Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Bees Visiting Alfalfa Plant in Turkey and Megachile rotundata F. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Year 2008, Volume: 08 Issue: 1, 17 - 25, 25.02.2008

Abstract

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a cross-pollinated plant and tripping is considered to be a prerequisite of cross-fertilization. The structure of the alfalfa flower is especially adapted for pollination by bees. Since 1980s the observations and collections have been conducted in various provinces of Turkey revealed that about 150 species of bees (Apiformes: Apoidea) including, honey bee, in five families of 30 genera visited alfalfa flowers in Turkey, which is located in the area, where alfalfa supposedly originated. Of these, Rophites canus Ev., Andrena ovatula (Kr.), A..labialis (Kr.) Melitturga clavicornis Latr., Melitta leporina Pr., Megachile apicalis Sp., M. pilidens Alf., M. rotundata F., Anthidium oblongatum (Ill.), Anthophora aestivalis Pz., A. atroalba Lep., Eucera cineraria Ev., E. clypeata Erichson, E. interrupta Boes., E. nigrescens Perez, E. pollinosa Sm., Tetralonia hungarica Fr., T. tricincta Ev., T. graja Ev., Bombus argillaceus Scop., B. armeniacus Rad., B. sylvarum daghestanicus Rad., B. incertus Mor., and B. niveatus Kriech. are the most valuable pollinators of alfalfa in this country, particularly Rophites canus, Melitturga clavicornis, Melitta leporine, Bombus armeniacus, B. sylvarum daghestanicus, and B. incertus have special importance in this respect. The remaining species showed scattered occurrence, the relative importance of different species varied greatly from place to place. It is worthy to indicate that they are important in some restricted locations. It should be emphasized that the populations of wild bees in alfalfa growing areas as well as whole country, in all habitats, are declining rapidly. In Turkey most of the natural habitats have been destroyed in the landscape for the sake of agriculture, industry, road construction, recreation and urban development. Additionally, burning stubble and wheat straws left in the field after harvest, to make ploughing easier, is a practice may be peculiar to Turkey, causes the burning of neighboring huge natural lands. This practice causes to kill the bees directly and gives important damage to nest sites, nest-building materials and food sources. Consequently, if habitat changes and destructions and irregular usage of pesticides continue at its present rate some of the species could well become endangered. To solve pollination problem in alfalfa Megachile rotundata should be imported and started to use in the pollination of alfalfa in Turkey, as a number of countries have been doing so.

References

  • Banaszak, J. 1995. Natural resources of wild bees in Poland and an attempt estimation of their changes, 11–25. In: Changes in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Banaszak, J., Cierzniak, T. 1992. Studies on Apoidea resources in the agricultural landscape of Poland, 49-78. In: Natural Resources of Wild Besin Poland. Ed.: Banaszak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Batra, S.W.T. 1984. Solitery bees. Sci. Am. 250:120–127.
  • Benedek, P., Manninger, S., Devai, G., 1971. Experiments on lucerne and red clover pollination with honey bees. Növenytermeles 20: 145–156.
  • Biesmeijer J.C.; Roberts S.P.M.; Reemer M.; Ohlemuller R.; Edwards M.; Peeters T.; Schaffers, A.P.; Potts S.G.; Kleukers R.; Thomas C.D.; Settele J.; Kunin, W.E., 2006. Parallel declines in pollinators and insectpollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands Science 313: 351–354.
  • Bohart, G.E., 1947. Wild bees in relation to alfalfa pollination. Utah. Agr. Exp. Stat., 8: 13–14.
  • Bohart, G.E., 1957. Pollination of alfalfa and red clover. Ann. Rew. Entomol., 2: 355–380.
  • Burminstrov, A.N., T. Mulyukova and I.P. Dzyuban, 1984. Leaf cutting bees and pollination of lucerne. Pchelovodstvo, 10: 11–13. Carlson, J.W., 1950. Growing alfalfa for seed in Utah. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 125.
  • Cooper, D.C. and R.A. Brink, 1940.Partial selfincompatibility and the collapse of fertile ovules as factors affecting seed formation in alfalfa. Jour. Agr. Res. 60: 453–472.
  • Crane, E., 1972. Bees in the pollination of seed crops. J. R. Agr. Soc. England 133: 119–135.
  • Dimitrov, P. Z., Dimitrova, N. Atanasov and E. Vasileva, 1987. Specific body an number of bees (Hym., Apoidea) pollinating alfalfa in the region of Rousse district. Plant Sci., XXIV (3): 58–62.
  • Donovan, B. J. 1975. Introduction of new bee species for pollination lucerne. Proceedings of the New Zeall Grassland Association 36: 123–128.
  • Dylewska, M. 1974. The role of insects of the Apoidea family on alfalfa seed plantations. Wszechswiat 52: 264–266.
  • Fairey, D. T., Lefkovitch, L. P., 1991.Reproduction of Megachile rotundata F. foraging on Trifolium spp. and Brassica campestris. The 6th International Symposium on Pollination Tilburg, The Netherlands, Aug. 1990. Acta Horticulturae 288: 185–189.
  • Free, J.B., 1993. Insect Pollination of Crops. 2. Edition, Academic press, London, 684pp.
  • Hobbs, G. A., 1967. Domestication of alfalfa leaycutter bees. Publs. Dep. Agric. Canada 1313. Holm, S. N., 1984. Introduction and propogation of the leafcuttng bee (Megachile rotundata) in Denmark. 5th International Symposium on Pollination. Versaillers, 27–30 Sept. 1983. Paris: INRA Publications.
  • Kosier, A., Celary, W., Olejniczak, P., Fijat, J., Krol, W., Solarz, W., Plonka, P., 2007. The decline of the bumble bees and cockoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) of Western and Central Eutope. Oryx 41 (1): 79–88.
  • Levin, D.M., 1961. The dispersion of field bees onalfalfa in relation to a neighbering apiary. J. Econ. Entomol., 54 (3): 482–484
  • Linsley, E.G. and J.W., McSwain, 1947. Factors influencing the effectiveness of insect pollinators of alfalfa in California. J. Econ. Entomol., 40: 349–357.
  • McGregor,S.E.,1976.Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. Agriculture Handbook 496. Washington,DC.,U.S.Dept.. of Agric., 411pp.
  • Menke, H. F. 1954. Insect pollination in relation to alfalfa seed production in Washington. Bull. Wash. Agric. Exp. Stn. No.555.
  • Moczar, L., 1961. The distribution of wild bees in the lucerne fields of Hungary (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Annls Hist.-Nat. Mus. Hungary 53: 451–461. Monsevicius, V.,1995. Fauna of wild bees in Lithuania and trends of its changes, 27-32. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Morthorpe, K. J., Jones, W. A., Ryan, K. M., Holtkamp, R. H., 1989. Pollination efficiency and management of honey bees. DAN 5H – Honey Research Council.
  • Nye, W. P., Bohart, G. E., 1964. Nesting holes fort he affalfa leaf-cutting bee. Circ. UtahAgric. Expr. Stn. 145.
  • O‟toole, C. 1993. Diversity of native bees and agroecosystems. In J. LaSalle and I. D. Gauld, (eds), Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. Wallingford: CAB International.
  • Özkaynak, İ., 1965. Ankara şartlarında Kayseri Yoncası (Medicago sativa L.)‟nın tohum tutma özellikleri üzerinde araştırmalar. A. Ü. Zir. Fak. Yem. Bit. Çayır. Mer‟a Kür. Doktora Tezi, Ankara (Basılmamış).
  • Özbek, H., 1976. Pollinator bees on alfalfa in the Erzurum Region of Turkey. J. Apic. Research, 15 (34): 145–148.
  • Özbek, H., 1979. Erzurum civarında yonca (Medigaco sativa L.) ve korunga (Onobrychis sativa L.)‟daki pollinatör arılar (Apoidea:Hym.), bunların faaliyetleri, meyve ve tohum bağlamaya etkileri. Atatürk Üniv. Yay. No: 516, 1–150.
  • Özbek, H., 1995. The decline of wild bee populations in Turkey, 33-36. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Özbek, H., 1996. Zirai mücadele ilaçlarının arılara etkileri, 140-148. II. Ulusal Zirai Mücadele İlaçları Sempozyumu,18-2 Kasım 1996, Ankara.
  • Özbek, H. and G.vd. Zanden, 1994. A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part IV. Megachilini and Lithurgini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Türk. Entomol. Derg., 18 (3):157– 174.
  • Özbek, H. and G.vd. Zanden, 1996. A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part V Supplement to Parts I-IV (Hym., Apoidea). Türk. Entomol. Derg., 20 (1): 3–17.
  • Pankiw, P. and J.L., Bolton, 1965. Note on a floral mutant of alfalfa. Can. J. Pl. Sci., 45: 228
  • Pankiw, P., J.L., Bolton, H.A., McMahon and J.R., Foster, 1956. Alfalfa pollination by honeybees on the Regine plains of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Agric. Sci., 36: 114-119.
  • Peck, O and J.L., Bolton, 1946.(1940) Alfalfa seed production in northern Soaskatchewan as affected by bees, with a report on means of increasing the populations of native bees. Scient. Agric., 26: 338-418.
  • Pedersen, M.W., 1961. Lucerne pollination. Bee World 42: 145–149.
  • Pedersen, M.W., 1967. Alfalfa cross pollination studies involving three varieties and two pollinator species. Crop. Sci., 7: 59–62.
  • Pengelly, D. H., 1953. Alfalfa pollination in S. Ontario. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. 84: 101–118.
  • Pharis, R.L., and J. Unrau, 1953. Seed setting in alfalfa flowerstripped bybees and mechnical means. Can. J. Agr. Sci., 33: 74–83.
  • Popov, V.B., 1956. Bees their relations to Melittophiloces plants and the problem of alfalfa pollination. Entomol. Rev. USSR, 35: 528–598.
  • Petkov, V.T. and T. Smidchiev, 1965. The role played by bees in pollination of lucerne. XX Int. Beekeeping Cong. II/3, Apimondia Publishing House.
  • Ptacek, V., 1982. Alfalfa leaf-cutter bee, Megachile rotundata in. Czechoslovakia. Proc. First Int. Sym. On Alfalfa leaf Cutting bee Management, 259–264. Canada: University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
  • Rasmont, P., 1995. How to restore the apoid diversity in Belgium and France? Wrong and right ways, or the end of protection paradgm, 53–63. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Richards, K.W., 1987. Alfalfa leafcutter bee management in Canada. Bee World, 68: 168–175.
  • Romasenko, L. P., 1995. Comparative characteristics of fauna of megachilid bees of reservations and other territories of Ukraine, 65-74. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Rozen, J. G., Jr., Özbek, H., (baskıda). Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) American Museum Novitates(in press).
  • Stephen, W.P., 1961. Artificial nesting sites for the propagation of the leaf-cutter bee., Megachile rotundata, for alfalfa pollination. J. Econ. Entomol., 54: 989–993.
  • Stephen, W. P.,1962. Propogation of the leaf-cutter bee for alfalfa seed production.Stn. Bull. Ore. Agric. Exp. Stn. 586.
  • tephen, W.P., 1964. Native bees an untapped pollinator resources. II. International Symposium on Pollination. Bee Wold 47(1) Suplm: 191–194.
  • Stephen, W.P., 1996. The history of Megachile rotundata in the new world and its cosmopolitan redistribution. In Proceeding 27th Ann. Winter Seed School. Jan. 28–30.
  • Tanacs, L., 1977. Flower-visiting bees in lucerne fields new Szeged. Acta Agr. Academiae Sci. Hungaricae, 26: 419–426.
  • Tysdal, H.M., 1940. Is tripping necassary for seed setting on alfalfa. J. Amer. Soc. Agron., 32: 557–585.
  • Usui, M., Nishijima, Y., 1978. Studies on wild bees visiting alfalfa flowers in Tokachi district. Research Bulletin of Obihiro University Series 11: 123–132.
  • Vansell, G.H. and F.E., Todd, 1946. Alfalfa tripping by insects. J. Amer. Soc. Agron.,38: 470-488.
  • Wafa, A. K., Ibrahim, S. H., Eweis, M. A. 1975. Insect pollinators of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Agric. Res. Rev. 53: 199–207.
  • Westrich, P., 1989. Die Bienen BadenWürttembergs. Vol.1., Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart,431 pp.
  • Wilkaniec, Z., F. Wόjtowski, and B. Szymaś 1985. Some investigations on solitary bee hophitoides canus Ev. (Apoidea, Halictidae) nesting in alfalfa seed plantations. Zoologíca Poloniae 32: 139–149.

Türkiye’de Yonca Bitkisini Ziyaret Eden Arı Türleri ve Megachile rotundata F. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

Year 2008, Volume: 08 Issue: 1, 17 - 25, 25.02.2008

Abstract

Yonca (Medicago sativa L.), yabancı tozlaşmaya gereksinim duyan bir bitki olup döllenme fırlama olayının gerçekleşmesi ile vuku bulmaktadır. Bunu da etkili bir şekilde ancak arılar yapabilmektedir. 1980‟li yıllardan günümüze kadar ülkenin değişik yörelerinden toplanan beş familyaya bağlı 30 cinse ait 150‟ye yakın arı türünün yonca çiçeklerini ziyaret ettiği belirlenmiştir. Bunlar arasında; Rophites canus Ev., Andrena ovatula (Kr.), A labialis (Kr.) Melitturga clavicornis Latr., Melitta leporina Pr., Megachile apicalis Sp., M. pilidens Alf., M. rotundata F., Anthidium oblongatum (Ill.), Anthophora aestivalis Pz., A. atroalba Lep., Eucera cineraria Ev., E. clypeata Erichson, E. interrupta Boes., E. nigrescens Perez, E. pollinosa Sm., Tetralonia hungarica Fr., T.tricincta Ev., T. graja Ev., Bombus argillaceus Scop., B. armeniacus Rad., B. sylvarum daghestanicus Rad., B. incertus Mor. ve B. niveatus Kriech. türleri ülkemizde yoncanın en etkili tozlayıcılarıdır. Vurgulamak gerekir ki, ülkemizde yonca bitkisini ziyaret eden arı türlerinin yoğunlukları ciddi bir şekilde azalmaktadır. Habitatlardaki değişiklikler, tahribatlar ve düzensiz pestisit kullanımı bu oranda devam ettiği sürece birçok türler yok olmanın eşiğine geleceklerdir. Bu nedenle, çok önemli bir polinatör olan Megachile rotundata’nın ithal edilerek diğer birçok ülkelerde olduğu gibi ülkemizde de yoncanın tozlaşmasında kullanılmaya başlanması zorunludur.

References

  • Banaszak, J. 1995. Natural resources of wild bees in Poland and an attempt estimation of their changes, 11–25. In: Changes in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Banaszak, J., Cierzniak, T. 1992. Studies on Apoidea resources in the agricultural landscape of Poland, 49-78. In: Natural Resources of Wild Besin Poland. Ed.: Banaszak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Batra, S.W.T. 1984. Solitery bees. Sci. Am. 250:120–127.
  • Benedek, P., Manninger, S., Devai, G., 1971. Experiments on lucerne and red clover pollination with honey bees. Növenytermeles 20: 145–156.
  • Biesmeijer J.C.; Roberts S.P.M.; Reemer M.; Ohlemuller R.; Edwards M.; Peeters T.; Schaffers, A.P.; Potts S.G.; Kleukers R.; Thomas C.D.; Settele J.; Kunin, W.E., 2006. Parallel declines in pollinators and insectpollinated plants in Britain and the Netherlands Science 313: 351–354.
  • Bohart, G.E., 1947. Wild bees in relation to alfalfa pollination. Utah. Agr. Exp. Stat., 8: 13–14.
  • Bohart, G.E., 1957. Pollination of alfalfa and red clover. Ann. Rew. Entomol., 2: 355–380.
  • Burminstrov, A.N., T. Mulyukova and I.P. Dzyuban, 1984. Leaf cutting bees and pollination of lucerne. Pchelovodstvo, 10: 11–13. Carlson, J.W., 1950. Growing alfalfa for seed in Utah. U. S. Dept. Agr. Circ. 125.
  • Cooper, D.C. and R.A. Brink, 1940.Partial selfincompatibility and the collapse of fertile ovules as factors affecting seed formation in alfalfa. Jour. Agr. Res. 60: 453–472.
  • Crane, E., 1972. Bees in the pollination of seed crops. J. R. Agr. Soc. England 133: 119–135.
  • Dimitrov, P. Z., Dimitrova, N. Atanasov and E. Vasileva, 1987. Specific body an number of bees (Hym., Apoidea) pollinating alfalfa in the region of Rousse district. Plant Sci., XXIV (3): 58–62.
  • Donovan, B. J. 1975. Introduction of new bee species for pollination lucerne. Proceedings of the New Zeall Grassland Association 36: 123–128.
  • Dylewska, M. 1974. The role of insects of the Apoidea family on alfalfa seed plantations. Wszechswiat 52: 264–266.
  • Fairey, D. T., Lefkovitch, L. P., 1991.Reproduction of Megachile rotundata F. foraging on Trifolium spp. and Brassica campestris. The 6th International Symposium on Pollination Tilburg, The Netherlands, Aug. 1990. Acta Horticulturae 288: 185–189.
  • Free, J.B., 1993. Insect Pollination of Crops. 2. Edition, Academic press, London, 684pp.
  • Hobbs, G. A., 1967. Domestication of alfalfa leaycutter bees. Publs. Dep. Agric. Canada 1313. Holm, S. N., 1984. Introduction and propogation of the leafcuttng bee (Megachile rotundata) in Denmark. 5th International Symposium on Pollination. Versaillers, 27–30 Sept. 1983. Paris: INRA Publications.
  • Kosier, A., Celary, W., Olejniczak, P., Fijat, J., Krol, W., Solarz, W., Plonka, P., 2007. The decline of the bumble bees and cockoo bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Bombini) of Western and Central Eutope. Oryx 41 (1): 79–88.
  • Levin, D.M., 1961. The dispersion of field bees onalfalfa in relation to a neighbering apiary. J. Econ. Entomol., 54 (3): 482–484
  • Linsley, E.G. and J.W., McSwain, 1947. Factors influencing the effectiveness of insect pollinators of alfalfa in California. J. Econ. Entomol., 40: 349–357.
  • McGregor,S.E.,1976.Insect Pollination of Cultivated Crop Plants. Agriculture Handbook 496. Washington,DC.,U.S.Dept.. of Agric., 411pp.
  • Menke, H. F. 1954. Insect pollination in relation to alfalfa seed production in Washington. Bull. Wash. Agric. Exp. Stn. No.555.
  • Moczar, L., 1961. The distribution of wild bees in the lucerne fields of Hungary (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Annls Hist.-Nat. Mus. Hungary 53: 451–461. Monsevicius, V.,1995. Fauna of wild bees in Lithuania and trends of its changes, 27-32. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Morthorpe, K. J., Jones, W. A., Ryan, K. M., Holtkamp, R. H., 1989. Pollination efficiency and management of honey bees. DAN 5H – Honey Research Council.
  • Nye, W. P., Bohart, G. E., 1964. Nesting holes fort he affalfa leaf-cutting bee. Circ. UtahAgric. Expr. Stn. 145.
  • O‟toole, C. 1993. Diversity of native bees and agroecosystems. In J. LaSalle and I. D. Gauld, (eds), Hymenoptera and Biodiversity. Wallingford: CAB International.
  • Özkaynak, İ., 1965. Ankara şartlarında Kayseri Yoncası (Medicago sativa L.)‟nın tohum tutma özellikleri üzerinde araştırmalar. A. Ü. Zir. Fak. Yem. Bit. Çayır. Mer‟a Kür. Doktora Tezi, Ankara (Basılmamış).
  • Özbek, H., 1976. Pollinator bees on alfalfa in the Erzurum Region of Turkey. J. Apic. Research, 15 (34): 145–148.
  • Özbek, H., 1979. Erzurum civarında yonca (Medigaco sativa L.) ve korunga (Onobrychis sativa L.)‟daki pollinatör arılar (Apoidea:Hym.), bunların faaliyetleri, meyve ve tohum bağlamaya etkileri. Atatürk Üniv. Yay. No: 516, 1–150.
  • Özbek, H., 1995. The decline of wild bee populations in Turkey, 33-36. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Özbek, H., 1996. Zirai mücadele ilaçlarının arılara etkileri, 140-148. II. Ulusal Zirai Mücadele İlaçları Sempozyumu,18-2 Kasım 1996, Ankara.
  • Özbek, H. and G.vd. Zanden, 1994. A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part IV. Megachilini and Lithurgini (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Türk. Entomol. Derg., 18 (3):157– 174.
  • Özbek, H. and G.vd. Zanden, 1996. A preliminary review of the Megachilidae of Turkey, Part V Supplement to Parts I-IV (Hym., Apoidea). Türk. Entomol. Derg., 20 (1): 3–17.
  • Pankiw, P. and J.L., Bolton, 1965. Note on a floral mutant of alfalfa. Can. J. Pl. Sci., 45: 228
  • Pankiw, P., J.L., Bolton, H.A., McMahon and J.R., Foster, 1956. Alfalfa pollination by honeybees on the Regine plains of Saskatchewan. Can. J. Agric. Sci., 36: 114-119.
  • Peck, O and J.L., Bolton, 1946.(1940) Alfalfa seed production in northern Soaskatchewan as affected by bees, with a report on means of increasing the populations of native bees. Scient. Agric., 26: 338-418.
  • Pedersen, M.W., 1961. Lucerne pollination. Bee World 42: 145–149.
  • Pedersen, M.W., 1967. Alfalfa cross pollination studies involving three varieties and two pollinator species. Crop. Sci., 7: 59–62.
  • Pengelly, D. H., 1953. Alfalfa pollination in S. Ontario. Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. 84: 101–118.
  • Pharis, R.L., and J. Unrau, 1953. Seed setting in alfalfa flowerstripped bybees and mechnical means. Can. J. Agr. Sci., 33: 74–83.
  • Popov, V.B., 1956. Bees their relations to Melittophiloces plants and the problem of alfalfa pollination. Entomol. Rev. USSR, 35: 528–598.
  • Petkov, V.T. and T. Smidchiev, 1965. The role played by bees in pollination of lucerne. XX Int. Beekeeping Cong. II/3, Apimondia Publishing House.
  • Ptacek, V., 1982. Alfalfa leaf-cutter bee, Megachile rotundata in. Czechoslovakia. Proc. First Int. Sym. On Alfalfa leaf Cutting bee Management, 259–264. Canada: University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon.
  • Rasmont, P., 1995. How to restore the apoid diversity in Belgium and France? Wrong and right ways, or the end of protection paradgm, 53–63. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Richards, K.W., 1987. Alfalfa leafcutter bee management in Canada. Bee World, 68: 168–175.
  • Romasenko, L. P., 1995. Comparative characteristics of fauna of megachilid bees of reservations and other territories of Ukraine, 65-74. In: Canges in Fauna of Wild Bees in Europe. Ed.: Banassak, J., Pedegogical University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
  • Rozen, J. G., Jr., Özbek, H., (baskıda). Immatures of Rophitine Bees, with Notes on their Nesting Biology (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae) American Museum Novitates(in press).
  • Stephen, W.P., 1961. Artificial nesting sites for the propagation of the leaf-cutter bee., Megachile rotundata, for alfalfa pollination. J. Econ. Entomol., 54: 989–993.
  • Stephen, W. P.,1962. Propogation of the leaf-cutter bee for alfalfa seed production.Stn. Bull. Ore. Agric. Exp. Stn. 586.
  • tephen, W.P., 1964. Native bees an untapped pollinator resources. II. International Symposium on Pollination. Bee Wold 47(1) Suplm: 191–194.
  • Stephen, W.P., 1996. The history of Megachile rotundata in the new world and its cosmopolitan redistribution. In Proceeding 27th Ann. Winter Seed School. Jan. 28–30.
  • Tanacs, L., 1977. Flower-visiting bees in lucerne fields new Szeged. Acta Agr. Academiae Sci. Hungaricae, 26: 419–426.
  • Tysdal, H.M., 1940. Is tripping necassary for seed setting on alfalfa. J. Amer. Soc. Agron., 32: 557–585.
  • Usui, M., Nishijima, Y., 1978. Studies on wild bees visiting alfalfa flowers in Tokachi district. Research Bulletin of Obihiro University Series 11: 123–132.
  • Vansell, G.H. and F.E., Todd, 1946. Alfalfa tripping by insects. J. Amer. Soc. Agron.,38: 470-488.
  • Wafa, A. K., Ibrahim, S. H., Eweis, M. A. 1975. Insect pollinators of alfalfa, Medicago sativa L. Agric. Res. Rev. 53: 199–207.
  • Westrich, P., 1989. Die Bienen BadenWürttembergs. Vol.1., Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart,431 pp.
  • Wilkaniec, Z., F. Wόjtowski, and B. Szymaś 1985. Some investigations on solitary bee hophitoides canus Ev. (Apoidea, Halictidae) nesting in alfalfa seed plantations. Zoologíca Poloniae 32: 139–149.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hikmet Özbek This is me

Publication Date February 25, 2008
Published in Issue Year 2008 Volume: 08 Issue: 1

Cite

Vancouver Özbek H. Türkiye’de Yonca Bitkisini Ziyaret Eden Arı Türleri ve Megachile rotundata F. (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae). U. Arı. D.-U. Bee J. 2008;08(1):17-25.

Important Note: Since the author-referee information is kept confidential on both sides in our journal, both the author and the referees must upload the document to the system after removing their personal information in the review document section.

Note: Authors can also use homepage of our Journal.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

download
 

This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International.