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The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies toward the Baloch as a Religious Minority

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 88 - 107, 30.06.2020

Abstract

This study investigates the ethno-religious approach of the Islamic Republic of Iran. It specifically examines the religious policy of the Iranian government towards its Baloch-Sunni ethno-religious minority. Based upon field work, purposive interviews, newspapers, and reports by international reputable “organizations”, it analyzes the ethno-religious policies of the Islamic Republic in the light of ‘separation’, ‘accommodation’, and ‘assimilation’ approaches. The study finds that, although Iran is a multi-religious and multi-ethnic country, its political system is deeply influenced by Shia ideology. The political system uses an assimilationist approach and tries to assimilate the Baloch-Sunni into Shia Persain dominated ethno-religious group. The study is a significant case in point on how one Muslim sect, which is itself a minority in the larger pool of mainstream Sunni Muslim World, is treating a national Muslim religious minority, which is part of the mainstream Sunni Mulsim world.

References

  • Abūbakr ibn Masoud al-Kāsānī al-Hanafī, Badāy‛ al-Sanāy‛fīTartīb al-Sharāy‛, [Marvelous innovations at the disposal of sharia laws], Vol. 2, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah, 1986.
  • Alī ibn Abībakr Al-Marghīnānī, Al-Hidāyah: Sharh-iBidāyatul Mubtadī, Vol.1, Karachi: Al-Bushrā Publication, 2008.
  • Al-Kulaynī, Muhammad ibn Ya’qūb, al-Kāfī, Vol. 8, Tehran: Dar al-Nashr al-Islamīyah, 1983.
  • Al-Sadūq, Muhammad ibn Alī ibn al-Husien, al-Khisāl, Qom: Jama’tul Mudarrisīn, 1983, Vol.2.
  • Badiozamani, Badi, Iran and America: re-Kindling a Love Lost, USA: Centre for East-West Understanding, 2005.
  • Bani Kamal, Abdol Moghset, “Soft power and national interest: evaluating the Islamic Republic of Iran’s public diplomacy strategies” (Ph.D Dissertation, International Islamic University Malaysia, 2015.
  • Bāshgāh-i Khabarnigāarān-iJavān, “Mu’āfīyat-itahsīlī-itullāab-i ‘ulūm-idīnī”, [Temporary exemption of the students of religious schools], BKJ Webpage, https://goo.gl/vf277C , (Accessed on February 10, 2019).
  • Bennigsen, Alexandre &Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal, "Official Islam in the. Soviet Union” Religion in Communist Lands, Vol.7, No.3, autumn 1979, pp. 148-160.
  • Bihnood, Masoud, “Interview with Politik Talk Show”, Iran Politik Radio Farda, November 11, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFqwnEzx_JA (Accessed September 17, 2019).
  • Bozorgzadah, Abdol Baset, & Mollazadah, Nurunnisa, Biography of Mawlana Abdol Aziz Mollazadah, Zahedan: Ihsan Publication, 2008.
  • Brown, Michael E. & Ganguly, Sumit, Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1997.
  • Brumand, Adib, “Jibha-iMillī: BihAdyān Ihtirām Miguzārīm”, Millīūn-iIrān, November 23, 2014, http://melliun.org/iran/51525 (Accessed on September 12, 2019). Clarke, Paul Barry, Foweraker,Joe, (ed.)Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought,London: Routledge, 2001.
  • Cohen, Ronen A. The Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the present, New York: Palgrave Maccmillan, 2013.
  • Cook, Terrence E., Separation, Assimilation, or Accommodation: Contrasting Ethnic Minority Policies, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.
  • Daniel, Elton L. & Mahdi, Ali Akbar, Culture and Customs of Iran, USA: Greenwood Press, 2006.
  • Doshoki, Abdol Sattar, “Rawshanfikr-i Īranībih Rivāyat-i Mas’ūd Bihnūd”, 22 November 2014, al-Arabiya, https://goo.gl/E1GUFz , (Accessed on September 9, 2019).
  • Doshuki, Abdol Sattar, “Rawshanfikr-i Īranībih Rivāyat-i Mas’ūd Bihnūd”, November 22, 2014, al-Arabiya News, https://goo.gl/GMSYjY (Accessed on September 9, 2019).
  • Evazi, Abdol Rahim, Murūrī Padīdār Shināsānah bar Inqilāb-i Islāmī; dahah-itasbīt, islāhvahirāsatazmahīyat-iInqilāb- Islāmī, [A Phenomenological overview of Islamic Revolution: the decade of Decades of reform, consolidation and security], Faslnāmah-iZamānah, [Journal of Zamanah], No. 9 (December 2009). 2-24.
  • Ghurbanpur, “Muballighīn Bimah Kunandah-i Farhang-i Mazhabīva Dīndārīānd”, [Our misionaries are ensuring religious culture and religiosity], Daily Risalat Tehran, No. 6531, September 21, 2008.
  • Gordon, Milton, Assimilation in American Life: the Role of Religion and National Origins, Oxford University Press, 1966.
  • Harrison, Selig S., In Afghanistan’s shadow: Baloch Nationalism and Sovient Temptations, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981.
  • Humam Rights Activists for Democracy in Iran (Report, January 23, 2014). “I’māl-i Shartbarā-i ‛Ulamā-yi Ahl-i Sunnatbarā-iI’zāmbih Hajj”, [Application requirements for Sunni scholars for Hajj], https://goo.gl/T4A3yr (Accessed on September 1, 2019).
  • Hunt, Courtney, The History of Iraq, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005.
  • Keddie, Nikki R. (ed.) Iran: Religion, Politics, and Society: Collected Essays (UK: Frank Cass Company Limited, 1980. Keddie, Nikki R., & Richard, Yann, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, 2006.
  • Khamenei, Sayed Ali, “Sālhāy-iĀshnāībāJavānān-iSīstānvaBalochistān”, [Recalling years of intermixing with the youth in Sistan&Balochistan], Official website of Supreme Leader, http://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=5165 (Accessed on December 10, 2019).
  • Khomeini, Rouhulall, Sahīfah -i Imām: bayānāt, payāmhā, musahibah'havanāmah'ha, [Sahifah Imam; statements, messages, interviews & letters], Tehran: Muassisah-i Tanzīmva Nashr-i Āsār-iImām Khomeynī, 1999). [Foundation for Collection and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Thoughts and Ideas], Vol. 6 & 12. Lombard, Maurice, The Golden Age of Islam, New York: American Elsevier, 1975.
  • Madani, Said, “Hamah-isarzamīn-i man: az Shīrābād ta Challīābād” [My motherland: from Shirabad to Challiabad], Khatt-iSulh, No. 39, (August 14, 2014).
  • Ministry of Interior Portal, “Ustān-i Sistānva Balochistān”, https://goo.gl/Uj9ws2 (Accessed on September 12, 2019).
  • Muhajerani, Ataullah “Rawshanfikr-i Irānīva Farhang-i Shī‛ī”, [Iranian intellectuals and the Shiite culture], December 1, 2014, Jaras News Agency, http://www.rahesabz.net/story/88140/ (Accessed on September 10, 2019).
  • Nahād-inamāyandagimaqām-imu’azzam-irahbarī, [representative office of the supreme leader], “mu’arrafī-I nahād”, [an introduction to ROSLSAB],http://www.nahadsb.com/?page_id=2 (Accessed on March 19, 2019).
  • Open Source Centre, “Structure of Iran's State-Run TV IRIB”, 16 December 2009, http://fas.org/irp/dni/osc/iran-tv.pdf , (Accessed on January 5, 2018).
  • Rafsanjani, Hashemi, Inqilābva Pīrūzī: Kārnāmahva Khātirāt-i sālhā-yi 1357/1358, [Revolution and victory: Records and memories of 1979-80], Edited by Abbas Bashiri, Tehran: Daftar-i Nashr-i Ma‘ārif-i Islāmī, 2009.
  • Rastegar, Amir Khaled, & Mohammadi, Misam, “Taghīrat-ifarhangīvauft-ibarvarīdarĪrān” [Cultural changes, and the decline of fertility in Iran], Jami’ah Shinasi-i Karburdi, [Journal of Applied Sociology], Year 26, Vol. 58, No. 2, Summer 2015.
  • Ravadrad, Azam, “Naqsh-i Barnāmahā-yi Dīnīva Ghayr-i Dīnī-i Tilvīsīūndar Afzāyishyā Kāhish-i Dīndārī”, [The role of religious and non-religious TV programs in increasing and decreasing of religiosity]. Faslnāmah-iTahqīqāt-iFarhangī, [Journal of Cultural Research], Vol. 2, No. 6, Summer 2010, Summer, pp. 49-77.
  • Reynal-Querol, Marta, “Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 46 No. 1, February 2002. pp. 228-249.
  • ROSLSAB, “Bahramandshudan-i tullāb-iahl-isunnatazkhadamāt-itamīn-iijtimā’ī”, [Sunni students have been offered medical insurance by the ROSLSAB], http://nahadsb.ir/?p=1889> (Accessed on February 12, 2017). Roy, Olivier & Volk, Carol, The Failure of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 1994.
  • Rūznāmah-iIttilā’āt, [Daily Ittila’at Tehran], “Havādis-iEidgāh-izahedan”, December 20, 1979.
  • Rūznāmah-i Jumhūrī Islāmī, [Daily Jumhuri Islami Tehran], “Muhandis Nikbakht Mas’ul-i Tarh-i Jihad da rBalochistanbih shahadat rasīd”, August 8, 1979.
  • Rūznāmah-iJumhūrīIslāmī, [Daily JumhuriIslami], “Intizāmāt-iShahr-iZahedānbihArtishsepurdahShud”, December 23, 1979. Salzman, Philip Carl, “Persians and Others: Iran’s minority politics”, April 14, 2009, Middle East Strategy at Harvard,http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2009/04/persians-and-others-irans-minority-politics (Accessed on February 14, 2019).
  • Shadadi, A. “Barnāmah-hā-yi Urdūy-i Rizvān Bisyārbā Nishātva Jazzābast”, [The Rizvan camp programs are conducive and attractive], Planning Council for Sunni Religious Schools, http://www.dmsonnat.ir/News/News-30823.aspx (Accessed on December 6, 2019).
  • Shirazi, Naser Makarem “ Bihmanātiq-i Mahrūmtavajjuhshavad” [You should focus on remote areas and deprived people], Weekly Ufuq Havzah, Year 11, No. 360, (March 11, 2013).
  • Shurāy-i‘ālī-iInqilāb-i Farhangī, [Supreme Cultural Revolution Council] (act No. 613 of 30 October, 2009). Shuray-i Barnamih Rizi Madaris-i Ulum-i Dini-i Ahl-i Sunnat, [Planning Council for Sunni Religious Schools] (act of 8 March, 2009), https://goo.gl/392yKc (accessed December 2, 2019).
  • Spencer, William, Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict, Brookfield: Twenty-First Century Books, 2000.
  • Sunni Online, “Takhrīb-i madrasah-idīnī-iImām Abū Hanīfah-i Azīmābād”, [Destruction of Abu Hanifah Religious School in Azimabad], August 27, 2008, Official Website of Sunni Community in Iran, http://sunnionline.us/farsi/2008/08/sp-923187998/ (Accessed on January 10, 2019).
  • The Baloch Activists Campaign, “I‛zām-ibīshaz 350 muballigh-i Shī‛ahbihmunasibat-idahah-iākhar-i Safar bih Balochistān”, [Dispatching more than 350 Shiite propagators on the occasion of last 10 days of Safar month to Balochistan], January 5, 2016, http://www.balochcampaign.info/?p=2425 (Accessed on December 13, 2019).
  • The Baloch Activists’ Campaign, “Su’alazmazhabdar form pazīrish-ibīmārān”, Campain Fa’alan-i Baloch, http://www.balochcampaign.info/?p=7396 (Accessed on January 6, 2018).
  • Turkashvand, Aliasghar, Ulgū-ihanjārī-irisānah-imillīazdīdgāh-i rahbarān-inizām, [Normative pattern of national media from the perspective of Iranian leaders] Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Press, 2001.
  • Vali, Abbas & Zubaida, Sami, “Factionalism and Political Discourse in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, Economy and Society, Vol. 14, No. 3 , 1985: 139-173.
  • Ward, Steven R.,Immortal: A Military History of Iran and its Armed Forces, Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2009.

İran İslam Cumhuriyeti’nin Beluclara Yönelik Dini Azınlık Politikaları

Year 2020, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 88 - 107, 30.06.2020

Abstract

Bu çalışma İran İslam Cumhuriyeti'nin etnik-dini yaklaşımını araştırmaktadır. Çalışma özellikle
İran hükümetinin Baloch-Sünni etnik-dini azınlığa karşı dini politikasını incelemektedir. Saha
çalışması, amaçlı röportajlar, gazeteler ve uluslararası saygın “örgütler” in raporlarına
dayanarak, İslam Cumhuriyeti'nin etno-dini politikalarını “ayrılık”, “uzlaştırma” ve “asimilasyon”
yaklaşımları ışığında analiz eder. Çalışma, İran'ın çok dinli ve çok etnik gruptan oluşan bir ülke
olmasına rağmen, politik sisteminin Şii ideolojisinden derinden etkilendiğini ortaya koyuyor.
Siyasi sistem asimilasyonist bir yaklaşım kullanmaktadır ve Baloch-Sünni'leri Şii Persain egemen
etno-dini gruba asimile etmeye çalışır. Çalışma ana akım Sünni Müslüman Dünyasının daha
büyük havuzunda kendisi bir azınlık olan bir Müslüman mezhebinin, ana akım Sünni Müslüman
dünyasının bir parçası olan ulusal bir Müslüman dini azınlığa nasıl davrandığı konusunda önemli
bir örnektir.

References

  • Abūbakr ibn Masoud al-Kāsānī al-Hanafī, Badāy‛ al-Sanāy‛fīTartīb al-Sharāy‛, [Marvelous innovations at the disposal of sharia laws], Vol. 2, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-‘Ilmīyah, 1986.
  • Alī ibn Abībakr Al-Marghīnānī, Al-Hidāyah: Sharh-iBidāyatul Mubtadī, Vol.1, Karachi: Al-Bushrā Publication, 2008.
  • Al-Kulaynī, Muhammad ibn Ya’qūb, al-Kāfī, Vol. 8, Tehran: Dar al-Nashr al-Islamīyah, 1983.
  • Al-Sadūq, Muhammad ibn Alī ibn al-Husien, al-Khisāl, Qom: Jama’tul Mudarrisīn, 1983, Vol.2.
  • Badiozamani, Badi, Iran and America: re-Kindling a Love Lost, USA: Centre for East-West Understanding, 2005.
  • Bani Kamal, Abdol Moghset, “Soft power and national interest: evaluating the Islamic Republic of Iran’s public diplomacy strategies” (Ph.D Dissertation, International Islamic University Malaysia, 2015.
  • Bāshgāh-i Khabarnigāarān-iJavān, “Mu’āfīyat-itahsīlī-itullāab-i ‘ulūm-idīnī”, [Temporary exemption of the students of religious schools], BKJ Webpage, https://goo.gl/vf277C , (Accessed on February 10, 2019).
  • Bennigsen, Alexandre &Lemercier-Quelquejay, Chantal, "Official Islam in the. Soviet Union” Religion in Communist Lands, Vol.7, No.3, autumn 1979, pp. 148-160.
  • Bihnood, Masoud, “Interview with Politik Talk Show”, Iran Politik Radio Farda, November 11, 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFqwnEzx_JA (Accessed September 17, 2019).
  • Bozorgzadah, Abdol Baset, & Mollazadah, Nurunnisa, Biography of Mawlana Abdol Aziz Mollazadah, Zahedan: Ihsan Publication, 2008.
  • Brown, Michael E. & Ganguly, Sumit, Government Policies and Ethnic Relations in Asia and the Pacific, Massachusetts: MIT Press, 1997.
  • Brumand, Adib, “Jibha-iMillī: BihAdyān Ihtirām Miguzārīm”, Millīūn-iIrān, November 23, 2014, http://melliun.org/iran/51525 (Accessed on September 12, 2019). Clarke, Paul Barry, Foweraker,Joe, (ed.)Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought,London: Routledge, 2001.
  • Cohen, Ronen A. The Hojjatiyeh Society in Iran: Ideology and Practice from the 1950s to the present, New York: Palgrave Maccmillan, 2013.
  • Cook, Terrence E., Separation, Assimilation, or Accommodation: Contrasting Ethnic Minority Policies, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2003.
  • Daniel, Elton L. & Mahdi, Ali Akbar, Culture and Customs of Iran, USA: Greenwood Press, 2006.
  • Doshoki, Abdol Sattar, “Rawshanfikr-i Īranībih Rivāyat-i Mas’ūd Bihnūd”, 22 November 2014, al-Arabiya, https://goo.gl/E1GUFz , (Accessed on September 9, 2019).
  • Doshuki, Abdol Sattar, “Rawshanfikr-i Īranībih Rivāyat-i Mas’ūd Bihnūd”, November 22, 2014, al-Arabiya News, https://goo.gl/GMSYjY (Accessed on September 9, 2019).
  • Evazi, Abdol Rahim, Murūrī Padīdār Shināsānah bar Inqilāb-i Islāmī; dahah-itasbīt, islāhvahirāsatazmahīyat-iInqilāb- Islāmī, [A Phenomenological overview of Islamic Revolution: the decade of Decades of reform, consolidation and security], Faslnāmah-iZamānah, [Journal of Zamanah], No. 9 (December 2009). 2-24.
  • Ghurbanpur, “Muballighīn Bimah Kunandah-i Farhang-i Mazhabīva Dīndārīānd”, [Our misionaries are ensuring religious culture and religiosity], Daily Risalat Tehran, No. 6531, September 21, 2008.
  • Gordon, Milton, Assimilation in American Life: the Role of Religion and National Origins, Oxford University Press, 1966.
  • Harrison, Selig S., In Afghanistan’s shadow: Baloch Nationalism and Sovient Temptations, Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1981.
  • Humam Rights Activists for Democracy in Iran (Report, January 23, 2014). “I’māl-i Shartbarā-i ‛Ulamā-yi Ahl-i Sunnatbarā-iI’zāmbih Hajj”, [Application requirements for Sunni scholars for Hajj], https://goo.gl/T4A3yr (Accessed on September 1, 2019).
  • Hunt, Courtney, The History of Iraq, USA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2005.
  • Keddie, Nikki R. (ed.) Iran: Religion, Politics, and Society: Collected Essays (UK: Frank Cass Company Limited, 1980. Keddie, Nikki R., & Richard, Yann, Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution, Yale University Press, 2006.
  • Khamenei, Sayed Ali, “Sālhāy-iĀshnāībāJavānān-iSīstānvaBalochistān”, [Recalling years of intermixing with the youth in Sistan&Balochistan], Official website of Supreme Leader, http://farsi.khamenei.ir/newspart-index?tid=5165 (Accessed on December 10, 2019).
  • Khomeini, Rouhulall, Sahīfah -i Imām: bayānāt, payāmhā, musahibah'havanāmah'ha, [Sahifah Imam; statements, messages, interviews & letters], Tehran: Muassisah-i Tanzīmva Nashr-i Āsār-iImām Khomeynī, 1999). [Foundation for Collection and Publication of Imam Khomeini’s Thoughts and Ideas], Vol. 6 & 12. Lombard, Maurice, The Golden Age of Islam, New York: American Elsevier, 1975.
  • Madani, Said, “Hamah-isarzamīn-i man: az Shīrābād ta Challīābād” [My motherland: from Shirabad to Challiabad], Khatt-iSulh, No. 39, (August 14, 2014).
  • Ministry of Interior Portal, “Ustān-i Sistānva Balochistān”, https://goo.gl/Uj9ws2 (Accessed on September 12, 2019).
  • Muhajerani, Ataullah “Rawshanfikr-i Irānīva Farhang-i Shī‛ī”, [Iranian intellectuals and the Shiite culture], December 1, 2014, Jaras News Agency, http://www.rahesabz.net/story/88140/ (Accessed on September 10, 2019).
  • Nahād-inamāyandagimaqām-imu’azzam-irahbarī, [representative office of the supreme leader], “mu’arrafī-I nahād”, [an introduction to ROSLSAB],http://www.nahadsb.com/?page_id=2 (Accessed on March 19, 2019).
  • Open Source Centre, “Structure of Iran's State-Run TV IRIB”, 16 December 2009, http://fas.org/irp/dni/osc/iran-tv.pdf , (Accessed on January 5, 2018).
  • Rafsanjani, Hashemi, Inqilābva Pīrūzī: Kārnāmahva Khātirāt-i sālhā-yi 1357/1358, [Revolution and victory: Records and memories of 1979-80], Edited by Abbas Bashiri, Tehran: Daftar-i Nashr-i Ma‘ārif-i Islāmī, 2009.
  • Rastegar, Amir Khaled, & Mohammadi, Misam, “Taghīrat-ifarhangīvauft-ibarvarīdarĪrān” [Cultural changes, and the decline of fertility in Iran], Jami’ah Shinasi-i Karburdi, [Journal of Applied Sociology], Year 26, Vol. 58, No. 2, Summer 2015.
  • Ravadrad, Azam, “Naqsh-i Barnāmahā-yi Dīnīva Ghayr-i Dīnī-i Tilvīsīūndar Afzāyishyā Kāhish-i Dīndārī”, [The role of religious and non-religious TV programs in increasing and decreasing of religiosity]. Faslnāmah-iTahqīqāt-iFarhangī, [Journal of Cultural Research], Vol. 2, No. 6, Summer 2010, Summer, pp. 49-77.
  • Reynal-Querol, Marta, “Ethnicity, Political Systems, and Civil Wars”, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 46 No. 1, February 2002. pp. 228-249.
  • ROSLSAB, “Bahramandshudan-i tullāb-iahl-isunnatazkhadamāt-itamīn-iijtimā’ī”, [Sunni students have been offered medical insurance by the ROSLSAB], http://nahadsb.ir/?p=1889> (Accessed on February 12, 2017). Roy, Olivier & Volk, Carol, The Failure of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 1994.
  • Rūznāmah-iIttilā’āt, [Daily Ittila’at Tehran], “Havādis-iEidgāh-izahedan”, December 20, 1979.
  • Rūznāmah-i Jumhūrī Islāmī, [Daily Jumhuri Islami Tehran], “Muhandis Nikbakht Mas’ul-i Tarh-i Jihad da rBalochistanbih shahadat rasīd”, August 8, 1979.
  • Rūznāmah-iJumhūrīIslāmī, [Daily JumhuriIslami], “Intizāmāt-iShahr-iZahedānbihArtishsepurdahShud”, December 23, 1979. Salzman, Philip Carl, “Persians and Others: Iran’s minority politics”, April 14, 2009, Middle East Strategy at Harvard,http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/mesh/2009/04/persians-and-others-irans-minority-politics (Accessed on February 14, 2019).
  • Shadadi, A. “Barnāmah-hā-yi Urdūy-i Rizvān Bisyārbā Nishātva Jazzābast”, [The Rizvan camp programs are conducive and attractive], Planning Council for Sunni Religious Schools, http://www.dmsonnat.ir/News/News-30823.aspx (Accessed on December 6, 2019).
  • Shirazi, Naser Makarem “ Bihmanātiq-i Mahrūmtavajjuhshavad” [You should focus on remote areas and deprived people], Weekly Ufuq Havzah, Year 11, No. 360, (March 11, 2013).
  • Shurāy-i‘ālī-iInqilāb-i Farhangī, [Supreme Cultural Revolution Council] (act No. 613 of 30 October, 2009). Shuray-i Barnamih Rizi Madaris-i Ulum-i Dini-i Ahl-i Sunnat, [Planning Council for Sunni Religious Schools] (act of 8 March, 2009), https://goo.gl/392yKc (accessed December 2, 2019).
  • Spencer, William, Iraq: Old Land, New Nation in Conflict, Brookfield: Twenty-First Century Books, 2000.
  • Sunni Online, “Takhrīb-i madrasah-idīnī-iImām Abū Hanīfah-i Azīmābād”, [Destruction of Abu Hanifah Religious School in Azimabad], August 27, 2008, Official Website of Sunni Community in Iran, http://sunnionline.us/farsi/2008/08/sp-923187998/ (Accessed on January 10, 2019).
  • The Baloch Activists Campaign, “I‛zām-ibīshaz 350 muballigh-i Shī‛ahbihmunasibat-idahah-iākhar-i Safar bih Balochistān”, [Dispatching more than 350 Shiite propagators on the occasion of last 10 days of Safar month to Balochistan], January 5, 2016, http://www.balochcampaign.info/?p=2425 (Accessed on December 13, 2019).
  • The Baloch Activists’ Campaign, “Su’alazmazhabdar form pazīrish-ibīmārān”, Campain Fa’alan-i Baloch, http://www.balochcampaign.info/?p=7396 (Accessed on January 6, 2018).
  • Turkashvand, Aliasghar, Ulgū-ihanjārī-irisānah-imillīazdīdgāh-i rahbarān-inizām, [Normative pattern of national media from the perspective of Iranian leaders] Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Press, 2001.
  • Vali, Abbas & Zubaida, Sami, “Factionalism and Political Discourse in the Islamic Republic of Iran”, Economy and Society, Vol. 14, No. 3 , 1985: 139-173.
  • Ward, Steven R.,Immortal: A Military History of Iran and its Armed Forces, Washington D.C: Georgetown University Press, 2009.
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Hadi Gamshadzehifar This is me

Abdol Moghset Bani Kamal This is me

Publication Date June 30, 2020
Submission Date May 30, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Gamshadzehifar, H., & Bani Kamal, A. M. (2020). The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies toward the Baloch as a Religious Minority. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 4(1), 88-107.
AMA Gamshadzehifar H, Bani Kamal AM. The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies toward the Baloch as a Religious Minority. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. June 2020;4(1):88-107.
Chicago Gamshadzehifar, Hadi, and Abdol Moghset Bani Kamal. “The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies Toward the Baloch As a Religious Minority”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 4, no. 1 (June 2020): 88-107.
EndNote Gamshadzehifar H, Bani Kamal AM (June 1, 2020) The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies toward the Baloch as a Religious Minority. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 4 1 88–107.
IEEE H. Gamshadzehifar and A. M. Bani Kamal, “The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies toward the Baloch as a Religious Minority”, Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 88–107, 2020.
ISNAD Gamshadzehifar, Hadi - Bani Kamal, Abdol Moghset. “The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies Toward the Baloch As a Religious Minority”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 4/1 (June 2020), 88-107.
JAMA Gamshadzehifar H, Bani Kamal AM. The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies toward the Baloch as a Religious Minority. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2020;4:88–107.
MLA Gamshadzehifar, Hadi and Abdol Moghset Bani Kamal. “The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies Toward the Baloch As a Religious Minority”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol. 4, no. 1, 2020, pp. 88-107.
Vancouver Gamshadzehifar H, Bani Kamal AM. The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Policies toward the Baloch as a Religious Minority. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2020;4(1):88-107.
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