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BAL ARISI (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) KOLONİLERİNDE PUDRA ŞEKERİ YÖNTEMİ İLE VARROA (Varroa destructor) BULAŞIKLIK SEVİYESİNİN BELİRLENMESİ VE KOLONİ SEÇİMİ

Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 7 - 23, 17.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.373723

Abstract

Bu çalışma Balıkesir Marmara adasında Anadolu
bal arısında varroa bulaşıklık seviyesinin belirlenmesinde pudra şekeri yöntemi
kullanılarak belirlenmesi amacı ile yapılmıştır. Çalışma 2014-2016 yıllarında
Anadolu arı kolonileri ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmada her kolonideki toplam
yavrulu, arılı çerçeve sayısı sayılıp, varroa sayısı ise pudra şekeri yöntemi
ile tespit edilmiştir. Yaz 2014 yaz sezonunda ilaçlanan ve ilaçlanıp ana
arıları değiştirilmiş koloniler arasında toplam arılı çerçeve açısından fark
anlamlı, yavrulu çerçeve sayısı ve varroa açısından anlamlı bir fark
belirlenememiştir. Yaz 2015 sezonunda ilaçlanmayan, ilaçlanan ve ana arısı
değiştirilen-ilaçlı 3 grup arasında arılı çerçeve, yavrulu çerçeve ve varroa
açısından karşılaştırıldığında bu 3 grup arasında arılı çerçeve ve yavrulu
çerçeve açısından istatistiki olarak anlamlı bir fark tespit edilememiştir.
Varroa açısından bu karşılaştırma yapıldığında ise istatistiki olarak anlamlı
bir fark belirlenmiştir. Ana arısı değiştirilen koloniler arılı ve yavrulu
çerçeve sayısı bakımından daha yüksek, varroa sayısı ise daha düşük
bulunmuştur. 2016 yılında ise ana arıların yaz sezonu yerine ilkbaharda
değiştirilmesi durumunda ise bu kolonilerde varroa sayısı % 38 gibi önemli
oranda düşmektedir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre yavrulu ve toplam arılı çerçeve
sayıları yüksek olan kolonilerde genel olarak varroa seviyelerinin yüksek
olduğu belirlenmiştir. Buna rağmen bazı kolonilerde arılı ve yavrulu çerçeve
sayıları yüksek olmasına rağmen hala varroa seviyeleri düşük olan koloniler
tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçların ise ıslah çalışmalarında önemli bir kolaylık
sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

References

  • Berg, S., Fuchs, S., Koeniger, N., Rinderer, T. and Büchler, R. 2005. Less mites, less honey-comparing Primorski honey bee lines with Carnica lines in Germany In: H H Kaatz; M Becher; R F A Moritz (Eds) Bees, ants and termites: Applied and fundamental research. IUSSI Internationale Union zum Studium sozialer Insekten, 36, Halle / Salle, Germany.
  • Branco, M.R., Kidd, N.A.C. and Pickard, R.S. 2006. A comparative evaluation of sampling methods for Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) population estimation. Apidologie, 37, 452-461.
  • Carreck, N.L., Brenda V. Ball, B.V. and Martin, S.J. 2010. Honey bee colony collapse and changes in viral prevalence associated with Varroa destructor. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(1), 93-94.
  • Çakmak, I. 2010. The over wintering survival of highly Varroa destructor infested honey bee colonies determined to be hygienic using the liquid nitrogen freeze killed brood assay. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(2), 197-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.2.09
  • Çakmak, İ., Seven Çakmak, S., Fuchs, S. ve Yeninar, H. 2011. Bal arısı kolonilerinde varroa bulaşıklık seviyesinin belirlenmesinde pudra şekeri ve deterjan yönteminin karşılaştırılması. U. Arı Derg./U Bee J., 11(2), 63-68.
  • Çakmak, I. and Fuchs, S. 2013. Exploring a treatment strategy for long-term increase of varroosis tolerance on Marmara Island/Turkey. J. Apicult. Res., 52(5), 242-250, DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.5.11.
  • Çakmak, İ, Fuchs, S., Seven Çakmak, S., Koca Özkan, A., Nentchev, P. and Kandemir, İ. 2014. Morphometric analysis of honeybees distributed in Northern Turkey along the Black Sea Cost. U. Arı Derg./ U Bee J., 14(2), 59-68.
  • Çakmak, İ., Seven-Çakmak, S., (2016). Beekeeping and recent colony losses in Turkey. U. Arı Drg./ U. Bee J. 16(1): 31-48.
  • Connor, L.W., Rinderer, T., Sylvester, H.A., Wongsiri, S. 1993. Asian Apiculture. Wicwas Press. USA.
  • De Jong, D. 1996. Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World, 77, 67–70.
  • De Jong, D. and Soarez, A.E.E. 1997. An isolated population of Italian bees that has survived Varroa jacobsoni infestation without treatment for over 12 years. American Bee Journal, 137, 742–745.
  • Dietemann, V., Nazzi, F., Martin, S.J., Denis L., Anderson, D.L., Locke, B., Delaplane, K.S., Wauquiez, Q., Tannahill, C., Frey, E., Ziegelmann, B., Rosenkranz. P., James, D. and Ellis, J.D. 2013. Standard methods for varroa research. Journal of Apicultural Research 52(1), DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.09.
  • Elke, G., Werner von der, O., Kaatz, H., Schroeder, A., Otten, C., Büchler, R., Berg, S., Ritter, W., Mühlen, W., Gisder, S., Meixner, M., Liebig, G. and Rosenkranz, P. 2010. The German bee monitoring project: a long term studyto understand periodically high winter losses of honey bee colonies. Apidologie, 41, 332–352.
  • Fries, I., Imdorf, A. and Rosenkranz, P. 2006. Survival of mite infested (Varroa destructor) honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a Nordic climate. Apidologie, 37, 564–570.
  • Güler, A. and Demir, M. 2005. Beekeeping potential in Turkey. Bee World, 86(4), 114-118.
  • Harbo, J.R. and Harris, J.W. 1999. Selecting honey bees for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 183-196.
  • Harris, J.W. 2007. Bees with Varroa Sensitive Hygiene preferentially remove mite infested pupae aged five days post capping. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46(3), 134-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.46.3.02.
  • Huang, Q., Kryger, P., LeConte, Y. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2012 ”Survival and immune response of drones of a Nosemosis tolerant honey bee strain towards N. ceranae infections”, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 109, 297-302.
  • Huang, Q., Kryger, P., LeConte,Y., Lattorff, H.M.G.F., Kraus, B. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2013. Four quantitative trait loci associated with low Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spore load in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Apidologie, DOI: 10.1007/s13592-013-0243-4.
  • Huang, Q., Lattorff, H.M.G., Kryger, P., LeConte, Y. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2014. A selective sweep in a microsporidian parasite Nosema-tolerant honeybee population, Apis mellifera. Animal Genetics, 45, 267-273.
  • Ibrahim, A., Reuter, G.S, and Spivak, M. 2007. Field trial of honey bee colonies bred for mechanisms of resistance against Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 38, 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006065. Jennifer, M., Tsuruda, J.M., Harris, J.W., Bourgeois, L., Robert, G., Danka, R.G. and Hunt, G. J. 2012. High-Resolution Linkage Analyses to Identify Genes That Influence Varroa Sensitive Hygiene Behavior in Honey Bee. PLoS ONE, 7, e48276.
  • Kandemir, İ. Kence, M. and Kence, A. 2000. Genetic and morphometric variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations of Turkey. Apidologie, 31, 343-356.
  • Kar, S., Kaya, N., Güven, E. ve Karaer, Z. 2006. Yeni Geliştirilen Tespit Kabı ile Ergin Arılarda Varroa Enfestasyonunun Belirlenmesi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 6(2), 68-73.
  • Kefuss, J., Taber, S., Vanpoucke, J. and Rey, F. 2003. Breeding for Varroa resistance: How we do it. Proceedings of 38th International Apicultural Congress, Abstract 187, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • Kefuss, J., Vanpoucke, J., Ducos de Lahitte, J. and Ritter, W. 2004. Varroa tolerance in France of intermissa bees from Tunesia and their naturally mated descendants. American Bee Journal, 144, 563-568.
  • Lattorff, H.M.G., Buchholz, J., Fries, I. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2015. A selective sweep in a Varroa destructor resistant honeybee (Apis mellifera) population. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 31, 169-176.
  • LeConte, Y., De Vaublanc, G., Crauser, D., Jeanne, F., Rouselle, J.C. and Becard, J.M. 2007. Honey bee colonies that have survived Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 38(6), 566–572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2007040.
  • Oxley, P., Spivak, M. and Oldroyd, B. 2010. Six quantitative trait loci influence task thresholds for hygienic behavior in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Molecular Ecology, 19, 1452-1461. Randy, O. 2006. IPM 4 Fighting Varroa 4: Reconnaissance Mite Sampling Methods and thresholds. Web sitesi: scientificbeekeeping.com/fighting-varroa-reconnaissance-mite-sampling/. Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2017.
  • Rath, W. 1993. Aspects of preadaptation in Varroa Jacobsoni while shifting from its original host Apis cerena to Apis mellifera, In: Asian Apicultur. Connor, L.J., Rinderer, T., Silvester, H. A. ve Wongsiri, S. (eds), Wicwas Press, 417-426, Connecticut.
  • Sammataro, D. and Avitabile, A. 2011. The Beekeeper’s Handbook, Cornell University Press, 214-221, London.
  • Seeley, T.D. 2007. Honey bees of the Arnot Forest: a population of feral colonies persisting with Varroa destructor in the northeastern United States. Apidologie, 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006055.
  • Spivak, M. and Gilliam, M. 1998. Hygienic behaviour of honey bees and its implications for control of brood diseases and Varroa. Part II. Studies on hygienic behaviour since the Rothenbuhler era. Bee World, 79, 169-186.
  • Wilson-Rich, N., Spivak, M., Fefferman, N.H. and Starks, P.T. 2009. Genetic, Individual, and Group Facilitation of Disease Resistance in Insect Societies. Annual Review of Entomology, 54, 405-423.
  • Webster, T.C. and Delaplane, K.S. 2001. Mites of the Honey Bee. Dadant & Sons, INC, Hamilton, 131-148, 163-178, 205-215, Illinois.
  • Winston, M.L. 1987. The Biology of the Honey Bee. 199-214, Harvard University Press.
  • Zemene, M., Bogale, B., Derso, S., Belete, S., Melaku, S. and Hailu, H. 2015. A Review on varroa Mites of Honey Bees. Academic Journal of Entomology, 8(3), 150-159.
Year 2017, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 7 - 23, 17.09.2017
https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.373723

Abstract

References

  • Berg, S., Fuchs, S., Koeniger, N., Rinderer, T. and Büchler, R. 2005. Less mites, less honey-comparing Primorski honey bee lines with Carnica lines in Germany In: H H Kaatz; M Becher; R F A Moritz (Eds) Bees, ants and termites: Applied and fundamental research. IUSSI Internationale Union zum Studium sozialer Insekten, 36, Halle / Salle, Germany.
  • Branco, M.R., Kidd, N.A.C. and Pickard, R.S. 2006. A comparative evaluation of sampling methods for Varroa destructor (Acari: Varroidae) population estimation. Apidologie, 37, 452-461.
  • Carreck, N.L., Brenda V. Ball, B.V. and Martin, S.J. 2010. Honey bee colony collapse and changes in viral prevalence associated with Varroa destructor. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(1), 93-94.
  • Çakmak, I. 2010. The over wintering survival of highly Varroa destructor infested honey bee colonies determined to be hygienic using the liquid nitrogen freeze killed brood assay. Journal of Apicultural Research, 49(2), 197-201. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.49.2.09
  • Çakmak, İ., Seven Çakmak, S., Fuchs, S. ve Yeninar, H. 2011. Bal arısı kolonilerinde varroa bulaşıklık seviyesinin belirlenmesinde pudra şekeri ve deterjan yönteminin karşılaştırılması. U. Arı Derg./U Bee J., 11(2), 63-68.
  • Çakmak, I. and Fuchs, S. 2013. Exploring a treatment strategy for long-term increase of varroosis tolerance on Marmara Island/Turkey. J. Apicult. Res., 52(5), 242-250, DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.5.11.
  • Çakmak, İ, Fuchs, S., Seven Çakmak, S., Koca Özkan, A., Nentchev, P. and Kandemir, İ. 2014. Morphometric analysis of honeybees distributed in Northern Turkey along the Black Sea Cost. U. Arı Derg./ U Bee J., 14(2), 59-68.
  • Çakmak, İ., Seven-Çakmak, S., (2016). Beekeeping and recent colony losses in Turkey. U. Arı Drg./ U. Bee J. 16(1): 31-48.
  • Connor, L.W., Rinderer, T., Sylvester, H.A., Wongsiri, S. 1993. Asian Apiculture. Wicwas Press. USA.
  • De Jong, D. 1996. Africanized honey bees in Brazil, forty years of adaptation and success. Bee World, 77, 67–70.
  • De Jong, D. and Soarez, A.E.E. 1997. An isolated population of Italian bees that has survived Varroa jacobsoni infestation without treatment for over 12 years. American Bee Journal, 137, 742–745.
  • Dietemann, V., Nazzi, F., Martin, S.J., Denis L., Anderson, D.L., Locke, B., Delaplane, K.S., Wauquiez, Q., Tannahill, C., Frey, E., Ziegelmann, B., Rosenkranz. P., James, D. and Ellis, J.D. 2013. Standard methods for varroa research. Journal of Apicultural Research 52(1), DOI 10.3896/IBRA.1.52.1.09.
  • Elke, G., Werner von der, O., Kaatz, H., Schroeder, A., Otten, C., Büchler, R., Berg, S., Ritter, W., Mühlen, W., Gisder, S., Meixner, M., Liebig, G. and Rosenkranz, P. 2010. The German bee monitoring project: a long term studyto understand periodically high winter losses of honey bee colonies. Apidologie, 41, 332–352.
  • Fries, I., Imdorf, A. and Rosenkranz, P. 2006. Survival of mite infested (Varroa destructor) honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies in a Nordic climate. Apidologie, 37, 564–570.
  • Güler, A. and Demir, M. 2005. Beekeeping potential in Turkey. Bee World, 86(4), 114-118.
  • Harbo, J.R. and Harris, J.W. 1999. Selecting honey bees for resistance to Varroa jacobsoni. Apidologie, 30(2-3), 183-196.
  • Harris, J.W. 2007. Bees with Varroa Sensitive Hygiene preferentially remove mite infested pupae aged five days post capping. Journal of Apicultural Research, 46(3), 134-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3896/IBRA.1.46.3.02.
  • Huang, Q., Kryger, P., LeConte, Y. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2012 ”Survival and immune response of drones of a Nosemosis tolerant honey bee strain towards N. ceranae infections”, Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 109, 297-302.
  • Huang, Q., Kryger, P., LeConte,Y., Lattorff, H.M.G.F., Kraus, B. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2013. Four quantitative trait loci associated with low Nosema ceranae (Microsporidia) spore load in the honeybee Apis mellifera. Apidologie, DOI: 10.1007/s13592-013-0243-4.
  • Huang, Q., Lattorff, H.M.G., Kryger, P., LeConte, Y. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2014. A selective sweep in a microsporidian parasite Nosema-tolerant honeybee population, Apis mellifera. Animal Genetics, 45, 267-273.
  • Ibrahim, A., Reuter, G.S, and Spivak, M. 2007. Field trial of honey bee colonies bred for mechanisms of resistance against Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 38, 67-76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006065. Jennifer, M., Tsuruda, J.M., Harris, J.W., Bourgeois, L., Robert, G., Danka, R.G. and Hunt, G. J. 2012. High-Resolution Linkage Analyses to Identify Genes That Influence Varroa Sensitive Hygiene Behavior in Honey Bee. PLoS ONE, 7, e48276.
  • Kandemir, İ. Kence, M. and Kence, A. 2000. Genetic and morphometric variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations of Turkey. Apidologie, 31, 343-356.
  • Kar, S., Kaya, N., Güven, E. ve Karaer, Z. 2006. Yeni Geliştirilen Tespit Kabı ile Ergin Arılarda Varroa Enfestasyonunun Belirlenmesi. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 6(2), 68-73.
  • Kefuss, J., Taber, S., Vanpoucke, J. and Rey, F. 2003. Breeding for Varroa resistance: How we do it. Proceedings of 38th International Apicultural Congress, Abstract 187, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
  • Kefuss, J., Vanpoucke, J., Ducos de Lahitte, J. and Ritter, W. 2004. Varroa tolerance in France of intermissa bees from Tunesia and their naturally mated descendants. American Bee Journal, 144, 563-568.
  • Lattorff, H.M.G., Buchholz, J., Fries, I. and Moritz, R.F.A. 2015. A selective sweep in a Varroa destructor resistant honeybee (Apis mellifera) population. Infection Genetics and Evolution, 31, 169-176.
  • LeConte, Y., De Vaublanc, G., Crauser, D., Jeanne, F., Rouselle, J.C. and Becard, J.M. 2007. Honey bee colonies that have survived Varroa destructor. Apidologie, 38(6), 566–572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2007040.
  • Oxley, P., Spivak, M. and Oldroyd, B. 2010. Six quantitative trait loci influence task thresholds for hygienic behavior in honeybees (Apis mellifera). Molecular Ecology, 19, 1452-1461. Randy, O. 2006. IPM 4 Fighting Varroa 4: Reconnaissance Mite Sampling Methods and thresholds. Web sitesi: scientificbeekeeping.com/fighting-varroa-reconnaissance-mite-sampling/. Erişim Tarihi: 05.01.2017.
  • Rath, W. 1993. Aspects of preadaptation in Varroa Jacobsoni while shifting from its original host Apis cerena to Apis mellifera, In: Asian Apicultur. Connor, L.J., Rinderer, T., Silvester, H. A. ve Wongsiri, S. (eds), Wicwas Press, 417-426, Connecticut.
  • Sammataro, D. and Avitabile, A. 2011. The Beekeeper’s Handbook, Cornell University Press, 214-221, London.
  • Seeley, T.D. 2007. Honey bees of the Arnot Forest: a population of feral colonies persisting with Varroa destructor in the northeastern United States. Apidologie, 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/apido:2006055.
  • Spivak, M. and Gilliam, M. 1998. Hygienic behaviour of honey bees and its implications for control of brood diseases and Varroa. Part II. Studies on hygienic behaviour since the Rothenbuhler era. Bee World, 79, 169-186.
  • Wilson-Rich, N., Spivak, M., Fefferman, N.H. and Starks, P.T. 2009. Genetic, Individual, and Group Facilitation of Disease Resistance in Insect Societies. Annual Review of Entomology, 54, 405-423.
  • Webster, T.C. and Delaplane, K.S. 2001. Mites of the Honey Bee. Dadant & Sons, INC, Hamilton, 131-148, 163-178, 205-215, Illinois.
  • Winston, M.L. 1987. The Biology of the Honey Bee. 199-214, Harvard University Press.
  • Zemene, M., Bogale, B., Derso, S., Belete, S., Melaku, S. and Hailu, H. 2015. A Review on varroa Mites of Honey Bees. Academic Journal of Entomology, 8(3), 150-159.
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Selvinar Seven-çakmak

Publication Date September 17, 2017
Acceptance Date August 10, 2017
Published in Issue Year 2017 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

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Vancouver Seven-çakmak S. BAL ARISI (Apis mellifera anatoliaca) KOLONİLERİNDE PUDRA ŞEKERİ YÖNTEMİ İLE VARROA (Varroa destructor) BULAŞIKLIK SEVİYESİNİN BELİRLENMESİ VE KOLONİ SEÇİMİ. U. Arı. D.-U. Bee J. 2017;17(1):7-23.

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