Strabismus in Pediatric Age: A Single Center Experience in Turkey

Year 2019, Volume: 5 Issue: 3, 184 - 188, 01.07.2019

Oguz Guvenmez Asim Kayiklik

https://doi.org/10.5455/umj.20191127100430

Abstract

Background: Strabismus is a clinical situation in which the eyes are not aligned with each other appropriately. The causes, common types, and prevalence of strabismus have not been revealed yet. The study aimed to investigate the prevalence, etiology, and the most common types of strabismus in Turkish children. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective study conducted from April 2014 and July 2018 at our ophthalmology clinic. A total of 70 children with strabismus between 6 months - 18 years of age included in this study. All patients below 6 months and above 18 years were excluded from this study. A detailed history of the complaints, birth, and developmental problems was taken. The examination for strabismus was done with the cover-uncover test, alternative cover test, and Hirschberg-Test. Results: A total of 3800 children attended our clinic during the period of the study. Among them, the total number of children with strabismus was 70. Therefore, the total prevalence of strabismus was 1.84%, in boys was 0.84%, and in girls was 1%. In children between 6 months - 2 years of age, 6 8.5% children had trauma, 12 17.2% had a febrile convulsion, and 2 2.8% had eye diseases. In children between 2 – 10 years of age, 8 11.4% children had trauma, 2 2.8% had a febrile convulsion, 4 5.6% had eye diseases. In children between 10-18 years of age, 6 8.5% children had trauma, and 12 17.2% had eye diseases. Conclusion: Febrile convulsion plays an essential role in strabismus up to the first two years. Trauma is prevalent in strabismus after two years of age. Eye diseases come into prominence in strabismus in advanced ages.

Keywords

Strabismus, squint, children, pediatric age

References

• 1. Robaei D, Rose KA, Kifley A, Cosstick M, Ip JM, Mitchell P. Factors associated with childhood strabismus: findings from a population-based study. Ophthalmology. 2006;113 (7):1146–1153
• 2. Repka MX, Summers CG, Palmer EA, Dobson V, Tung B, Davis B. The incidence of ophthalmologic interventions in children with birth weights less than 1251 grams. Results through 5 1/2 years. Cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity cooperative group. Ophthalmology. 1998;105 (9):1621–1627
• 3. Schalij-Delfos NE, de Graaf ME, Treffers WF, Engel J, Cats BP. Long term follow up of premature infants: detection of strabismus, amblyopia, and refractive errors. J Ophthalmol. 2000;84(9):963–967
• 4. Cotter SA, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean-Cowdin R, Lin J, Wen G, Wei J, Borchert M, Azen SP, Torres M, et al. Risk factors associated with childhood strabismus: the multiethnic pediatric eye disease and Baltimore pediatric eye disease studies. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(11):2251–2261
• 5. Holmstrom G, Rydberg A, Larsson E. Prevalence and development of strabismus in 10-year-old premature children: a population-based study. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2006;43(6):346–352
• 6. Attada TR. Deepika M, Laxmi S. Strabismus in paediatric age (3-16 year): a clinical study. Int J Res Med Sci 2016;4:1903-9.
• 7. Chew E, Remaley NA, Tamboli A, Zhao J, Podgor MJ, Klebanoff M. Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(10):1349–1355
• 8. Hakim RB, Tielsch JM. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy. A risk factor for childhood strabismus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110(10):1459–1462
• 9. Mohney BG, Erie JC, Hodge DO, Jacobsen SJ. Congenital esotropia in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Ophthalmology. 1998;105(5):846–850
• 10.O'Connor AR, Stephenson TJ, Johnson A, Tobin MJ, Ratib S, Fielder AR. Strabismus in children of birth weight less than 1701 g. Arch Ophthalmol. 2002;120(6):767–773
• 11.Bremer DL, Palmer EA, Fellows RR, Baker JD, Hardy RJ, Tung B, Rogers GL. Strabismus in premature infants in the first year of life. Cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity cooperative group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1998;116(3):329–333
• 12.Pathai S, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Prevalence of and earlylife influences on childhood strabismus: findings from the millennium cohort study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2010;164(3):250–257
• 13.Matsuo T, Matsuo C. Comparison of prevalence rates of strabismus and amblyopia in Japanese elementary school children between the years 2003 and 2005. Acta Medica Okayama. 2007;61(6):329–334
• 14.Cotter SA, Varma R, Tarczy-Hornoch K, McKean- Cowdin R, Lin J, Wen G, et al. Borchert Met Joint writing committee for Multi ethnic Pediatric Eye disease study and the Baltimore paediatric eye disease study groups Ophthalmology. 2011; 118(11):2251-61
• 15.Remaley NA, Tamboli A, Zhao J, Podgor MJ, Klebanoff M. Risk factors for esotropia and exotropia. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112(10):1349-55
• 16.Cass EE. Divergent strabismus. Br J Ophthalmol. 1937;21(10): 538-559
• 17.Rachael H, Jenkins DB. Demographic variations in the prevalence and management of exotropia. Am Orthopt J. 1992;42:82
• 18.Graham PA. Epidemiology of Strabismus Brit J Ophthalmol. 1974;58(3):224-31
• 19.Mohney BG. Common forms of childhood strabismus in an incidence report. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144(3):465-7
• 20.Chia A, Roy L, Seenyen L, Comitant Horizontal Straismus: an Asian perspective Br J Ophthalmol. 2007;91(10):1337-40