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Foraging Ecology of Bees and Their Role in Crop Production

Year 2004, Volume: 04 Issue: 2, 81 - 87, 20.05.2004

İbrahim Çakmak

Abstract

There are a number of studies on honeybee foraging, and mathematical models have been developed how honey bees make their flower choices. If a model that can predict honeybee flower preferences is developed will be crucial to develop specific pollination protocols in crop production. Flower constancy of honeybees explains why hybrid seed production is so difficult when honeybee is used as pollination vector. Other bees; stingless bees, Indian bees, bumble bees and solitary bees are not easy to use in pollination and economical. Therefore, honeybee is considered as primary and other bees secondary pollinators. Comparative ecology studies suggest that honeybee races that adapted to different ecological areas differ in their flower constancy in some level. In conclusion, flower constancy of honeybee is beneficial when honeybee is used as pollination vector in crop production. Otherwise, reduction in flower constancy can be used in hybrid seed production. The presence of honey bee races that adapted to different ecological areas and differ in their foraging tactics suggest that they can be used for specific purposes in crop production.

Keywords

Bees honey bees foraging pollination crop production

References

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  • Coaker, T.H. 1996. Intercropping for pest control. BCPC Monog. 45:71-76.
  • Çakmak, İ., & Wells, H. 1995. Honey bee forager individual constancy: Innate or Learned? BeeScience 4:165-173.
  • Çakmak, İ., & Wells, H. 1996. Flower color, nectar reward and flower fidelity of Caucasian honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasica). Tr. J. of Zoology, 20:1-8.
  • Çakmak, İ., &Wells, H. 1998. The foraging ecology of Cyprus honey bee (Apis mellifera cypria) and its implications for agriculture. U.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi 14:115-124.
  • Çakmak, İ., Fıratlı, Ç., and Wells, H. 1998. The response of Apis mellifera syriaca and A.m. armeniaca to nectar differences. Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, 22:561-571.
  • Çakmak, İ., Cook, P., Hollis, J., Shah, N., Huntley, D., Valkenburg, D., & Wells, H. 1999. Africanized honey bee forager responses to flower colour correlated reward frequency differences. J. Apic. Res. 38:125-136.
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Arıların Yayılma Ekolojisi ve Bitkisel Üretimdeki Rolü

Year 2004, Volume: 04 Issue: 2, 81 - 87, 20.05.2004

İbrahim Çakmak

Abstract

 Bal arısı (Apis mellifera L.)’nın yayılma ekolojisi konusunda önemli sayıda çalışmalar yapılmış ve çiçek tercihini nasıl yaptığını tahmin edebilen yayılma modelleri geliştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Uygun bir modelin geliştirilmesi durumunda; bu bilgilerin bitkisel üretimde özel tozlaşma protokollerinin oluşturulmasında çok önemli olacağı düşünülmektedir. Bal arısının çiçek bağımlılığı, bitkisel üretimde tozlaşma vektörü olarak kullanıldığında, melez tohum elde edilmesinin neden güç olduğunu açıklamaktadır. Bal arısının karşılaştırmalı ekoloji çalışmaları farklı bölgelere adapte olmuş bal arısı ırklarında çiçek bağımlılığı konusunda değişik seviyede farklılıklar olduğunu göstermektedir. Diğer arılardan, iğnesiz arılar, Hint arısı, bambul arıları ve bireysel arıların tozlaşmada kullanılmaları bal arısı kadar kolay ve ekonomik değildir. Bu yüzden bal arısı birinci derecede, diğer arılar ikinci derecede tozlayıcılar olarak kabul edilirler. Sonuç olarak, çiçek bağımlılığı bal arısı tozlaşma vektörü olarak kullanıldığında bitkisel üretimin ve kalitenin artırılmasını, bunun tersi durumunda melez tohum elde edilmesinde kullanılma olanakları sağlayacaktır. Farklı ekolojik bölgelere adapte olmuş bal arısı ırklarının çiçekler üzerinde farklı yayılma taktiklerine sahip olmaları, bu arıların bitkisel üretimde özel amaçlar için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: Arılar, bal arıları, yayılma, tozlaşma, bitkisel üretim,

Keywords

Arılar bal arıları yayılma tozlaşma bitkisel üretim

References

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  • Boren, R.B., Parker, R.L., & Sorensen, E.L. 1994. Foraging behaviour of honey bees on selected alfalfa clones. Crop Sci. 2:185-188.
  • Corbet, S.A., Williams, I.H., & Osborne, J.L. 1991. Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European community. Bee World 72:47-59.
  • Currie, R.W., Jay, S.C., & Wright, D.1990. The effects of honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) and leafcutter bees (Megachile rotundata F.) on out-crossing between different cultivars of peas (Vicia faba L.) in caged plots.J. Apic.Res. 29:68-74.
  • Currie, R.W., Winston, M.l., Slessor, K.N., & Mayer, D.F. 1992. Effect of synthetic queen mandibular pheromone sprays on pollination of fruit crops by honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 85:1293-1299.
  • Cribb, D.M., Hand, D.W., & Edmondson, R.N. 1993. A comparative study of the effects of using the honeybee as a pollinating agent of glasshouse tomatoe. J. Hortic. Sci. 68:79-88.
  • Coaker, T.H. 1996. Intercropping for pest control. BCPC Monog. 45:71-76.
  • Çakmak, İ., & Wells, H. 1995. Honey bee forager individual constancy: Innate or Learned? BeeScience 4:165-173.
  • Çakmak, İ., & Wells, H. 1996. Flower color, nectar reward and flower fidelity of Caucasian honey bee (Apis mellifera caucasica). Tr. J. of Zoology, 20:1-8.
  • Çakmak, İ., &Wells, H. 1998. The foraging ecology of Cyprus honey bee (Apis mellifera cypria) and its implications for agriculture. U.Ü. Ziraat Fak. Dergisi 14:115-124.
  • Çakmak, İ., Fıratlı, Ç., and Wells, H. 1998. The response of Apis mellifera syriaca and A.m. armeniaca to nectar differences. Tr. J. of Agriculture and Forestry, 22:561-571.
  • Çakmak, İ., Cook, P., Hollis, J., Shah, N., Huntley, D., Valkenburg, D., & Wells, H. 1999. Africanized honey bee forager responses to flower colour correlated reward frequency differences. J. Apic. Res. 38:125-136.
  • Çakmak, İ. Rathore, R.R.S., Ohtani, T., Hill, P.S., & Wells, H. 2000. The flower fidelity of honey bee foragers. Recent Res. Develop. Entomol. 3:15-28.
  • Çakmak, İ., & Wells, H. 2001. Reward frequency: effects on flower choice of honey bee races in Turkey. Tr. J. of Zoology 25:169-176.
  • Çalmaşur, Ö. Özbek, H.,1999. Erzurum’da ayçiçeği (Heianthus annuus L)’ni ziyaret eden arı (Hymenoptera, Apoidea) türlerinin tesbiti ve bunların tohum bağlamaya etkileri. Tr. J. of Biology 23:73-89.
  • Davis, D.D., Carter, F.L., & Jaycox, E.L. 1988. Mixed plantings of upland male sterile and pima restorer for increased bee pollination in production of F1 interspecific hybrid cotton seed. Southern Entomol. 13:113-119.
  • DeGrandi-Hoffman, G., & Morales, F. 1989. Identification and distribution of pollinating honey bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) on sterile male cotton. J Econ. Entomol.. 82:580-583.
  • Delaplane, K.S. ve Mayer, D.F. 2000. Crop production by bees. CABI Publishing, University Press, Cambridge.
  • Dominguez-Sanchez, D. Goulsen, D. ve Serna-Ramos, R.L. 2002. Stingless bees asalternative pollinators and their possible competition with Africanized bees in Tabasco, Mexico. Proceedings of the Sixth European Bee Conference, Cardiff, Pp. 129-133.
  • Erickson, E.H. 1983. Pollination of entomophilous hybrid seed parents, In Jones, C.E. and Little, R.J. [eds.], Handbook of Experimental Pollination Biology. Scientific American Editions, USA, pp. 492-536.
  • Free, J.B. 1983. Foraging behaviour of honey bees and bumblebees on Brussels sprout grown to produce hybrid seed. J. Apic. Res. 22, 94-97.
  • Free, J.B., Paxton, R.J., & Waghchoure, E.S. 1992. Increasing the amount of foreign pollen carried by honey bee foragers. J. Apic. Res. 31:134-136.
  • Free, J.B. 1993. Insect Pollination of Crops. Academic Press, London. Grant, V.1994.Modes and origins of mechanical and ethological isolation in angiosperms.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.USA 91:3-10.
  • Giurfa, M., Nunez, J., Chittka, L., & Menzel, R. 1995. Colour preferences of flower-naive honeybees. J. Comp. Physiol. A 177:247-259.
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Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Structural Biology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İbrahim Çakmak This is me

Publication Date May 20, 2004
Published in Issue Year 2004 Volume: 04 Issue: 2

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Vancouver Çakmak İ. Arıların Yayılma Ekolojisi ve Bitkisel Üretimdeki Rolü. U. Arı. D.-U. Bee J. 2004;04(2):81-7.
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