSMAN, Laura, “Sanctioning Iran’s Military Industrial Complex”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 13-15.
  • GÜRCAN, Metin “Savaşın Evrimi ve Teorik Yaklaşımlar”, BİLGESAM, http://www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-163-201404072m_gurcan.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.11.2016).
  • HASSAN-YARİ, Houchang, “The Artesh and Revolution”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 29-31. HOFFMAN, Frank, “Conflict in the 21st Century: The Rise of Hibrid Wars”, Potomac Institute for Policy Studies, Aralık 2007.
  • HOFFMAN, Frank, “On Not-So-New Warfare: Political Warfare vs Hybrid Threats”, 28 Temmuz 2014, http://warontherocks.com/2014/07/on-not-so-new-warfare-political-warfare-vs-hybrid-threats, (Erişim Tarihi: 14 Ekim 2016).
  • HOFFMAN, Frank, “Hybrid vs. Compound War”, Armed Forces Journal, 1 Ekim 2009.
  • HUBER, Thomas M., “Compound Warfare: That Fatal Knot”, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College Press, 2002, http://www.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA481548, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.11.2016).
  • HUNTINGTON, Samuel P., “The Soldier and The State: The Theory and Politics of Civil Military Relations”, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
  • Iran Focus, “Irans Suicide Bombers Threaten to Burn Down U.S. Interests”, 13 Şubat 2006, http://www.iranfocus.com/en/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5752:irans-suicide-bombers-threaten-to-burn-down-us-interests&catid=9&Itemid=114, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.11.2016).
  • KALDOR, Mary, “New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era”, 3rd Edition, Cambridge: Polity Press, e-book, 2012.
  • KATZMAN, Ken, “Politics of Iran’s Regular Military,” Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 10-12.
  • KATZMAN, Kenneth, “Iran’s Foreign and Defense Policies”, Congressional Research Service, 21 Ekim 2016.
  • KAUSSLER, Bernd, “The Iranian Army: Tasks and Capabilities”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 36-39.
  • KIDWELL, Deborah C., “Public War, Private Fight? The United States and Private Military Companies”, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, 2005.
  • , Michael-Matthew Rojansky, “A Closer Look At Russia’s ‘Hybrid War’”, Kennan Cable, Sayı: 7, Nisan 2015.
  • LANOZSKA, Alexander, “Russian Hybrid Warfare and Extended Deterrence in Eastern Europe”, International Affairs, Cilt: 92, Sayı: 1, 2016, s. 175-195.
  • MEARSHEİMER, John J., “The Tragedy of Great Power Politics”, New York: Norton & Company, 2001.
  • MOTADEL, David “Iran: Revolutionary Guards: March of the Guards”, The World Today, Cilt: 65, Sayı: 11, Kasım 2009, s. 8-10.
  • NALLU, Preethi, Foreign Policy Ambitions of Iran in The Levant: Influences, Constraints and The Plausibility for Cooperation, Webster University, Londra-İngiltere, Mayıs 2009, (Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi).
  • NEWSON, Robert A., “Counter-Unconventional Warfare Is the Way of the Future. How Can We Get There?”, 23 Ekim 2014, http://blogs.cfr.org/davidson/2014/10/23/counter-unconventional-warfare-is-the-way-of-the-future-how-can-we-get-there/, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.11.2016).
  • Oxford Dictionaries, http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/hybrid, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2016).
  • PUYVELDE, Damiyen Van, “Hybrid War-Does It Even Exist?”, NATO Review Magazine, http://www.nato.int/docu/Review/2015/Also-in-2015/hybrid-modern-future-warfare-russia-ukraine/EN/index.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2016).
  • RUSSELL, Richard, “The Artesh:From the War With Iraq Until Today”, Middle East Institute Viewpoints, Kasım 2011, s. 23-28.
  • SADEGHİ, Fatemeh, “Foot Soldiers of the Islamic Republic's "Culture of Modesty"”, Middle East Report, Sayı: 250, İlkbahar 2009, s. 50-55.
  • SAFSHEKAN, Roozbeh-Farzan SABET, “The Ayatollah's Praetorians: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps and the 2009 Election Crisis”, Middle East Journal, Cilt: 64, Sayı: 4, Sonbahar 2010, s. 543-558.
  • SANDIKLI, Atilla-Bilgehan EMEKLİER, “İran’ın Dış Politika Hedefleri ve Jeopolitik Vizyonu”, BİLGESAM, http://www.bilgesam.org/Images/Dokumanlar/0-173-2014120952iran.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.11.2016).
  • SİNKAYA, Bayram, “Devrimden Günümüze: İran Dış Politikasının Dönüşümü”, Mülkiyeliler Birliği Dergisi, Cilt: 247, Sayı: 5-6, Nisan-Mayıs 2005.
  • SMİTH II, Michael S., “The Al-Qa’ida-Qods Force Nexus: Scratching The Surface of a Known Unknown”, 29 Nisan 2011.
  • T.C 7-100 “Hybrid Threat”, ABD Kara Kuvvetleri Karargâhı, 26 Kasım 2010.
  • Türk Dil Kurumu, http://www.tdk.gov.tr/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2016).
  • U.S. Energy Information Administration, “The Strait of Hormuz is The World's Most Important Oil Transit Chokepoint”, 4 Ocak 2012, http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=4430 , (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2016).
  • U.S. Department of Defense, “Unclassified Report on Military Power of Iran,” April 2010, http://www.foxnews.com/projects/pdf/IranReportUnclassified.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 07.12.2016).
  • WARD, Steven R., “The Continuing Evolution of Iran's Military Doctrine”, Middle East Journal, Cilt: 59, Sayı: 4, Sonbahar 2005, s. 559-576.
  • YEGİN, Abdullah, “İran’ın Sert Gücü”, SETA, 2016.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

Nihat Dumlupınar

Publication Date October 31, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 1 Issue: 2 - Journal of Crises and Political Research "Hybrid Warfare" Special Issue

Cite

APA Dumlupınar, N. (2017). HİBRİT SAVAŞ: İRAN SİLAHLI KUVVETLERİ. Uluslararası Kriz Ve Siyaset Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(2), 68-105.