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Islamophobia in European Schools: A Multinational Phenomenological Research

Year 2019, , 5 - 28, 26.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3353411

Abstract

This study, which aims to investigate the existence of Islamophobia in European schools, an important part of the social structure, is designed as a phenomenological study. Data were collected through interviews with 36 teachers working in seven different European countries. As a result of the study, Islamophobia has been identified as an unignorable and a major problem in European schools. Moreover, it reveals that the teachers do not have enough knowledge about Islam, but the majority of participants have open or hidden Islamophobic tendencies. In addition, the teachers think that Islamic lifestyles and Muslims are not part of European cultures and that Muslim students should be subjected to intense cultural training. Again, the majority of the participants argue that the fight against Islamophobia can be achieved through prejudice and communication training for teachers. This study is important in that it is a pioneering work in the literature that investigates the entity of Islamophobia among teachers in Europe.

References

  • Allen, Christopher - Nielsen, Jørgen S. “Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001”. EUMC Vienna, 2002.
  • Baltacı, Ali. “The Legality of Religious Symbols in European Schools”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 21/2 (2017): 793-825.
  • Baltacı, Ali - Coşkun, Mehmet Kamil. “Din Dersi Öğretmenlerine Yönelik Öğretmen Algısı Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi”. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/15 (Ağustos 2018): 1450-1473.
  • Bleich, Erik. “Defining and researching Islamophobia”. Review of Middle East Studies 46/2 (2012): 180-189.
  • Bleich, Erik. “What is Islamophobia and how much is there? Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept”. American Behavioral Scientist 55/12 (2011): 1581-1600.
  • Bunzl, Matti. “Between anti‐Semitism and Islamophobia: Some thoughts on the new Europe”. American Ethnologist 32/4 (2005): 499-508.
  • Burton, Christopher R. “Living with stroke: a phenomenological study”. Journal of advanced nursing 32/2 (2000): 301-309.
  • Casey, Edward S. Remembering: A phenomenological study. Indiana University Press, 2009.
  • Davie, Grace. Religion in modern Europe: A memory mutates. OUP Oxford, 2000.
  • Delanty, Gerard. “Dilemmas of secularism: Europe, religion and the problem of pluralism”. Identity, belonging and migration 17 (2008): 78.
  • Fredriksson, Ulf. “Changes of education policies within the European Union in the light of globalisation”. European Educational Research Journal 2/4 (2003): 522-546.
  • Frost, Diane. “Islamophobia: examining causal links between the media and ‘race hate’ from ‘below’”. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 28/11/12 (2008): 564-578.
  • Gardner, Rod - Karakaşoğlus, Yasemin - Luchtenberg, Sigrid. “Islamophobia in the media: A response from multicultural education”. Intercultural education 19/2 (2008): 119-136.
  • Hoffmann, Elizabeth A. “Open-ended interviews, power, and emotional labor”. Journal of contemporary ethnography 36/3 (2007): 318-346.
  • Hopkins, Peter. “Towards critical geographies of the university campus: understanding the contested experiences of Muslim students”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 36/1 (2011): 157-169.
  • Imhoff, Roland - Recker, Julia. “Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and secular Islam critique”. Political Psychology 33/6 (2012): 811-824.
  • Iqbal, Zafar. “Islamophobia or Islamophobias: Towards developing a process model”. Islamic Studies. 2010. 81-101.
  • Jandali, Ameena K. “Muslim Students in Post-9/11 Classrooms.” School Administrator 69/9 (2012): 32-35.
  • Kalyvas, Stathis N. The rise of Christian democracy in Europe. Cornell University Press, 1996.
  • Miles, Matthew B. - Huberman, A. Michael. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage, 1994.
  • Morgan, George. Global Islamophobia: Muslims and moral panic in the West. Routledge, 2016.
  • Özyürek, Esra. “The politics of cultural unification, secularism, and the place of Islam in the new Europe”. American Ethnologist 32/4 (2005): 509-512.
  • Ramarajan, Dhaya - Runell, Marcella. “Confronting Islamophobia in education”. Intercultural Education 18/2 (2007): 87-97.
  • Rorive, Isabelle. “Religious symbols in the public space: In search of a European answer”. Cardozo L. Rev. 30 (2008): 2669.
  • Saeed, Amir. “Media, racism and Islamophobia: The representation of Islam and Muslims in the media”. Sociology Compass 1/2 (2007): 443-462.
  • Short, Donn. “Queers, bullying and schools: Am I safe here?” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 19/3-4 (2007): 31-45.
  • Smith, Jonathan A. - Osborn, Mike. “Interpretative phenomenological analysis”. Doing social psychology research. 2004. 229-254.
  • Weller, Paul. “Addressing religious discrimination and Islamophobia: Muslims and liberal democracies. The case of the United Kingdom”. Journal of Islamic Studies 17/3 (2006): 295-325.
  • Zaal, Mayida. “Islamophobia in classrooms, media, and politics”. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 55/6 (2012): 555-558.
  • Zine, Jasmin. “Unveiled sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and experiences of veiling among Muslim girls in a Canadian Islamic school”. Equity & Excellence in Education 39/3 (2006): 239-252.

Avrupa Okullarında İslamofobi: Çok Uluslu Fenomenolojik Bir Araştırma

Year 2019, , 5 - 28, 26.08.2019
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3353411

Abstract

Avrupa okullarında, sosyal yapının önemli bir parçası olan İslamofobinin varlığını araştırmayı amaçlayan bu çalışma, fenomenolojik bir çalışma olarak tasarlanmıştır. Veriler, yedi farklı Avrupa ülkesinde çalışan 36 öğretmenle yapılan görüşmeler sonucunda toplanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda İslamofobi, Avrupa okullarında göz ardı edilemez ve büyük bir sorun olarak tanımlanmıştır. Ayrıca, araştırma öğretmenlerin İslam hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olmadıklarını, ancak katılımcıların çoğunluğunun açık veya gizli İslamofobik eğilimlere sahip olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Buna ek olarak, öğretmenler İslami yaşam tarzlarının ve Müslümanların Avrupa kültürlerinin bir parçası olmadığını ve Müslüman öğrencilerin yoğun kültürel eğitime tabi tutulması gerektiğini düşünmektedir. Yine, katılımcıların çoğunluğu İslamofobiye karşı mücadelenin öğretmenler için bir önyargı ve iletişim eğitimi yoluyla sağlanabileceğini savunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, literatürde İslamofobinin varlığını Avrupa'daki öğretmenler arasında araştıran öncü bir çalışma olması bakımından önemlidir. 

References

  • Allen, Christopher - Nielsen, Jørgen S. “Summary Report on Islamophobia in the EU after 11 September 2001”. EUMC Vienna, 2002.
  • Baltacı, Ali. “The Legality of Religious Symbols in European Schools”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 21/2 (2017): 793-825.
  • Baltacı, Ali - Coşkun, Mehmet Kamil. “Din Dersi Öğretmenlerine Yönelik Öğretmen Algısı Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi”. OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/15 (Ağustos 2018): 1450-1473.
  • Bleich, Erik. “Defining and researching Islamophobia”. Review of Middle East Studies 46/2 (2012): 180-189.
  • Bleich, Erik. “What is Islamophobia and how much is there? Theorizing and measuring an emerging comparative concept”. American Behavioral Scientist 55/12 (2011): 1581-1600.
  • Bunzl, Matti. “Between anti‐Semitism and Islamophobia: Some thoughts on the new Europe”. American Ethnologist 32/4 (2005): 499-508.
  • Burton, Christopher R. “Living with stroke: a phenomenological study”. Journal of advanced nursing 32/2 (2000): 301-309.
  • Casey, Edward S. Remembering: A phenomenological study. Indiana University Press, 2009.
  • Davie, Grace. Religion in modern Europe: A memory mutates. OUP Oxford, 2000.
  • Delanty, Gerard. “Dilemmas of secularism: Europe, religion and the problem of pluralism”. Identity, belonging and migration 17 (2008): 78.
  • Fredriksson, Ulf. “Changes of education policies within the European Union in the light of globalisation”. European Educational Research Journal 2/4 (2003): 522-546.
  • Frost, Diane. “Islamophobia: examining causal links between the media and ‘race hate’ from ‘below’”. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 28/11/12 (2008): 564-578.
  • Gardner, Rod - Karakaşoğlus, Yasemin - Luchtenberg, Sigrid. “Islamophobia in the media: A response from multicultural education”. Intercultural education 19/2 (2008): 119-136.
  • Hoffmann, Elizabeth A. “Open-ended interviews, power, and emotional labor”. Journal of contemporary ethnography 36/3 (2007): 318-346.
  • Hopkins, Peter. “Towards critical geographies of the university campus: understanding the contested experiences of Muslim students”. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 36/1 (2011): 157-169.
  • Imhoff, Roland - Recker, Julia. “Differentiating Islamophobia: Introducing a new scale to measure Islamoprejudice and secular Islam critique”. Political Psychology 33/6 (2012): 811-824.
  • Iqbal, Zafar. “Islamophobia or Islamophobias: Towards developing a process model”. Islamic Studies. 2010. 81-101.
  • Jandali, Ameena K. “Muslim Students in Post-9/11 Classrooms.” School Administrator 69/9 (2012): 32-35.
  • Kalyvas, Stathis N. The rise of Christian democracy in Europe. Cornell University Press, 1996.
  • Miles, Matthew B. - Huberman, A. Michael. Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. Sage, 1994.
  • Morgan, George. Global Islamophobia: Muslims and moral panic in the West. Routledge, 2016.
  • Özyürek, Esra. “The politics of cultural unification, secularism, and the place of Islam in the new Europe”. American Ethnologist 32/4 (2005): 509-512.
  • Ramarajan, Dhaya - Runell, Marcella. “Confronting Islamophobia in education”. Intercultural Education 18/2 (2007): 87-97.
  • Rorive, Isabelle. “Religious symbols in the public space: In search of a European answer”. Cardozo L. Rev. 30 (2008): 2669.
  • Saeed, Amir. “Media, racism and Islamophobia: The representation of Islam and Muslims in the media”. Sociology Compass 1/2 (2007): 443-462.
  • Short, Donn. “Queers, bullying and schools: Am I safe here?” Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services 19/3-4 (2007): 31-45.
  • Smith, Jonathan A. - Osborn, Mike. “Interpretative phenomenological analysis”. Doing social psychology research. 2004. 229-254.
  • Weller, Paul. “Addressing religious discrimination and Islamophobia: Muslims and liberal democracies. The case of the United Kingdom”. Journal of Islamic Studies 17/3 (2006): 295-325.
  • Zaal, Mayida. “Islamophobia in classrooms, media, and politics”. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy 55/6 (2012): 555-558.
  • Zine, Jasmin. “Unveiled sentiments: Gendered Islamophobia and experiences of veiling among Muslim girls in a Canadian Islamic school”. Equity & Excellence in Education 39/3 (2006): 239-252.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Religious Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ali Baltacı 0000-0003-2550-8698

Murat Kayacan This is me 0000-0003-2131-0692

Publication Date August 26, 2019
Submission Date November 22, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

ISNAD Baltacı, Ali - Kayacan, Murat. “Islamophobia in European Schools: A Multinational Phenomenological Research”. ULUM 2/1 (August 2019), 5-28. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3353411.