Arılar ve İnsektisitler

Year 2010, Volume: 10 Issue: 3, 85 - 95, 25.08.2010

Hikmet Ozbek

Abstract

Literatüre dayalı olarak hazırlanan bu makalede, balarıları ve yaban arıları hakkında kısa bilgiler verilmiş, balarısının meydana getirdiği bal, balmumu, arısütü, arı zehiri ve propolis yanında genel olarak kültür ve yabani bitkilerin tozlaşmasındaki önemi üzerinde durulurken yaban arılarının da önemine değinilmiştir. Bal arısı ve yaban arılarının tarımsal zararlılara karşı kullanılan insektisitlerden etkilenmeleri açıklanmış ve alınacak önlemler üzerinde durulmuştur

Keywords

Arılar, Balarısı, Apis mellifera, Yaban Arıları, İnsektisitler

Bees and Insecticides

Abstract

Goal:
The
goal of this review to summarize honey bees and wild bees and the effects of
insecticides.

Discussion:
Bees
are a group of insects take place in the Apiformes group of the superfamily Apoidea
of the order Hymenoprera. Bees have usually ro-bust a hairy body, they differ
from nearly all hyme-nopters in their dependence on pollen collected from
flowers as a protein source to feed their lar-vae. Thus nearly all bees are
plant feeders (phyto-phag). Nearly 20 000 species of bees have been formally
described, and as many as 30 000 are estimated worldwide. Most of them are
solitary species in which females single-handedly make a nest and produce the
next generation of fertile offspring. Honey bee, Apis mellifera L. is
the most important social bee species occurs almost world-wide.

Pollination
is an essential ecosystem service that depends to a large extent on symbiosis
between species, the pollinated and pollinator. There is a close association between
flowering plant and bees. Diversity among species, including agricul-tural
crops, depends on bee pollination. Bees polli-nate over 16% of the world‟s
flowering plant spe-cies. Although honey bee produces honey, wax, royal jelly,
and propolis it plays a dominant role, being the only managed pollinator
available for field and outdoor fruit crops. Additionally, honey bee is active
in late winter and early spring, therefore, honey bee colonies are able to
muster large num-bers of pollinators when they are needed for late winter and
early spring blooms, as well as through-out the rest of the growing season.

Wild
bees are also valuable pollinators of many cultivated and uncultivated plants.
The potential for using wild bees as managed crop pollinators has long been
known. Several wild bee species current-ly are being used commercially or have
potential for use as agricultural pollinators in various countries. Among the
wild commercial pollinators, Osmia cor-nuta Latreille, O. rufa L.
(fruit pollinators) and Me-gachile rotundata Fabricius (alfalfa
pollinator) occur in Turkey too. Osmia cerinthidis Morawitz and O.
caerulescens (L.) have potential for use as fruit pollinators, those of Rophites
(Rhophitoides) canus Eversmann, Melitturga
clavicornis Latr. and Melitta leporina Pr. have potential for
alfalfa pollinators. Bumble bees are also important pollinators. Ap-proximately
50 bumble bee species occur in Tur-key. Although rearing bumble bees, faces
many serious problems they are highly efficient green-house crop pollinators: Bombus
terrestris L. has been using for especially pollination of tomato in
greenhouses since 1990‟s in some European coun-tries as well as in Turkey. In
general, B. terrestris occurs up to 1200 m in Turkey. B. terrestris was
once very common along the coastal region of the country, last 15-20 years it
has become extinct in this natural range due to residential area occupied
almost all these places. I have to emphasize that all bumble bee species
decline dramatically in the country.

In
the USA and some other developed countries honey bee, A. mellifera has
been used commercial-ly in the pollination of agricultural crops; even de-mand
for agricultural pollination services is increas-ing, particularly for crops
that depend completely on pollinators. Although agriculture in Turkey is highly
dependent on insect pollination, in particular from the honey bee, using honey
bee commercially on crop pollination is very rare. Most agricultural
polli-nation is provided an unpaid service by feral A. mellifera and
wild bees. Unfortunately, there has been conflict between beekeepers and
agricultural growers since the beginning of application of pesti-cides in the
field. Particularly, beekeepers have been against pesticide applications due to
giving damage to the bees. On the other hand, plant growers do not know the
importance of bees as pollinators and bee pollination is required to pro-duce
good quality and quantity of crops. Recent years, some plant growers recognized
the impor-tance of bees in agriculture; they realized that polli-nation
increases the value of the crops through higher yields and improved the
quality. Thus, occa-sionally some growers, particularly in the western part of
the country, request from beekeepers to move their colonies to the vicinity of
their crop lands. However, Agricultural Ministry, Universities and Research
Institutes should prepare compre-hensive and extensive long-term programs for
edu-cation of the plant growers and beekeepers on using honey bee and even wild
bees in the pollina-tion of agricultural crops. Moreover, Agricultural Ministry
could support the plant growers financially for using bees commercially in the
pollination of agricultural crops.

Many
insecticides used to control harmful insects can be poisonous to bees and other
beneficial in-sects. Most insecticides are especially injurious and even
eliminate some pollinator populations in eco-systems. Toxicity of insecticides
to honey bee and wild bees were indicated in Table 1 and 2.

Conlusion:
For protecting bees from harmful ef-fects of insecticides: first of all,
beekeepers should select the apiary locations with low pesticide risk whenever
possible. Colonies of bees can be af-fected severely by improper use of
insecticides. To protect bees and other beneficial insects, always safest
insecticides should be used. Before spray-ing, growers should alert beekeepers
at least one to two days before spraying. Timing of insecticide application is
important: when crop is in bloom nev-er spray, if it is absolutely necessary
late evening or early morning hours should be preferred. Weeds in blooming in
crop area should be eliminated. Less hazard insecticides formulations should be
pre-ferred. Moreover, it is worthy to indicate that fortu-nately, pesticides
and other agricultural chemicals are not incorporated into the honey bee. Bees
that collect pesticide-contaminated nectar or pollen usually die away from the
hive. Bees usually leave the hive if they become poisoned. It is obvious that
contaminated pollens may kill the nurse bees and the brood

Keywords

Bees, Honeybee, Apis mellifera, Wild Bees, Insecticides

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