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Çalkantılı Bir Bölgede Enerji İttifakı: East Med Gaz Forumu'nun Türkiye İçin Etkileri Nelerdir?

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 13 - 22, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Doğu Akdeniz jeopolitiğinin önemi, öncelikle denizcilik iddiaları, erişim ve enerji kaynakları arayışı ile ilgili sorunlar nedeniyle artmaktadır. Bölgedeki Münhasır Ekonomik Bölgeleri (MEB) sınırlama, koruma ve kullanma hakları, deniz gücünün, stratejisinin ve güvenliğinin önemli yönleri olarak giderek daha fazla görülüyor. Yakın zamandaki hidrokarbon keşiflerinin ışığında, kıyı devletleri arasında açık denizdeki zenginliğin eşit olarak nasıl paylaşılacağı konusunda belli bir anlaşmazlık duygusu ortaya çıktı ve Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu (EMGF) adlı ABD destekli bir müttefik grubun oluşmasına yol açtı. Bu gelişmenin arka planında, Türkiye kendisini enerji muammasından giderek daha fazla soyutlanmış halde buluyor. Bu makale, Doğu Akdeniz'de artan istikrarsızlığı, özellikle yükselen enerji jeopolitiği, ittifak davranışı ve bölgenin yakın zamanda keşfedilen doğal gaz kaynaklarının parasallaştırılmasındaki zorluklar açısından incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Açık deniz hidrokarbonlarıyla ilgili bir dizi siyasi, ekonomik ve askeri güvensizlik sorununu ele alan bu araştırma, ilgili aktörler için olası yeni tehditleri, zorlukları, fırsatları ve sorumlulukları vurgulamaktadır. Makale kavramsal olarak "ittifak kurma" ve "müzakere" teriminin daha geniş bağlamı içinde ele alıyor. Özünde, değerlendirme uluslararası ilişkilerdeki temel çok taraflı bileşeni kabul eder ve enerji kaynaklarının bulundurulması, temini ve dağıtımındaki faktörlerin bölgedeki çatışma ve işbirliği görünümünü nasıl etkileyebileceğini gösteren sorunları analiz eder. MEB anlaşmazlığındaki koalisyon düzenlemelerinin anlaşma yapma davranışını gösterdiği ve doğası gereği gönüllü ve istikrarsız olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Türkiye, tüm paydaşları dahil edebilmeli ve karşılıklı kazanç için seçenekler icat edebilecek olumlu bir atmosfer yaratabilmeli ve EMGF koalisyonunun bazı üyelerini, eğer kendi alternatif bir koalisyonu oluşturmuyorsa havuç ve sopayla çekmeye çalışmalıdır. Bu, bölgedeki enerji kaynaklarına erişim, araştırma ve bunları kullanma çabasıyla ilişkili riskleri ve güvenlik açıklarını azaltabilir. Makale nihayetinde, çatışan taraflar arasında güven oluşturmak ve rakip deniz sınırlaması iddiaları ve bölgedeki çok taraflı deniz güvenliği yönetişimi üzerindeki temel farklılıkları çözmek için yoğun siyasi angajmanların geliştirilmesi gibi hidrokarbon güvenliği zorluklarının ele alınabileceği araçları tartışmaya çalışmaktadır. Özellikle bölgesel ittifakların rolü ile ilgili olarak.

References

  • Al-Monitor (2019a). “Mediterranean Drilling Produces Spurt of ‘Diplomacy’ https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/09/turkeyegypt-cyprus-diplomacy-war-mediterranean-intensifies.html. September 28, 2019.
  • Al-Monitor (2019b), “What’s Behind the Egypt, Cyprus Rapprochement,” https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/egypt-cyprus-greece-rapprochement-alllevels-facing-turkey.html. October 1, 2019.
  • Al-Monitor (2019c), “Libya has outsized Importance for Turkey’s Mediterranean plans,” https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/07/turkey-libya-meansbeyond-a-country-for-ankara.html. October 2, 2019.
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  • CHİGAS D. (2014). “Pre-negotiation,” International Negotiations, Lecture 3, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
  • CHİGAS D. (2014), Prof. Eileen Babbitt. “Power, Strategy, and Tactics in Negotiations,” International Negotiations, Lecture 4, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
  • CHİGAS D. (2014), Prof. Eileen Babbitt. “Psychological Processes in Negotiation,” International Negotiations, Lecture 5, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
  • CORDESMAN A. (2013). “Conflict and Order in the Middle East - The Future of Warfare in the 21st Century”, ECSSR, Abu Dhabi, 10 April 2013.
  • CUBUKCUOGLU, S., Saner, S. (2018). "Aspects of Hydrocarbon Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: Maritime Claims, Access, and Quest for Energy Resources". Turkish Journal of Energy Policy 3, 26-39.
  • Daily Sabah (2019). “The geopolitics of natural gas resources in East Mediterranean,” https://www.dailysabah.com/oped/2019/09/09/the-geopolitics-of-natural-gas-resources-in-east-mediterranean. October 7, 2019.
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  • Ekathimerini (2018), “Turkish defense minister accuses Greece of violating Libyan Continental Shelf,” http://www.ekathimerini.com/234574/article/ekathimerini/news/turkish-defense-minister-accuses-greece-ofviolating-libyan-continental-shelf. October 20, 2019.
  • Ekathimerini (2019), “Eni won’t drill wells off Cyprus if warships sent in, CEO says,” http://www.ekathimerini.com/245375/article/ekathimerini/news/eni-wontdrill-wells-off-cyprus-if-warships-sent-in-ceo-says. October 13, 2019.
  • HATTENDORF J. B., Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean: Past, Present, and Future, Şu kitabın içinde Editör Stephan C. Calleya, Bridging History and Future Security Policy, London: Frank Cass Publishers.
  • Hurriyet Daily News (2019). “Greek Cyprus offers 30 pct off gas income to Turkish Cyprus,” http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/greek-cyprus-offers-30-pct-ofgas-income-to-turkish-cyprus-146356. October 9, 2019. International Crisis Group (2012). Aphrodite’s Gift: Can Cypriot Gas Power a New Dialogue, Europe Report No: 216.
  • Jerusalem Post (2019). “Who Benefits from the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum,” https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Who-benefits-from-the-Eastern-Mediterranean-Gas-Forum-580737. October 13, 2019.
  • LONG A. (2013). “Asymmetrical Warfare and International Terrorism - The Future of Warfare in the 21st Century”, ECSSR, Abu Dhabi.
  • Nasser S. and Associates (2019). “Weekly Economic Commentary”, available from https://nassersaidi.com/2019/08/25/weekly-economic-commentary-aug-25-2019/. September 30, 2019.
  • POLAT S. (2019). Mavi Vatan için Jeopolitik Rota: Doğu Akdeniz, Kıbrıs ve Ege’deki Kavgayı Anlatan Tespitler ve Öneriler, İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.
  • The Guardian (2019). “Cyprus: likely gas field find raises prospect of tension with Turkey,” https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/25/cyprus-gasfield-find-raises-prospect-fresh-tension-turkey-exxonmobil. October 6, 2019.
  • TÜDAV (2019). Akdeniz Türkiye'ye kapanıyor mu? http://www.tudav.org/ August 24, 2019.
  • Valansi, K. (2019). “Türkiye neden Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu’nun dışında kaldı? YouTube video, 17:51, “Medyascope,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n056fMhHIPA. January 25, 2019,
  • UN, UNCLOS, “Part VI: Continental Shelf,” 1983. Accessed October 7, 2019. Available from https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part6.htm.
  • Yeni Şafak (2019). “The forum aiming to ostracize Turkey from the East Mediterranean,” https://www.yenisafak.com/en/columns/erdaltanaskaragol/the-forum-aimingto-ostracize-turkey-from-the-east-mediterranean-2047116 October 16, 2019.

Energy Alliance in a Turbulent Region What are Implications of the East Med Gas Forum for Turkey ?

Year 2021, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 13 - 22, 30.12.2021

Abstract

Geopolitics of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea is heightened in importance primarily due to issues related to maritime claims, access, and the quest for energy resources. Rights to demarcate, protect, and exploit Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) in the region are increasingly considered as significant aspects of sea power, strategy and security. In the light of recent hydrocarbon discoveries, a certain sense of disagreement has arisen among littoral states on how to equitable share the off-shore wealth, leading to formation of a U.S.-backed allied group named the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum (EMGF). Against the backdrop of this development, Turkey increasingly finds itself isolated from the energy conundrum. This paper seeks to examine the mounting instability in the Eastern Mediterranean particularly with regards to rising energy geopolitics, alliance behavior, and challenges in monetization of the region’s recently discovered natural gas resources. By addressing a range of political, economic, and military insecurity issues related to offshore hydrocarbons, this research highlights possible emergent threats, challenges, opportunities, and responsibilities for related actors. The paper conceptually views “alliance building” within the broader context of the term “negotiation” itself. Intrinsically, the assessment recognizes the essential multilateral component in international relations and analyses issues that illustrate how factors in the possession, supply, and distribution of energy resources may impact the outlook of conflict and cooperation in the region. It is argued that coalitional arrangements in the EEZ dispute depict deal-making behavior and are inherently voluntary and unstable. Turkey should be able to engage all stakeholders and create a positive atmosphere to invent options for mutual gain and try to pull away some members of the EMGF coalition, by carrots and sticks, if not form an alternative coalition of their own. This can reduce risks and vulnerabilities associated with the endeavor of accessing, exploring, and exploiting energy resources in the region. The paper ultimately seeks to discuss the instruments through which hydrocarbon security challenges can be addressed such as advancement of intensive political engagement among conflicting parties to build confidence and resolve fundamental differences over competing claims of maritime delimitation, and of multilateral maritime security governance in the region, particularly in reference to the role of regional alliances.

References

  • Al-Monitor (2019a). “Mediterranean Drilling Produces Spurt of ‘Diplomacy’ https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/09/turkeyegypt-cyprus-diplomacy-war-mediterranean-intensifies.html. September 28, 2019.
  • Al-Monitor (2019b), “What’s Behind the Egypt, Cyprus Rapprochement,” https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/08/egypt-cyprus-greece-rapprochement-alllevels-facing-turkey.html. October 1, 2019.
  • Al-Monitor (2019c), “Libya has outsized Importance for Turkey’s Mediterranean plans,” https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2019/07/turkey-libya-meansbeyond-a-country-for-ankara.html. October 2, 2019.
  • BEDERMAN, D. J. (2010). International Law Frameworks, New York: Thomson Reuters Foundation Press.
  • CHİGAS D. (2014). “Pre-negotiation,” International Negotiations, Lecture 3, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
  • CHİGAS D. (2014), Prof. Eileen Babbitt. “Power, Strategy, and Tactics in Negotiations,” International Negotiations, Lecture 4, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
  • CHİGAS D. (2014), Prof. Eileen Babbitt. “Psychological Processes in Negotiation,” International Negotiations, Lecture 5, The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University.
  • CORDESMAN A. (2013). “Conflict and Order in the Middle East - The Future of Warfare in the 21st Century”, ECSSR, Abu Dhabi, 10 April 2013.
  • CUBUKCUOGLU, S., Saner, S. (2018). "Aspects of Hydrocarbon Security in the Eastern Mediterranean: Maritime Claims, Access, and Quest for Energy Resources". Turkish Journal of Energy Policy 3, 26-39.
  • Daily Sabah (2019). “The geopolitics of natural gas resources in East Mediterranean,” https://www.dailysabah.com/oped/2019/09/09/the-geopolitics-of-natural-gas-resources-in-east-mediterranean. October 7, 2019.
  • Ekathimerini (2014), “Greece, Cyprus and Israel eye tripartite talks,” http://www.ekathimerini.com/4dcgi/_w_articles_wsite1_1_10/11/2014_544464. October 7, 2019.
  • Ekathimerini (2018), “Turkish defense minister accuses Greece of violating Libyan Continental Shelf,” http://www.ekathimerini.com/234574/article/ekathimerini/news/turkish-defense-minister-accuses-greece-ofviolating-libyan-continental-shelf. October 20, 2019.
  • Ekathimerini (2019), “Eni won’t drill wells off Cyprus if warships sent in, CEO says,” http://www.ekathimerini.com/245375/article/ekathimerini/news/eni-wontdrill-wells-off-cyprus-if-warships-sent-in-ceo-says. October 13, 2019.
  • HATTENDORF J. B., Naval Policy and Strategy in the Mediterranean: Past, Present, and Future, Şu kitabın içinde Editör Stephan C. Calleya, Bridging History and Future Security Policy, London: Frank Cass Publishers.
  • Hurriyet Daily News (2019). “Greek Cyprus offers 30 pct off gas income to Turkish Cyprus,” http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/greek-cyprus-offers-30-pct-ofgas-income-to-turkish-cyprus-146356. October 9, 2019. International Crisis Group (2012). Aphrodite’s Gift: Can Cypriot Gas Power a New Dialogue, Europe Report No: 216.
  • Jerusalem Post (2019). “Who Benefits from the Eastern Mediterranean Gas Forum,” https://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Who-benefits-from-the-Eastern-Mediterranean-Gas-Forum-580737. October 13, 2019.
  • LONG A. (2013). “Asymmetrical Warfare and International Terrorism - The Future of Warfare in the 21st Century”, ECSSR, Abu Dhabi.
  • Nasser S. and Associates (2019). “Weekly Economic Commentary”, available from https://nassersaidi.com/2019/08/25/weekly-economic-commentary-aug-25-2019/. September 30, 2019.
  • POLAT S. (2019). Mavi Vatan için Jeopolitik Rota: Doğu Akdeniz, Kıbrıs ve Ege’deki Kavgayı Anlatan Tespitler ve Öneriler, İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları.
  • The Guardian (2019). “Cyprus: likely gas field find raises prospect of tension with Turkey,” https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/25/cyprus-gasfield-find-raises-prospect-fresh-tension-turkey-exxonmobil. October 6, 2019.
  • TÜDAV (2019). Akdeniz Türkiye'ye kapanıyor mu? http://www.tudav.org/ August 24, 2019.
  • Valansi, K. (2019). “Türkiye neden Doğu Akdeniz Gaz Forumu’nun dışında kaldı? YouTube video, 17:51, “Medyascope,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n056fMhHIPA. January 25, 2019,
  • UN, UNCLOS, “Part VI: Continental Shelf,” 1983. Accessed October 7, 2019. Available from https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part6.htm.
  • Yeni Şafak (2019). “The forum aiming to ostracize Turkey from the East Mediterranean,” https://www.yenisafak.com/en/columns/erdaltanaskaragol/the-forum-aimingto-ostracize-turkey-from-the-east-mediterranean-2047116 October 16, 2019.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Serhat Süha Çubukçuoğlu

Publication Date December 30, 2021
Submission Date December 10, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çubukçuoğlu, S. S. (2021). Energy Alliance in a Turbulent Region What are Implications of the East Med Gas Forum for Turkey ?. Türkiye Politik Çalışmalar Dergisi, 1(1), 13-22.