Low Back Pain - Axioms and Controversies

Year 2015, Volume: 1 Issue: 4, 94 - 99, 01.10.2015

Malgorzata Cisowska - Adamiak Magdalena Mackiewicz- Milewska İwona Szymkuc- Bukowska

https://doi.org/10.5455/umj.20151113034026

Abstract

Background: Low back pain LBP is characterized as a pain localized in the lower spine, often with single or double-sided radiation to the buttocks and thighs. LBP is very common symptom that occurs in humans, and its prevalence increases with age. Epidemiological data say about 80-95% of the population who feel, felt, or will feel pain in the lower spine at least once in their life. In the World Health Organization WHO report on chronic pain in primary care, 22% of patients reported chronic pain. Taking to account all chronic pain cases, 48% of them concerned the spine. The correlation of the LBP symptoms with depression, smoking, overweight, triglycerides, employment, hereditary tendency are considered. Some researchers support multifactorial ground for this type of back pain, while others state that damaging of one specific structure cause back pain.

Keywords

Low back pain, intervertebral disc, connective tissue

References

• 1. Domżał T. Neurologiczne postępowanie w bólach krzyża standardy i zalecenia. Pol. Prz. Neurol. 2010; 6(2):59–69.
• 2. Krismer M, van Tulder M; Low Back Pain Group of the Bone and Joint Health Strategies for Europe Project. Strategies for prevention and management of musculoskeletal conditions. Low back pain (non-specific). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2007; 21(1): 77-91.
• 3. Waddell G. Low back pain: a twentieth century health care enigma. Spine. 1996, 15; 21(24): 2820-2825.
• 4. Rubin D. Epidemiology and risk factors for spine pain. Neurol Clin. 2007; 25(2): 353-371.
• 5. Andersson G. Epidemiological features of chronic lowback pain. Lancet. 1999; 354 (9178): 581–85.
• 6. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA; American Society of Interventional Pain Physicians. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain Physician. 2009; 12(4): E35-70.
• 7. Deyo RA, Mirza SK, Martin BI. Back pain prevalence and visit rates: estimates from U.S. nationalsurveys, 2002. Spine. 2006; 31: 2724–2727.
• 8. Deyo RA, Weinstein JN. Low back pain. N Engl J Med. 2001; 344: 363-370.
• 9. Gureje O, von Korff M, Simon GE, Gater R. Persistent pain and well-being: A World Health Organization study in primary care. JAMA, 1998; 280(2): 147-151.
• 10. US Department of Health and Human Services. Healthy people 2010. 2nd ed. With: Understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health. 2 vols. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; 2000
• 11. Chou R, Huffman LH. Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Low Back Pain Evidence Review. American Pain Society, Publisher Glenview, 2009
• 12. Jeffries LJ, Milanese SF, Grimmer-Somers KA. Epidemiology of adolescent spinal pain: a systematic overview of the research literature. Spine. 2007; 32(23): 2630 –2637
• 13. Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, Jackman AM, Jane D, Darter JD, Wallace AS, Castel LD, Kalsbeek WD, Carey TS. The Rising Prevalence of Chronic Low Back Pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169(3): 251-258.
• 14. Palmer KT, Walsh K, Bendall H, Cooper C, Coggon D. Back pain in Britain: comparison of two prevalence surveys at an interval of 10 years. BMJ. 2000; 320(7249): 1577-1578.
• 15. Hüppe A, Muller K, Raspe H. Is the occurrence of back pain in Germany decreasing? two regional postal surveys a decade apart. Eur J Public Health. 2007; 17(3): 318-322.
• 16. Guo HR, Tanaka S, Halperin WE, Cameron LL. Back pain prevalence in US industry and estimates of lost workdays. Am J Public Health. 1999; 89(7): 1029-35.
• 17. Katz JN. Lumbar disc disorders and low-back pain: socioeconomic factors and consequences. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006; 88(suppl 2): 21-24.
• 18. Schwenk TL. Healthcare Expenditures for Back and Neck Pain. Journal Watch. 2008; 7(2), Massachusetts Medical Society 2008.
• 19. Currie SR, Wang J. Chronic back pain and major depression in the general Canadian population. Pain. 2004; 107(1-2): 54-60.
• 20. Ramond A, Bouton C, Richard I, Roquelaure Y, Baufreton C, Legrand E, Huez JF. Psychosocial risk factors for chronic low back pain in primary care--a systematic review. Fam Pract. 2011; 28(1): 12-21.
• 21. Carroll LJ, Cassidy JD, Côté P. Depression as a risk factor for onset of an episode of troublesome neck and low back pain. Pain. 2004 Jan; 107(1-2): 134-139
• 22. Larson SL, Clark MR, Eaton WW. Depressive disorder as a long-term antecedent risk factor for incident back pain: a 13-year follow-up study from the Baltimore Epidemiological Catchment Area sample. Psychol Med. 2004; 34(2): 211–219.
• 23. Linton SJ. A review of psychological risk factors in back and neck pain. Spine 2000; 25(9): 1148–1156.
• 24. Alkherayf F, Wai EK, Tsai EC, Agbi C. Daily smoking and lower back pain in adult Canadians: the Canadian Community Health Survey J Pain Res. 2010; 3: 155–160.
• 25 Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, ViikariJuntura E. The association between smoking and low back pain: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2010; 123(1): 87.e7-35
• 26. Vogt MT, Hanscom B, Lauerman WC, Kang JD. Influence of smoking on the health status of spinal patients: The National Spine Network Database. Spine 2002; 27(3): 313-319.
• 27. Shiri R, Karppinen J, Leino-Arjas P, Solovieva S, ViikariJuntura E. The Association Between Obesity and Low Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis. Am J Epidemiol. 2010; 171(2): 135-154.
• 28. Melissas J, Kontakis G, Volakakis E, Tsepetis T, Alegakis A, Hadjipavlou A. The effect of surgical weight reduction on functional status in morbidly obese patients with low back pain. Obes Surg 2005; 15(3): 378–381.
• 29.Heuch I; Heuch I; Hagen K; Zwart J A. Associations Between Serum Lipid Levels and Chronic Low Back Pain. Epidemiology. 2010; 21(6): 837-841.
• 30. Bakker EW, Verhagen AP, van Trijffel E, Lucas C, Koes BW. Spinal Mechanical Load as a Risk Factor for Low Back Pain, A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies. Spine 2009; 34(8): E281-293.
• 31. Livshits G, Popham M, Malkin I, Sambrook PN, MacGregor AJ, Spector T, Williams FM. Lumbar disc degeneration and genetic factors are the main risk factors for low back pain in women: the UK Twin Spine Study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2011; 70(10): 1740-1745.
• 32.Domżał T. Przewlekłe nieswoiste bóle krzyża— stara dolegliwość czy nowa choroba neurologiczna? Pol. Prz. Neurol. 2007; 3(4): 216–227.
• 33. Ehrlich GE. Low back pain. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 2003, 81(9).
• 34. Cohen SP, Argoff ChE, Carragee EJ. Management of low back pain. BMJ, 2008; 337:a2718.
• 35. Airaksinen O, Brox JI, Cedraschi C, Hildebrandt J, KlaberMoffett J, Kovacs F, Mannion AF, Reis S, Staal JB, Ursin H, Zanoli G; COST B13 Working Group on Guidelines for Chronic Low Back Pain. Chapter 4.European guidelines for management of chronic nonspecific low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2006;15 (Suppl 2): S192–S300.
• 36. Hancock MJ, Maher CG, Latimer J, Spindler MF, McAuley JH, Laslett M, Bogduk N. Systematic review of tests to identify the disc, SIJ or facet joint as the source of low back pain. Eur Spine J. 2007; 16(10): 1539–1550.
• 37. Jensen MC, Brant-Zawadzki MN, Obuchowski N, Modic MT, Malkasian D, Ross JS. Magnetic resonance imaging of the lumbar spine in people without back pain. N Engl J Med. 1994; 331(2): 69-73.
• 38. Powell MC, Wilson M, Szypryt P, Symonds EM, Worthington BS. Prevalence of lumbar disc degeneration observed by magnetic resonance in symptomless women. Lancet 1986; 2(8520): 1366–1367.
• 39. Peng B, Wu W, Hou S, Li P, Zhang C, Yang Y. The pathogenesis of discogenic low back pain. J Bone Joint Surg. 2005; 87(1): 62–67.
• 40. Peng B, Hao J; Hou S,Wu W, Jiang D. Possible Pathogenesis of Painful Intervertebral Disc Degeneration. Spine 2006; 31(5): 560-566.
• 41. Kalichman L, Li L, Kim DH, Guermazi A, Berkin V, O'Donnell CJ, Hoffmann U, Cole R, Hunter DJ. Facet joint osteoarthritis and low back pain in the community-based population. Spine 2008; 33(23): 2560–2565.
• 42. Manchikanti L, Boswell MV, Singh V, Pampati V, Damron KS, Beyer CD. Prevalence of facet joint pain in chronic spinal pain of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2004; 5:15
• 43. O'Neill S, Graven-Nielsen T, Manniche C, Arendt-Nielsen L. Ultrasound guided, painful electrical stimulation of lumbar facet joint structures: An experimental model of acute low back pain. Pain. 2009; 144(1-2): 76-83
• 44. Cohen SP. Sacroiliac joint pain: a comprehensive review of anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment. Anesth Analg. 2005; 101(5): 1440-1453.
• 45. Hansen HC, McKenzie-Brown AM, Cohen SP, Swicegood JR, Colson JD, Manchikanti L. Sacroiliac joint interventions: A systematic review. Pain Physician 2007; 10(1): 165-184.
• 46. McKenzie-Brown A, Shah RV, Sehgal N, Everett CR. A systematic review of sacroiliac joint interventions. Pain Physician 2005; 8(1): 115-125.
• 47. Rupert MP, Lee M, Manchikanti L, Datta S, Cohen SP. Evaluation of sacroiliac joint interventions: a systematic appraisal of the literature. Pain Physician. 2009; 12(2): 399-418.
• 48. Cohen SP, Hurley RW, Buckenmaier CC, Kurihara C, Morlando B, Dragovich A. Randomized placebo-controlled study evaluating lateral branch radiofrequency denervation for sacroiliac joint pain. Anesthesiology. 2008; 109(2): 279-288.
• 50. Hammer WI, Pfefer MT. Treatment of a case of subacute lumbar compartment syndrome using the Graston technique. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2005; 28(3): 199-204.
• 51. Langevin HM, Sherman KJ. Pathophysiological model for chronic low back pain integrating connective tissue and nervous system mechanisms. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68(1): 74-80.
• 52. Bogduk N. On definitions and physiology of low back pain, reffered pain and radicular pain. Pain, 2009;147 (1-3):17-19.
• 53. Danneels LA, Vanderstraeten GG, Cambier DC, Witvrouw EE, De Cuyper HJ. CT imaging of trunk muscles in chronic low back pain patients and healthy control subjects. Eur Spine J. 2000; 9(4): 266-272.
• 54. Demoulin Ch, Crielaard JM, Vanderthommen M. Spinal muscle evaluation in healthy individuals and low-back-pain patients: a literature review. Joint Bone Spine 2007; 74(1): 9-13.
• 55. van Dieen JH, Selen LP, Cholewicki J: Trunk muscle activation in low-back pain patients, an analysis of the literature. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2003; 13(4): 333-351.
• 56. Hurwitz EL, Morgenstern H, Yu F. Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of low-back pain and related disability with psychological distress among patients enrolled in the UCLA Low-Back Pain Study. J Clin Epidemiol 2003; 56(5): 463-471.
• 57. Dionne CE. Psychological distress confirmed as predictor of long-term back-related functional limitations in primary care settings. J Clin Epidemiol. 2005; 58(7): 714-718.
• 58. Pincus T, Burton AK, Vogel S, Field AP. A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/ disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain. Spine 2002; 27(5): E109-120.
• 59. Moseley GL, Nicholas MK, Hodges PW. Does anticipation of back pain predispose to back trouble? Brain 2004, 127(Pt 10): 2339-2347.
• 60. Giesecke T, Gracely RH, Grant MA, Nachemson A, Petzke F, Williams A, Clauw DJ. Evidence of Augmented Central Pain Processing in Idiopathic Chronic Low Back Pain. Arthritis Rheum. 2004; 50(2): 613-623.
• 61. Panjabi MM. A hypothesis of chronic back pain: ligament subfailure injuries lead to muscle control dysfunction. Eur Spine J. 2006; 15(5): 668–676.