Gana’daki Kilit Sektörlerde Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği: Mevcut Gidişat, Sebepler ve Müdahaleler

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 75 - 87, 30.06.2020

Jamal Appiah-kubi Ayten Ceter Zlata Luboder

Abstract

Cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin her iki politika ve Akademi çok önem kazanmış sorunlarından biridir. Soruna verilen dikkatin artması, hem kısa hem de uzun vadeli gelişime etkilerinin kitlesel olarak kabul edilmesinin bir sonucu olmuştur. Kadınları dezavantajlı durumlara yerleştirmiş ve böylece büyümelerini ve gelişimlerini azaltmış olsa da, çeşitli ülkelerde insan sermayesinin optimal kullanımını da tehlikeye atmıştır. Gana'da, kadınların genellikle ikinci sınıf vatandaşlar olarak ele alındığı cinsiyet eşitsizliği ataerkilliğe kadar izlenebilir. Gana'daki kadınlar çeşitli yaşam alanlarında yetersiz kalırken, üç ana alan eğitim, ekonomi ve politik katılımdır. Bu makale, yukarıda belirtilen üç alanda cinsiyet eşitsizliğindeki mevcut eğilimleri tartışmaktadır. Aynı zamanda eşitsizliklerin nedenlerini de sorguluyor. Makale, Gana'daki cinsiyet eşitsizliğini çözmek için kabul edilen müdahaleleri keşfederek sona eriyor.

Keywords

Eğitim, Ekonomi, Eşitsizlik, Güçlendirme, Siyasi Katılım

Gender Inequality in Key Sectors in Ghana: Current Trends, Causes and Interventions

Abstract

Gender inequality is one of the problems that has gained much attention in both policy and academia. The increased attention paid to the problem has been as a result of the mass acknowledgment of both its short and long term effects on development. While it has placed females in disadvantaged situations and thereby curtailed their growth and development, it has also compromised the optimal utilization of human capital in various countries. In Ghana, gender inequality in which females have usually been treated as second-class citizens can be traced back to patriarchy. While females in Ghana are underprivileged in various arenas of life, the three main areas are education, economy and political participation. This paper discusses the current trends in gender inequality in the three above-stated areas. It also interrogates the causes of the inequalities. The paper concludes by exploring interventions that have been
adopted to resolve gender inequality in Ghana.

Keywords

Economy, Education, Empowerment, Inequality, Political Participation

References

• Adjei, J. K., Arun, T., & Hossain, F. (2009). The role of microfinance in asset-building and poverty reduction: The case of Sinapi Aba Trust of Ghana. University of Manchester.
• Agbenyega, J. S. (2006). Corporal punishment in the schools of Ghana: Does inclusive education suffer?. The Australian Educational Researcher, 33(3), 107-122.
• Akita, E. M. (2010). Hegemony, patriarchy and human rights: The representation of Ghanaian women in politics (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio University). Retrieved on 14th November, 2018 from https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file%3Faccession%3Dohiou1273265823%26disposition%3Dinline
• Amu, N. J. (2005). The role of women in Ghana's economy. Friedrich Ebert Foundation.
• Appiah-Kubi, J. (2015). Community development in slums: Approaches and impediments in Ashaiman (Masters’ dissertation, University of Ghana). Retrieved on from http://ugspace.ug.edu.gh/bitstream/handle/123456789/21347/Community%20Development%20in%20Slums.%20Approaches%20and%20Impediments%20in%20Ashaiman_July%202015.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Atta, G. P. (2015). Education inequality: How patriarchy and policy collide in Ghana. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 57(1), 11-19.
• Atuahene, F., & Owusu-Ansah, A. (2013). A descriptive assessment of higher education access, participation, equity, and disparity in Ghana. Sage Open, 3(3), 1-16.
• Bawa, S., & Sanyare, F. (2013). Women's participation and representation in politics: Perspectives from Ghana. International Journal of Public Administration, 36(4), 282-291.
• Boateng, F., & Nyarko, K. (2016). An exploration of the experiential perceptions of STEM women in Ghana about empowerment. American Journal of Management and Social Sciences, 7(2), 42-55.
• Dako-Gyeke, M., & Owusu, P. (2013). A qualitative study exploring factors contributing to gender inequality in rural Ghana. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(1), 481-489.
• DeRose, L. F., Dodoo, F. N. A., & Patil, V. (2002). Fertility desires and perceptions of power in reproductive conflict in Ghana. Gender & Society, 16(1), 53-73.
• EU Final Report (n.d.). EU EOM Ghana presidential and parliamentary elections 2016: Final Report. Retrieved on 14th November, 2018 from https://eeas.europa.eu/sites/eeas/files/final_report_-_eu_eom_ghana_2016.pdf
• Fallon, K. M. (1999). Education and perceptions of social status and power among women in Larteh, Ghana. Africa Today, 67-91.
• Ferrant, G., Pesando, L. M., & Nowacka, K. (2014). Unpaid Care Work: The missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes. Issues Paper, OECD Development Centre, www. oecd. org/dev/developmentgender/unpaid_care_work. pdf (accessed 12 October 2017).
• Food and Agriculture Organization. (2012). Gender inequalities in rural employment in Ghana: An Overview. Prepared by the Gender, Equity and Rural Employment Division of FAO.
• Ghana Statistical Service (2012). 2010 Population and Housing Census (PHC). Accra: Ghana Statistical Service.
• Ghana Statistical Service (2013). 2010 population and housing census report: Millennium development goals in Ghana. Retrieved on 27th December, 2018 from http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Mono/MDG%20report.pdf
• GhanaWeb (August, 2018). Prostitute tag prevents most Ghanaian women from politics – Report. Retrieved on 28th December, 2018 from https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Prostitute-tag-prevents-most-Ghanaian-women-from-politics-Report-677719
• Gyan, C. (2013). The effects of teenage pregnancy on the educational attainment of girls at Chorkor, a suburb of Accra. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 3(3), 53.
• Gyekye, D. (2013). Women at Work: A Study of the Glass Ceiling Phenomenon among Managerial Women in Ghana (Doctoral dissertation, University of Ghana).
• International Fund for Agricultural Development (2017). What works for gender equality and women’s empowerment – A review of practices and results. Retrieved on 14th November, 2018 from https://www.ifad.org/documents/38714182/39721405/gender_synthesis_fullreport.pdf/229358bf-f165-4dcd-9c4a-1af4f09ab065
• Jayachandran, S. (2015). The roots of gender inequality in developing countries. Economics, 7(1), 63-88.
• Jones, G. A., & Chant, S. (2009). Globalizing initiatives for gender equality and poverty reduction: Exploring ‘failure’ with reference to education and work among urban youth in The Gambia and Ghana. Geoforum, 40(2), 184-196.
• Maanu, P. (2008). Gender gap in access to Higher Education in Ghana (Master's thesis). Retrieved on 14th November, 2018 from https://www.duo.uio.no/bitstream/handle/10852/31074/maanu.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
• Murillo, B. (2009). Ideal homes and the gender politics of consumerism in postcolonial Ghana, 1960–70. Gender & History, 21(3), 560-575.
• Nudzor, H. P. (2013). Exploring the policy implementation paradox: using the Free Compulsory Universal Basic Education (fCUBE) policy in Ghana as an exemplar. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 26(8), 933-952.
• Nyabor, J. (April, 2017). Akufo-Addo names 36 women out of 216 for MMDCE positions. Retrieved on 28th December, 2018 from http://citifmonline.com/2017/04/26/akufo-addo-names-36-women-for-mmdce-position/
• Odame, F. S. (2010). Women in politics in Ghana: A study on local government in the Greater Accra Region. Ghana Journal of Development Studies, 7(1).
• Oduro, Baah-Boateng, W. & Boakye-Yiadom, L. (2011). Measuring the gender asset gap in Ghana. Accra: University of Ghana and Woeli Publishing Services.
• Ofori, E. A. (2018). Inter-party insults in political discourse in Ghana: A critical discourse analysis. African linguistics on the prairie, 21.
• Osei-Assibey, E. (2014). Nature and dynamics of inequalities in Ghana. Development, 57(3-4), 521-530.
• Osei, R. D. (2011). Reducing poverty through a social grants programme: The case of Ghana. ISSER research paper, Ghana Institute of Statistical Social and Economic Research, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana.
• OXFAM International (2018). Ghana: extreme inequality in numbers. Retrieved on 11th December, 2018 from https://www.oxfam.org/en/even-it/ghana-extreme-inequality-numbers
• Palmer, R. (2007). Skills for work?: From skills development to decent livelihoods in Ghana's rural informal economy. International journal of educational development, 27(4), 397-420.
• Senadza, B. (2012). Education inequality in Ghana: Gender and spatial dimensions. Journal of Economic Studies, 39(6), 724-739.
• Schwandt, H. M., Creanga, A. A., Adanu, R. M., Danso, K. A., Agbenyega, T., & Hindin, M. J. (2013). Pathways to unsafe abortion in Ghana: The role of male partners, women and health care providers. Contraception, 88(4), 509-517.
• Tanye, M. (2008). Access and barriers to education for Ghanaian women and girls. Interchange, 39(2), 167-184.
• Thenguzhali, T., & Veerachamy, P. (2015). Occupational health hazards of women construction workers: A critical survey of the literature. Language in India, 15(8).
• Tsikata, D. (2009). Affirmative action and the prospects for gender equality in Ghanaian politics. Retrieved on 14th November, 2018 from https://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/ghana/10484.pdf
• United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (2018). Ghana Population. Retrieved on 16th December, 2018 from https://countrymeters.info/en/Ghana
• Wrigley-Asante, C. (2008). Men are poor but women are poorer: Gendered poverty and survival strategies in the Dangme West District of Ghana. Norsk Geografisk Tidsskrift-Norwegian Journal of Geography, 62(3), 161-170.