BAL ARILARINDA SOSYAL VE BİREYSEL BAĞIŞIKLIK

Year 2020, , 232 - 256, 09.11.2020

Ayşe Ebru Borum

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.790629

Abstract

Bal arıları, doğal ekosistem ve tarımsal alanda tozlaşmada oldukça önemli rol oynarlar. Patojenler (Parazit,mantar, virüs ve bakteriler), ekosistem değişikliği ya da kayıpları, zirai kimyasal kullanımı gibi birçok biyotik ve abiyotik stres faktörü tek başına ya da birlikte arı kolonisinin, sağlık ve yaşamını olumsuz olarak etkilemektedir. Tüm bu faktörler arıların bağışıklık sistemini etkileyerek savunma mekanizmalarını değiştirir.
Bal arıları kendilerini infeksiyöz ve paraziter etkenlere karşı korumak için fiziksel bariyerler, genelleşmiş hücresel ve humoral immun yanıttan oluşan doğal bir immun sisteme sahiptir.
Patojenler, akarisitler, fungisitler, herbisitler ve diğer böcek ilaçları arı bağışıklık sistemini ve dolayısıyla arı sağlığını etkiler. Arı bağışıklık sisteminin savunma mekanizmaları sinyal yollarını, patojen tanıma reseptörlerini ve doğal bağışıklık sistemi efektörlerini içerir. Bal arısı kolonilerindeki, salgın infeksiyon riski, bireysel ve sosyal bağışıklık ile azaltılır. Her iki bağışıklık türü birlikte çeşitli düzeylerde hastalıklardan korur, oluşan paraziter ya da diğer infeksiyöz hastalıklara karşı immun yanıt oluşmasında önemli rol oynarlar.

Keywords

Bal Arısı, Patojen, Bireysel Bağışıkılık, Sosyal Bağışıklık

Social Immunity and Individual Immunity in Honey Bees

Abstract

Honey bees play an important role in pollination in the natural ecosystem and agricultural field. Many biotic and abiotic stress factors such as pathogens (parasites, fungi, viruses and bacteria), ecosystem changes or losses, use of agricultural chemicals, alone or in combination, adversely affect the health and life of the bee colony. All these factors affect the immune system of the bees and change their defense mechanisms.
Honey bees have a natural immune system consisting of physical barriers, generalized cellular and humoral immune response to protect themselves against infectious and parasitic agents.
Pathogens, acaricides, fungicides, herbicides and other pesticides affect the bee immune system and hence bee health. Defense mechanisms of the bee immune system include signaling pathways, pathogen recognition receptors and innate immune system effectors. The risk of epidemic infection in honey bee colonies is reduced by individual and social immunity. Both types of immunity protect from diseases at various levels and play an important role in the formation of immune response against parasitic or other infectious diseases.

Keywords

Honey Bees, Pathogens, Individual Immunity, Social Immunity

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