ÇAYIR ÜÇGÜLÜ (Trifolium pratense L.)’NÜN TOZLAŞMASINDA ARILARIN ÖNEMİ

Year 2018, Volume: 18 Issue: 1, 28 - 41, 28.05.2018

Hikmet Özbek

https://doi.org/10.31467/uluaricilik.427585

Cited By: 4

Abstract

Önemli bir yem bitkisi olan çayır üçgülü (Trifolium pratense L.)’nün ana vatanının Anadolu veya Anadolu’yu da
içerisine alan kara parçası olduğu belirtilmektedir. Yabancı döllenmeye
gereksinim duyan bu bitkinin tozlaşmasında etkili olan arı türleri ele
alınmıştır. Daha önceki çalışmalar ve yazar tarafından sürdürülen gözlemler
ışığında bal arısına ek olarak 80’den fazla arı türünün çayır üçgülü
çiçeklerini ziyaret ettiği belirlenmiştir. Bunlar arasında en önemli grubu
bambul (Bombus spp.) arıları
oluşturmaktadır.

Keywords

üçgülü , Trifolium pratense , Arılar , Apoidea , Tozlaşma

References

• Akerberg, E. and C. Stapel 1966.A survey of pollination and seed growing of red clover in Europe. Bee World (Suppl.) 47:15-42.
• Anasiewicz, A. and Z. Warakomska 1976. Pylkowa metoda oceny owadow zapylajacych koniczyne czerwona (Trifolium pratense L.). Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 20: 69-83.
• Arretz, P. V. and R. P. Macfarlane 1986. The introduction of Bombus ruderatus to Chile for red clover pollination. Bee Worl 67: 15-22.
• Ascher J. S and J. Pickering (2017). Discover Life: Bee Species Guide and World Checklist (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Anthophila). Available online at http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?guide=Apoidea_species.
• Aytekin, A. M. ve N. Çağatay 2003. Systematic studies on Megabombus (Apidae: Hymenoptera) species in Central Anatolia. Turkish Journal of Zoology 27(3):195-204.
• Bohart, G. E. 1957. Pollination of alfalfa and red clover. Annual Review of Entomology 2(1): 355-380.
• Boller, B., F.X. Schubiger and R. Kölliker 2010.Red clover. In: B. Boller, editor, Handbook of plant breeding. Vol. 5.Springer, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. p. 439–455.
• Braun E., R. M. MacVicar, D.A. Gibson, B. Pankiw and J. Guppy 1953. Studies in red clover seed production. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science 33: 437-447.
• Brødsgaard, C. J. and H. Hansen 2002. Pollination of red clover in Denmark. Denmark: DIAS report Plant Production no.71.
• Brothers, D. J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Mutillidae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin50: 483-648.
• Butler, C. G., J. B. Free and J. Simpson 1956. Some problems of red clover pollination. Annals Applied Bioilogy 44: 664-469.
• Danforth, B. N. 1990. Provisioning behavior and estimation of investment ratios in a solitary bee, Calliopsis persimilis (Cockerell) (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 27: 159-168.
• Davis, P. H.1970.Trifolium In: Davis PH (ed.) Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Vol. 3.pp. 384- 448. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Dennis B. A. and H. Haas 1967.Pollination and Seed-setting in Diploid and Tetraploid Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.) under Danish Conditions II.Studies of Floret Morphology in Relation to the Working Speed of Honeyand Bumblebees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea).Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College Yearbook 1967. Copenhagen, p. 118-133.
• Dennis, B. A. and S. N. Holm 1977. Recent trends in red clover pollination. Pszczelnicze Zeszyty Naukowe 21:149-157.
• Free, J. B. 1965.The ability of bumblebees and honeybees to pollinate red clover. Journal of Applied Ecology 2: 289-294.
• Free, J. B. 1993. Insect Pollination of Crops. 2ndedition, London, Academic Press.
• Forster, I. W. and W. V. Hardfield 1958.Effectiveness of honey bees and bumble bees in the pollination of red clover. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 1(5):607-609.
• Goulson, D., G. C. Lye, and B. Darvill, 2008. Decline and conservation of bumble bees. Annuel Review of Entomology 53:191- 208.
• Gubin, A. F. 1936. Bestaübung und Erhöhung der Samenernte bei Rotklee Trifolium pratense L. mit Hilfe der Bienen. Arch Bienenk 17: 209-264.
• Gurr, L. 1974: The distribution of bumble bees in the South Island of New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Science 7: 625-642.
• Hawkins, R. P. 1956. A preliminary survey of red clover seed production. Annals of Applied Biology44(4): 657-664.
• Hawkins, R. P. 1958. A survey of late-flowering and single cut red clover seed crops. Journal of National Institute Agriculture and Botany 8: 450-461.
• Hawkins, R. P. 1961.Observation on the pollination of red clover by bees. The yield of seed in relation to the number and kinds of pollinators. Annals Applied of Biology 49: 55-65.
• Hazır, C., N. Keskin, and E. Schevchl 2014. Faunistic, geographicil and biological contributions to the bee genus Andrena (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Andreninae) from Turkey. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 38: 59-133.
• Hegland, S. J. 2014. Floral neighbourhood effects on pollination success in red clover are scale-dependent. Functional ecology. 28(3): 561-568.
• Holm, S. N. 1972. Seed yields in red clover in relation to the number of pollinating bees as influenced by a grow regulator. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University Yearbook, Copenhagen, pp. 127-141
• Holm, S. N. 1984.Introduction and propagation of leaf cutting bee (Megachile rotundata) in Danmark. 5th International Symposium on Pollination, Versailles, 27-30 September 1983. Paris: INRA Publications.
• Hulejt, T. and J. M. Gutowsk 2016.Xyloco valga Gerst.(Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Poland. Forest Research Papers 77(4): 341-351. DOI: 10.1515/frp-2016-0035 Available online: www.lesne-prace-badawcze.pl.
• Jing, S. 2017. Pollination and Seed Setting of Diploid and Tetraploid Red Clover (Trifolium pratense L.). Master Thesis , Agroecology, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Denmark 50 pp.
• Martin, J. N. 1938. Why the high price of the red clover seed? American Bee Journal 78:102-104.
• Meglic, V. and R. R. Smith 1992. Self-incompatibility and seed set in colchicine-nitrous oxide- and sexually derived tetraploid red clover. Crop Science 32(5):1133-1137.
• Michener, C.D., 2007. The Bees of the World, 2nd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London, 953 pp.
• Michez, D., M. Vanderplanck and M.S. Engel 2012.Fossil bees and their plant associates. In: Patiny, S. (eds). Evolution of plant-pollinator relationships.
• Montgomery, B. E. 1951. The status of bumble bees in relation to the pollination of red clover in New Zealand.Proceeding 6th American Meeting N. C. States Branch Ammerican Association Economic Entomology 51-55.
• Morse, R. A., and N. W. Calderone. 2000. The value of honey bees as pollinators of U.S.crops in 2000. Bee Culture (March 2000): 2–15.
• Ollerton, J., R. Winfree, and S. Tarrant 2011. How many flowering plants are pollinated by animals? Oikos120(3): 321-326.
• O’Toole, C. and A. Raw 1991. Bees of the World. London, Blandford.
• Özbek, H. 1976. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Andrenidae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea) familyası arıları. Bitki Koruma Bülteni, 16 (3): 123-146.
• Özbek, H. 1980. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nde Çayır Üçgülü (Trifolium pratense L. )'nü tozlayan arılar (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Tübitak Temel Bilim Dergisi, Seri-A4: 61-66.
• Özbek, H.1983. Doğu Anadolu’nun bazı yörelerindeki Bombinae (Hymenoptera: Apoidea, Bombinae) türleri üzerinde taksonomik ve bazı biyolojik çalışmalar. Atatürk Ünivversitesi Yayınları, No: 621, Ziraat Fakültesi Yayın, No: 287. Araştırma Serisi No:
• Özbek, H. Türkiye’de yonca bitkisini ziyaret eden arı türleri ve Megachile rotundata F. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 8 (1):17–29.
• Özbek, H. 2010. Arılar ve İnsktisitler. Uludağ Arıcılık Dergisi, 10(3): 96–101.
• Özbek, H. 2013a. Distribution of the Tribe Osmiini bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) of Turkey Part I: The Genera Heriades, Stenoheriades, Hofferia and Hoplitis. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 44(1): 1-20.
• Özbek, H., 2013b. Distribution of the tribe Osmiini bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) of Turkey. Part II: the genera Haetosmia, Osmia and Protosmia. Atatürk Üniversitesi. Ziraat Fakültesi Dergis,i 44 (2): 121-143.
• Özbek H., 2013c. New data on large carpenter-bees (Apidae: Xylocopinae: Xylocopini) of Turkey with considerations about their importance as pollinators. Journal Entomological Research Society, 15(1): 79-89.
• Özbek, H. 2014. Distribution data on the family Melittidae (Hymenoptera) of Turkey with considerations about their importance as pollinators. Turkish Journal of Zoology, 38 (4): 444-459.
• Palmer-Jones T., I. W. Foster and P. G. Clinc 1966.Observations on the pollination of Montgomery red clover (Trifolium pratense L.). New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 9:738-747.
• Peterson, A. G., B.Furgala, and F. G. Holdaway 1960.Pollination of red clover in Minnesota.Journal of Economic Entomology.53(4): 546-550.
• Plowright, R. C. and L. K. Hartling 1981. Red clover pollination by bumble bees: a study of the dynamics of a plant-pollinator relationship. Journal of Applied Ecology, 18: 639-647.
• Pritsch, G. 1966. Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Honigbienen für die Sicherung und Steigerung der Samenertrage des Rotkklees. Mitteilungen Zentrum soz Arbeitsgemeinsch, 5:11-26.
• Rao, S. and W.P. Stephen.2009. Bumble bee pollinators in red clover seed production. Crop Science. 49: 2207-2214.
• Rao, S. and W. P. Anderson 1910. Comparision of bee pollinator abundance in red clover seed production fields with and without honey bee hives in the Willamette Valley. Seed Production Research Report at Oregon State University, 45-49.
• Rasmont, P., A.M. Aytekin, O. Kaftanoğlu and D. Flagothier, 2009. The bumblebees of Turkey, Atlas Hymenoptera, Universite de Mons, Gembloux Agro-Biotech, Mons, Gembloux, http://www.atlashymenoptera.net/page.asp?ID=103.
• Riday, H.2010. Progress made in improving red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) through breeding. Journal of Plant Breeding, 4(1): 22-29.
• Steiner J. J. and S. C. Alderman 2003.Red clover seed production.Crop Science, 43(2): 624-630.
• Tasei J. N., M. Picard, S. Carre 1978. Les insectes pollinisateurs de la luzerne (Medicago sativaL.) en France. Apidologie 9: 175-194.
• Taylor, N. L. 2008. A century of clover breeding developments in the United States.Crop Science, 48 (1): 1-13.
• Taylor, N. L. and K. H. Quesenberry 1996.Red Clover Science.Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
• Taylor, N. L. and R. R. Smith 1980.Red clover breeding and genetics.Advances in Agronomy, 31: 125-154.
• Thomas W.1951. Bees for pollinatng red clover. Gleanings in Bee Culture 79:139-141.
• Tosun, F. 1971. Baklagil ve Buğdaygil Yem Bitkileri Kültürü. Atatürk Üniversitesi Basım Evi, Erzurum.
• Tosun F., İ. Manga ve M.Altın 1980.Bazı önemli çayır üçgülü (Trifolium pratense L.) varyetelerinin adaptasyon ve verim denemeleri. Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 11 (3-4): 39-56.Valle O, S. Marjatta and J. Paatola 1962.Pollination Studies on Red Clover in Finland. Proceedings 1st Internatonal Symposium on Pollination 98-105.
• Vӓre, A.1960. Pune-apilan siemensaden riippuvaisuudesta kimalaisbiotoopeista. Lounais-Hӓmeen Luonto, 8:34-41.
• Vleugels, T., I. Roldan-Ruizand and G. Cnops 2015. Influence of flower and flowering
• characteristics on seed yield in diploid and tetraploid red clover. Plant Breeding, 134(1): 56-61.
• Westgate, J. M. and H. S. Coe 1915.Red clover seed production studies.Bulletin of the United States Department of Agriculture 289.p 31.
• Williams, R. D.1925.Studies concerning the pollination,fertilization and breeding of red clover. Welsh Plant Breeding Station Bulletin Series H. 4: 1-58.
• Woodrow, A. W. 1952. Pollination of the red clover flower by the honey bee.Journal of Economic Entomology, 45 (6): 1028-1029.
• Wyngaarden, S. L., A. Gaudin, W. Deen and R. C. Martin 2015.Expanding red clover (Trifolium pratense) usage in the corn–soy–wheat rotation.Sustainability7(11): 15487-15509