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Çam Salgı Balını Üreten Esas Böcek Olan Çam Koşnili Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Hemiptera: Margarodidae)’un Tanımlanması, Genetik Çeşitliliği ve Bal Üretimi

Year 2009, Volume: 09 Issue: 4, 162 - 167, 25.11.2009

Abstract

Amaç: Bu derleme makalenin amacı salgı balı üretiminde esas rol oynayan ve Türkiye ve Yunanistan‘da doğal olarak bulunan böcek olan M hellenica‘nın tanımlanması, yayılışı ve biyolojisini kısaca açıklamaktır. Tartışma ve Sonuç: M hellenica çam ağaçlarında daha çok Pinus helepensis ve P brutia üzerinde yaşarlar. M hellenica az da olsa Göknar ve Ladin ağaçlarında bulunur Bodenheimer, 1953; Nikolopoulos 1959, 1964; Kailidis, 1965; Selmi, 1983; Gürkan ve Boşgelmez, 1989; Pollini, 1998). Bunun yanında başka bir tür olan ve M hellenica‘ya oldukça benzeyen M caucasica Kafkas dağlarında belirlenmiştir (Hadzibeyli 1969). M helenica çam balı üretiminde ana etken olan bir böcektir. Bu böcek Mart ortalarından sonra çam ağaçlarında
görülmeye başlar ve her yıl bir nesil üretirler. Ağaç kabuklarının altında ve küçük oyuklarda salgıladığı pamuk gibi bir örtü ile kendini saklar. Genel olarak bu böcekler ergin durumda iken açık sarı renkte olup erginlerinde ağız parçaları yoktur. Ergin olmayan böceklerde ağız parçaları çok uzun, vücudun 3 katı cıvarında ve beslenmediği zamanlarda vücudun iç kısmında kıvrılmış olarak bulunur (Gounari 2006). M hellenica‘da genetik varyasyon oldukça düşük olmasına rağmen son yıllarda Türkiye ve Yunanistan‘dan alınan numunelerde populasyonlarn ayırt edilebileceği görülmektedir (Bouga ve diğ. Yayınlanmamış). M hellenica çam ağaçlarında emerek beslenir, pembemsi ve kırmızımsı tatlı salgı damlacıkları çıkarır. Bu damlacıklar bal arıları tarafından çam balına dönüştürülür. Ġlk çam ana salgı akımı Ağustos ortasından sonra başlar ve ikincisi Eylül ayında başlar ve Kasım ayı sonlarına kadar devam eder. Erken ilkbaharda ise üçüncü ana salgı akımı başlar. Bu tarihler coğrafik bölge ve iklim koşullarına göre değişiklik gösterebilir (Kailidis, 1965; Xidias, 1975; Santas, 1979, 1983; Selmi, 1983; Avtzis, 1985; Gürkan ve Boşgelmez, 1989; Gounari, 2006). Salgı akımının ve böceğin yoğun olduğu bölgelerde arıcılar çok sayıda koloniyi fazla rekabet endişesi olmadan kullanarak üretim yapabilirler. Çam balı kendine özgü kokusu, kimyası ve tat özellikleri ile ayrılır. Koyu kıvamlı, yüksek mineral içeriği, tatlılık oranı düşük, donmaya veya kristalize olmaya az meyilli olması nedeni ile orman balı tercih eden tüketiciler için değerli ve iyi bir ücretle talep edilmektedir. M hellenica bazı araştırmacılar tarafından zararlı olarak (Çanakçıoğlu ve Mol 1998) tanımlanmış, fakat böceğin çam ağaçlarını öldürmediği rapor edilmiştir (Fimiani ve Solino 1994, Yeşil ve diğ. 2005). Son yıllarda Zafiri ve diğ. (2007) tarafından yapılan araştırmalarda böceğin çam ağaçlarında floem dokusuna doğru ksilem‘e ulaşmadan dikine ve paralel olarak giderek ağacın kabuklarını fazla derinleştirmediği tespit edilmiştir. Sonuçta M hellenica ve çam ağaçları arasındaki ilişki uzun bir geçmişe dayanan, sosyo-ekonomik parametreleri de içeren karmaşık bir ilişkidir. Çam ağaçlarında M hellenica dışında az da olsa salgı balı üretiminde etken başka böcekler de bulunmaktadır.

References

  • Avtzis N (1985) Marchalina hellenica (Monophlebus hellenius) Genn. The most important honeydew producing insect in Greece. Dasika Chronica, 1: 51-63.
  • Bacandritsos N, Saitanis C, Papanastasiou I (2004) Morphology and life cycle of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemoptera: Margarodidae) on pine (Parnis Mt) and fir (Helmos Mt) forests of Greece. Annals de la Societe Entomologique de France 40: 169-176.
  • Ben-Dov Y, S. Gounari, M.B. Kaydan; F Hatjina (2006). Phenacoccus yerushalmi BenDov newly recorded from Greece and Turkey (Hem., Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 111 (1).
  • Bodenheimer ES (1953) The coccoidea of Turkey III, Istabul- Univ. Facult.des Sci. Rev. Ser. B. Tom. XVIII 2: 91-164 (152-154).
  • Bouga M, Harizanis P, D. Lykoudis (2005). Study of Genetic Structure of Marchallina hellenica. 11th Congress of Hellenic Entomological Society, Karditsa, Greece. (Proceedings in preparation).
  • Çanakçioğlu H, Mol T (1998) –Forest entomology- harmful and useful insects. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Yayin No:451, Instabul.
  • Erlinghagen E (2001) Portrait of an insect: Marchalina hellenica Genn. (Sternorrhyncha: Coccina: Margarodidae), important producer of honeydew in Greece. Apiacta 36: 131-137.
  • Fimiani P, Solino G (1994) An exotic insect dangerous to the native plnats of the island of Ischia. Informatore Agrario 50: 65-68.
  • Gounari S, Thrasyvoulou A, Hatjina F (2002a) Marchalina hellenica the Honeydew producing insect of pine trees. Proceedings of the 1st Hellenic Scientific Conference of Apiculture- Sericulture, Athens, p. 207-208.
  • Gounari S, Thrasyvoulou A, Hatjina F, Zografou K (2002b) Oviposistion behaviour of Marchalina hellenica (Sternorrhyncha: Coccina: Margarodidae). VIIth European Congress of Entomology, Thessaloniki, Greece, Book of Abstracts, p. 280.
  • Gounari S (2006) Studies on the phenology of Marchalina hellenica (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Margarodidae) in relation to honeydew flow. Journal of Apicultural Research 45: 8-12.
  • Gürkan B, Boşgelmez A (1989) Bioecology and population dynamics of the pine scale Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius). PhD thesis, H.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 87 pp.
  • Hadzibeyli ZK ((1969) On Marchalina caucasica, sp. N. (Homoptera, Coccidea) from the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye 48: 391-398.
  • Hatjina F, Gounari S, Thrasyvoulou A, Kalapanida M, Tsellios D (2002) Honeydew producing insects of pine trees. Proceedings of the 1st Hellenic Scientific Conference of Apiculture- Sericulture, Athens, p. 95.
  • Hodgson C, Gounari S (2006) Morphology of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Coccidea: Marchalinidae) from Greece, with a discussion on the identity of M. caucasica Hadzibeyli from Caucasus. Zootaxa 1196: 1-32.
  • Kailidis D (1965) Monophlebus hellenicus (Marchalina hellenica) Genn. The pine insect feeder of honey bees. Dasika Chronika 81/82: 305-321.
  • Koteja J (1996) Scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) a day after. In: Schaefer CW, Thomas Say Publications in Entomology (Proceedings) Studies on Hemipteran Phylogeny. Lanham, MD: Entological Society of America, pp. 65-88.
  • Margaritopoulos, J.T., Bacandritsos, N. & Pekas, A. N. (2003). Genetic variation of Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) sampled from different hosts and localities in Greece. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93: 447– 453.
  • Nikolopoulos C (1959) Beekeeping flora of Attica, Athens, Greece.
  • Nikolopoulos C (1964) On discovering the until now unknown male insect of the species Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius). Agricultural University of Athens, Greece, 16 pp.
  • Nikolopoulos C (1965) Morphology and biology of the species Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae-Coclostomidiinae). Agricultural University of Athens, Greece, 16 pp.
  • Pollini A (1998) Manuale di entomologia Applicata. Edagricole Edizioni Agricole: 345-456.
  • Priore R, Marotta S, Sollino G (1996) Ciclo biologico di Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Homoptera, Coccidea: Marchalinidae) su spp. Nell‘isola di Ischia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria “Filippo Silvestri” 52: 35-41.
  • Sabatini AG, Marcazzan GI, Colombo R, Carpana E, Serra G (2001) Analyticla determination of honey sugars. In: Industric Alimentari XL: 623627.
  • Santas LA (1979) Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius), an important insect for apiculture in Greece. Proceedings of the XXVII International Congress of Apiculture, Athens: 419-422.
  • Santas LA (1983) Insects producing honeydew exploited by bees in Greece. Apidologie 14: 93-103.
  • Selmi E (1983) The biology of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Homoptera, Margarodidae) in Marmara region.İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri A, Sayi 33, pp. 93-103.
  • Tananaki Ch (2004) A comparison of volatile characteristics of Greek and Turkish pine honey. Proceedings of the 2nd Hellenic Scientific Conference of Apiculture- Sericulture, Athens, p. 59.
  • Thrasyvoulou A, Manikis I (1996) Some physicochemicals and microscopic characteristics of Greek unifloral honeys. Apidologie 26, 441-452.
  • Tranfaglia A, Tremblay E (1984) Faunistic and systematic studies on Italian scale insects. Verh. SIEEC X Budapest: 372-374.
  • Xidias TA (1975) Thasos and Kassandra the biggest beekeeping areas of Greece. Melissokomiki Ellas 289: 8-12.
  • Yeşil A, Gürkan B, Saraçoğlu O, Zengin H (2005) Effect of the pest Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Homoptera, Margarodidae) on the growth parameters of Pinus brutia Ten in Mugla Region (Turkey). Polish Journal of Ecology 53: 451-458.
  • Zafiri S.G., Fasseas C,P. and N.G. Emmanouel (2007). An approach to the investigation of the Marchallina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in pine. 12th Congress of Hellenic Entomological Society, Larnaka, Cyprus, Proceedings p.106.

PORTRAIT OF MARCHALINA HELLENICA GENNADIUS (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE), THE MAIN PRODUCING INSECT OF PINE HONEYDEW-BIOLOGY, GENETIC VARIABILITY AND HONEY PRODUCTION

Year 2009, Volume: 09 Issue: 4, 162 - 167, 25.11.2009

Abstract

Marchalina hellenica is the main honeydew producing insect of pine trees. It is endemic to Greece and Turkey and introduced to the Italian island of Ischia. It has one generation per year and the adult females appear on the trees only after mid March. Studies on the genetic structure of the insect show that the low genetic variability may be due to the fact that it can not be dispersed long distances in correlation with the parthenogenetic reproduction. The amount of honeydew produced by the insect varies over the year and mainly depends on the size and age of the nymphs.

References

  • Avtzis N (1985) Marchalina hellenica (Monophlebus hellenius) Genn. The most important honeydew producing insect in Greece. Dasika Chronica, 1: 51-63.
  • Bacandritsos N, Saitanis C, Papanastasiou I (2004) Morphology and life cycle of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemoptera: Margarodidae) on pine (Parnis Mt) and fir (Helmos Mt) forests of Greece. Annals de la Societe Entomologique de France 40: 169-176.
  • Ben-Dov Y, S. Gounari, M.B. Kaydan; F Hatjina (2006). Phenacoccus yerushalmi BenDov newly recorded from Greece and Turkey (Hem., Coccoidea, Pseudococcidae) Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 111 (1).
  • Bodenheimer ES (1953) The coccoidea of Turkey III, Istabul- Univ. Facult.des Sci. Rev. Ser. B. Tom. XVIII 2: 91-164 (152-154).
  • Bouga M, Harizanis P, D. Lykoudis (2005). Study of Genetic Structure of Marchallina hellenica. 11th Congress of Hellenic Entomological Society, Karditsa, Greece. (Proceedings in preparation).
  • Çanakçioğlu H, Mol T (1998) –Forest entomology- harmful and useful insects. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi, Yayin No:451, Instabul.
  • Erlinghagen E (2001) Portrait of an insect: Marchalina hellenica Genn. (Sternorrhyncha: Coccina: Margarodidae), important producer of honeydew in Greece. Apiacta 36: 131-137.
  • Fimiani P, Solino G (1994) An exotic insect dangerous to the native plnats of the island of Ischia. Informatore Agrario 50: 65-68.
  • Gounari S, Thrasyvoulou A, Hatjina F (2002a) Marchalina hellenica the Honeydew producing insect of pine trees. Proceedings of the 1st Hellenic Scientific Conference of Apiculture- Sericulture, Athens, p. 207-208.
  • Gounari S, Thrasyvoulou A, Hatjina F, Zografou K (2002b) Oviposistion behaviour of Marchalina hellenica (Sternorrhyncha: Coccina: Margarodidae). VIIth European Congress of Entomology, Thessaloniki, Greece, Book of Abstracts, p. 280.
  • Gounari S (2006) Studies on the phenology of Marchalina hellenica (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Coccoidea, Margarodidae) in relation to honeydew flow. Journal of Apicultural Research 45: 8-12.
  • Gürkan B, Boşgelmez A (1989) Bioecology and population dynamics of the pine scale Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius). PhD thesis, H.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 87 pp.
  • Hadzibeyli ZK ((1969) On Marchalina caucasica, sp. N. (Homoptera, Coccidea) from the Caucasus. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenye 48: 391-398.
  • Hatjina F, Gounari S, Thrasyvoulou A, Kalapanida M, Tsellios D (2002) Honeydew producing insects of pine trees. Proceedings of the 1st Hellenic Scientific Conference of Apiculture- Sericulture, Athens, p. 95.
  • Hodgson C, Gounari S (2006) Morphology of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Coccidea: Marchalinidae) from Greece, with a discussion on the identity of M. caucasica Hadzibeyli from Caucasus. Zootaxa 1196: 1-32.
  • Kailidis D (1965) Monophlebus hellenicus (Marchalina hellenica) Genn. The pine insect feeder of honey bees. Dasika Chronika 81/82: 305-321.
  • Koteja J (1996) Scale insects (Homoptera: Coccinea) a day after. In: Schaefer CW, Thomas Say Publications in Entomology (Proceedings) Studies on Hemipteran Phylogeny. Lanham, MD: Entological Society of America, pp. 65-88.
  • Margaritopoulos, J.T., Bacandritsos, N. & Pekas, A. N. (2003). Genetic variation of Marchalina hellenica (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) sampled from different hosts and localities in Greece. Bulletin of Entomological Research 93: 447– 453.
  • Nikolopoulos C (1959) Beekeeping flora of Attica, Athens, Greece.
  • Nikolopoulos C (1964) On discovering the until now unknown male insect of the species Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius). Agricultural University of Athens, Greece, 16 pp.
  • Nikolopoulos C (1965) Morphology and biology of the species Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae-Coclostomidiinae). Agricultural University of Athens, Greece, 16 pp.
  • Pollini A (1998) Manuale di entomologia Applicata. Edagricole Edizioni Agricole: 345-456.
  • Priore R, Marotta S, Sollino G (1996) Ciclo biologico di Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Homoptera, Coccidea: Marchalinidae) su spp. Nell‘isola di Ischia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria “Filippo Silvestri” 52: 35-41.
  • Sabatini AG, Marcazzan GI, Colombo R, Carpana E, Serra G (2001) Analyticla determination of honey sugars. In: Industric Alimentari XL: 623627.
  • Santas LA (1979) Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius), an important insect for apiculture in Greece. Proceedings of the XXVII International Congress of Apiculture, Athens: 419-422.
  • Santas LA (1983) Insects producing honeydew exploited by bees in Greece. Apidologie 14: 93-103.
  • Selmi E (1983) The biology of Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Homoptera, Margarodidae) in Marmara region.İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, Seri A, Sayi 33, pp. 93-103.
  • Tananaki Ch (2004) A comparison of volatile characteristics of Greek and Turkish pine honey. Proceedings of the 2nd Hellenic Scientific Conference of Apiculture- Sericulture, Athens, p. 59.
  • Thrasyvoulou A, Manikis I (1996) Some physicochemicals and microscopic characteristics of Greek unifloral honeys. Apidologie 26, 441-452.
  • Tranfaglia A, Tremblay E (1984) Faunistic and systematic studies on Italian scale insects. Verh. SIEEC X Budapest: 372-374.
  • Xidias TA (1975) Thasos and Kassandra the biggest beekeeping areas of Greece. Melissokomiki Ellas 289: 8-12.
  • Yeşil A, Gürkan B, Saraçoğlu O, Zengin H (2005) Effect of the pest Marchalina hellenica Gennadius (Homoptera, Margarodidae) on the growth parameters of Pinus brutia Ten in Mugla Region (Turkey). Polish Journal of Ecology 53: 451-458.
  • Zafiri S.G., Fasseas C,P. and N.G. Emmanouel (2007). An approach to the investigation of the Marchallina hellenica (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in pine. 12th Congress of Hellenic Entomological Society, Larnaka, Cyprus, Proceedings p.106.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Fani Hatjina This is me

Maria Bouga This is me

Publication Date November 25, 2009
Published in Issue Year 2009 Volume: 09 Issue: 4

Cite

Vancouver Hatjina F, Bouga M. PORTRAIT OF MARCHALINA HELLENICA GENNADIUS (HEMIPTERA: MARGARODIDAE), THE MAIN PRODUCING INSECT OF PINE HONEYDEW-BIOLOGY, GENETIC VARIABILITY AND HONEY PRODUCTION. U. Arı. D.-U. Bee J. 2009;09(4):162-7.

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