Santa Cruz ve Midilli Adasında Güneşçiçeği Bitkisinde Balözü Salgısı ve Arı Çeşitliliği: Bal Arıları Nereye Kayboldu?
Year 2009,
Volume: 09 Issue: 3, 109 - 121, 28.08.2009
John F. Barthell
Meredith L. Clement
Daniel S. Song
Amy N. Savıtskı
John M. Hranıtz
Theodora Petanidou Robbin W. Thorp
Adrian M. Wenner
Terry L. Grıswold
Harrington Wells
Abstract
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı Centaurea solstitialis (Güneşçiçeği) bitkisinin Santa Cruz adası (ABD) ve Ege Denizin‟de bulunan Midilli adasında (Yunanistan) balözü akımı ve bu bitkiyi ziyaret eden arıların sayı ve çeşitliliğinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Güneşçiçeği bitkisinin anavatanı Avrasya olup kendine döllenemeyen bir bitkidir. Yani döllenme ve tohumun oluşması için başka bir bitkiden çiçek özü veya polenin gelmesi gerekmektedir. Bu yüzden bu tip bitkiler gelecek nesillerinin devamı sağlayacak tohum oluşturulması için tozlayıcıları özellikle arıları cezbetmek için balözü, çiçek özü ve yağ gibi maddeler salgılar. Gereç ve Yöntem: Güneşçiçeği bitkisinin doğal alanı Avrasya olup batı Amerika‟da yabancı bir bitki olarak oldukça istilacı bir yapıdadır. Balözü akımı çiçek tablaları arıların girmesi engelleyecek delikli kafes torbalar ile örtülerek çiçekçiklerdeki balözü miktarı ölçülmüştür. Balözü mevcut veya açık olan çiçek verileri ise delikli kafes torba ile kapatılmayan ve arılara açık olan çiçeklerden toplanmıştır. Her iki bölgede 15 bitki belirlenip 1m aralıklarla kafesle kapatılmıştır. Çalışmanın başlangıç gününden önce saat 16:00 ve 18:00 de her bitkiden iki çiçek tablası delikli kafes torba ile kapatılmıştır. Ertesi gün sabah delikli kafes torba çiçek tablalarından birinden çıkarılıp arıların girişine izin verilmiştir. Bu çiçeklere duran balözü denilmiş açık kalan çiçek tablalarına ise akan balözü denilmiştir. Ertesi gün saat 7:00 ve 19:00 arasında her 2 saatte bir 0.25 μl kapillari ince tüpler her çiçek tablasındaki çiçekçiğe sokularak balözü alınmış ve balözü miktarı ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Kapalı çiçeklerden balözü alındıktan sonra hemen tekrar delikli torba kafesler ile kapatılmıştır. Çiçekçikten balözü alındıktan sonda kalıcı Sharpie kalemle işaretlenip her toplamada farklı çiçekçiğin kullanılması sağlanmıştır. Arı kayıtları balözü kayıtlarının ilk gününden sonra başlamış ve balözü için kullanılan bitkiler kullanılmıştır. Bu bitkiler arasında 6 kez 5 dakika sürecek şekilde yürüyerek ziyaret eden arılar belirlenip kayıt edilmiştir. Her çalışma 30 dk sürmüş olup 9:00 ve 12:00 arasında günde 4 kez tekrar edilmiştir. Balözü kalitesi ise balözü biriktikten sonra bitkiler kesilip laboratuvara götürülmüş ve santrifüj edildikten sonar refraktometre ile ölçülmüştür. Bulgu ve Sonuçlar: Centaurea solstitialis (Güneşçiçeği) bitkisini ziyaret eden arıların bu bitki ile birlikteliğini ve arı sayımlarını hem Midilli adası ve hemde Santa Cruz adasında karşılaştırma yapılabilecek zaman periyodlarında yapılmıştır. Her iki bölgede arıların en çok bu bitkiyi ziyaret ettiği zaman aralığı saat 15:00 aynı zamanda her iki bölgede bu bitkide balözü akımının en yüksek olduğu zaman aralığı olarak kaydedilmiştir. Bu zaman aralığı aynı zamanda duran ve akan balözü seviyesindeki en farklı durumun ortaya çıktığı zamandır. Balözü seviyesi konusunda iki bölgede delikli torba kafesler ile kapalı ve açık çiçeklerde özellikle tozlayıcıların çok yoğun olduğu dönemlerde önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Akan balözü ve duran balözü miktarları Midilli adasında Santa Cruz adasındakilerden daha düşük olarak tespit edilmiştir. Arı bitki birlikteliğini sağlayan arı çeşitleri ise Midilli adasında Santa Cruz adasındakilerden daha yüksek olarak tespit edilmiştir. İlginç olarak Midilli adasında bu gözlem periyodlarında bal arıları kaydedilmemiştir.
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Nectar Secretion and Bee Guild Characteristics of Yellow Star-Thistle on Santa Cruz Island and Lesvos: Where Have the Honey Bees Gone?
Year 2009,
Volume: 09 Issue: 3, 109 - 121, 28.08.2009
John F. Barthell
Meredith L. Clement
Daniel S. Song
Amy N. Savıtskı
John M. Hranıtz
Theodora Petanidou Robbin W. Thorp
Adrian M. Wenner
Terry L. Grıswold
Harrington Wells
Abstract
We compared nectar secretion rates and bee guilds of yellow star-thistle, Centaurea solstitialis, on Santa Cruz Island (USA) and the Northeast Aegean Island of Lesvos (Greece). This plant species is non-native and highly invasive in the western USA but native to Eurasia (including Lesvos). “Nectar flow” was assessed by measuring nectar volumes in florets of flower heads covered with mesh bags (preventing visitation by bees); “nectar standing crop” data were taken from open (unbagged) flower heads to which all bees could gain access. We censused bees at C. solstitialis during comparable periods on both islands and determined the bee guild composition of the plant on Lesvos. Significant differences in nectar levels occurred between bagged and unbagged florets at each locale, especially during the period that pollinators were most common. Nectar flow and nectar standing crop volumes were lower on Lesvos than on Santa Cruz Island. The bee guild diversity at Lesvos was higher relative to Santa Cruz Islan
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