BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 01.06.2013

Deniz Dinçel Serdal Dikmen

Öz

Heat stress is effecting both production and functional traits in dairy cattle. Heat stress became a major concern for dairy cattle breeders, as a result of global warming. Effects of heat stres is being felt more especially at intensive cattle farms in Turkey. Dry matter intake decreases under heat stress conditions which is a major factor of decline in milk yield. And also, under the effect of heat stres somatic cell count of milk increases, several diseases becomes more common (mastitis and lameness) and milk quality becomes worse thus it causes direct and indirect costs to breeders. The effects of heat stres becomes more prominent under the conditions of high humidity and ambient temperature because of the less effective evaporative heat loss. Cows are being affected more from heat stres when the night time ambient temperature is high. As a result of current selection programes, dairy cattle will have more milk production, consume more feed and more heavier than today which will result a decrease in heat tolerance. In this review, it is aimed to give knowledge on heat stres and its relationship with production traits and methods to decrease its effects on dairy cattle.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Heat stress Dairy cows Temparature-moisture Index.

Kaynakça

  • Adin, G., Gelman, A., Solomon, R., Flamenbaum, I., Nikbachat, M., Yosef, E., Zenou, A., Shamay, A., Feuermann, Y., Mabjeesh, S. J., Miron, J., 2009. Effects of cooling dry cows under heat load conditions on mammary gland enzymatic activity, intake of food and water, and performance during the dry period and after parturition. Livestock Science 124, 189–195.
  • Altınçekiç, Ş.Ö., Koyuncu, M., 2012. Derleme: Çiftlik Hayvanları ve Stress. Hayvansal Üretim, 53:1, 27-37.
  • Amaral, B.C., Connor, E.E., Tao, S, Hayen, J., Bubolz, J., Dahl, G.E., 2009. Heat-stress abatement during the dry period: Does cooling improve transition into lactation? J. Dairy Sci., 92, 5988–5999.
  • Amaral, B.C., Connor, E.E., Taoa, S., Hayena, J., Bubolz, J., Dahl, G.E., 2010. Heat stress abatement during the dry period influences prolactin signaling in lymphocytes. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 38, 38–45.
  • Berman, A., 2009. Predicted limits for evaporative cooling in heat stress relief of cattle in warm conditions. J. Anim. Sci., 87, 3413-3417.
  • Berman, A., Folman, Y., Kaim, M., Mamen, M., Herz, Z., Wolfenson, D., Arieli, A., Graber, Y., 19 Upper critical temperatures and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate. J. Dairy Sci., 68, 1488-1495.
  • Bianca, W. 1962. Relative importance of dryand wet-bulb temperatures in causing heat stress in cattle. Nature, 195, 251–252.
  • Bohmanova J., Misztal I., Tsuruta S., Norman H.D., Lawlor T.J., 2008. Short Communication: Genotype by environment interaction due to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 840-846.
  • Bucklin, R.A., Turner, L.W., Beede, D.K., Bray, D.R., Hemken, R.W., 1991. Methods to relieve heat stress for dairy cows in hot, humid climates. Appl. Eng. Agric., 7, 241–247.
  • Chaiyabutr, N., Chanpongsang, S., Suadsong, S., 200 Effects of evaporative cooling on the regulation of body water and milk production in crossbred Holstein cattle in a tropical environment. Int J Biometeorol, 52, 575–585. Collier, R. J., Beede, D.K., Thatcher, W.W., Israel, L.A., Wilcox, C. J., 1982. Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. J. Dairy Sci., 65,2213– 22
  • Collier, R. J., G. E. Dahl, and M. J. VanBaale. 200 Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 1244–1253.
  • Cook, N.B., R.L. Mentink, T.B. Bennett, and K. Burgi. 2007. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 1674-1682.
  • Cook, N.B., R.L. Mentink, T.B. Bennett, and K. Burgi. 2007. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 1674–1682.
  • Dikmen S, Ustuner H, Orman A. 2012. The effect of body weight on some welfare indicators in feedlot cattle in a hot environment. Int J Biometeorol., 56(2), 297-303.
  • Dikmen, S., Alava, E., Pontes, E., Fear, J.M., Dikmen, B.Y., Olson, T.A., Hansen, P.J., 2008. Differences in thermoregulatory ability between slick-haired and wild-type lactating Holstein cows in response to acute heat stress. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 1-8.
  • Dikmen, S., Hansen, P.J., 2009. Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment?. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 109-116.
  • Dikmen, S., Martins, L., Pontes, E., Hansen, P.J., 200 Genotype effects on body temperature in dairy cows under grazing conditions in a hot climate including evidence for heterosis. Int. J. Biometeorol., 53, 327-331. Dikmen, S., Null, D., Cole, J.J., Hansen, P.J., 20 Heritability of body temperature and genetic correlations with production traits in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., (Basımda). Drost, M., Ambrose, J.D.,. Thatcher, M.J., Cantrell, C.K., Wolsdorf, K.E., Hasler, J.F., Thatcher, W.W., 1999. Conception rates after artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows during summer in Florida. Theriogenology, 52, 1161-1167.
  • Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, J.A. Nienaber, and G.L. Hahn. 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, Part 2: Predictive relationships. Biosys. Eng., 91, 111–118.
  • Fisher, A.D., Roberts, N., Bluett S.J., Verkerk, G.A., Matthew, L. R., 2008. Effects of shade provision on the behaviour, body temperature and milk production of grazing dairy cows during a New Zealand summer. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 51:2, 99-105.
  • Fuquay, J.W., 1981. Heat stress as it affects animal production. J. Anim. Sci., 52, 164–174.
  • Gangwar, P.C., Branton, C.C., Evans, D.L., 1965. Reproductive and physiological responses of Holstein heifers to controlled and natural climatic conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 48, 222–227.
  • Gantner, V., Mijić, P., Kuterovac, K., Solić, D., Gantner, R., 2011. Temperature-humidity index values and their significance on the daily production of dairy cattle. Mljekarstvo, 61:1, 56-63.
  • Gaughan, J.B., Holt, S.M., Hahn, G.L., Mader, T.L., Eigenberg, R.A., 2000. Respiration Rate - Is it a good measure of heat stress in cattle? J. Anim. Sci., 13, 329-332.
  • Gaughan, J.B., Mader, T.L., Holt, S.M., Lisle, A., 200 A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 86, 226-234. Giesecke, W. H. 1985. The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 52, 175–193.
  • Gwazdauskas, F.C., 1985. Effects of climate on reproduction in cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 68, 1568– 15
  • Hansen, P.J., 2007. Exploitation of genetic and physiological determinants of embryonic resistance to elevated temperature to improve embryonic survival in dairy cattle during heat stress. Theriogenology , 68, S242-S249.
  • Hansen, P.J., Are´chiga, C.F., 1999. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci., 82:2, 36–50.
  • Hansen, P.J., Drost, M., Rivera, R.M., Paula Lopes, F.F., AlKatanani, Y.M., Krininger, C.E., III, Chase, Jr. C.C., 2001. Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: Causes and strategies for mitigation. Theriogenology,55, 91–103.
  • Hansen, Peter., J., 2009. Review: Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 364, 3341–3350.
  • Honig, H., Miron, J., Lehrer, H., Jackoby, S., Zachut, M., Zinou, A., Portnick,Y., Moallem U., 20 Performance and welfare of high-yielding dairy cows subjected to 5 or 8 cooling sessions daily under hot and humid climate. J. Dairy Sci., 95:7, 3736-3742.
  • Igono, M.O., Johnson, H.D., Steevens, B.J., Krause, G.F., Shanklin, M.D., 1987. Physiological, productive, and economic benefits of shade, spray, and fan system versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat. J. Dairy Sci., 70, 1069–1079.
  • Ingraham, R.H., Stanley, R.W., Wagner, W.C., 19 Seasonal effects of tropical climate on shaded and nonshaded cows as measured by rectal temperature, adrenal cortex hormones, thyroid hormone, and milk production. Am. J. Vet. Res., 40, 1792–1797.
  • J.R.S. Torres-Ju´nior, M. F.A. Pires, W.F. Sa, A.M. Ferreira, J.H.M. Viana, L.S.A. Camargo, A.A. Ramos, I.M. Folhadella, J. Polisseni, C. Freitas, C.A.A. Clemente, M.F. Sa´ Filho, F.F. Paula-Lopes, P.S. Baruselli, 2008. Effect of maternal heat-stress on follicular growth and oocyte competence in Bos indicus cattle. Theriogenology, 69, 155–166.
  • Johnson, H.D., Ragsdale, A.C., Berry, I.L., Shanklin, M.D., 1963. Temperature-humidity effects including influence of acclimation in feed and water consumption of Holstein cattle. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 846.
  • Jordan, E.R. 2003. Effects of heat stress on reproduction. J. Dairy Sci. 86(E. Suppl.):E104– E
  • Kadzere, C.T., Murphy, M.R., Silanikove, N., Maltz, E., 2002. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livestock Prod. Sci., 77, 59-91.
  • Legrand, A., Schütz, K.E., Tucker, C.B., 2011. Using water to cool cattle: Behavioral and physiological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. J. Dairy Sci., 94:7, 3376–3386.
  • Leonel Avendaño-Reyes, John W. Fuquay, Reuben B. Moore, Zhanglin Liu, Bruce L. Clark, C. Vierhout, 2010. Relationship between accumulated heat stress during the dry period, body condition score and reproduction parameters of Holstein cows in tropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod, 42, 265–273.
  • Lough, D.S., Beede, D.L., Wilcox, C.J., 1990. Effects of feed intake and thermal stress on mammary blood flow and other physiological measurements in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci., 73, 325-332.
  • Mader, T. L., M. S. Davis, and T. Brown-Brandl. 200 Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 84, 712–719. Maia, A.S.C., daSilva, R.G., Loureiro, C.M.B., 200 Sensible and latent heat loss from the body surface of Holstein cows in a tropical environment. Int. J. Biometeorol., 50, 17-22. Moore, R.B., Fuquay, J.W., Drapala, W.J., 1992. Effects of late gestation heat stress on postpartum milk production and reproduction in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 75, 1877–1882.
  • NRC. 1971. A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
  • Olson, T.A., Lucena, C., Chase, Jr, C.C., Hammond, A.C., 2003. Evidence of a major gene influencing hair length and heat tolerance in Bos taurus cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 81, 80-90.
  • Overton, M.W., Sischo, W.M., Temple, G.D., Moore, D.A., 2002. Using time-lapse video photography to assess dairy cattle lying behavior in a free-stall barn. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 2407–2413.
  • Ravagnolo O., Misztal, I., 2002. Effect of heat stress on nonreturn rate in Holsteins: fixed-model analyses. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 3101-3106.
  • Ravagnolo, O., Misztal, I., 2000. Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, parameter estimation. J. Dairy Sci., 83, 2126–2130.
  • Rhoads, M.L., R.P. Rhoads, M.J. Van Baale, R.J. Collier, S.R. Sanders, W.J. Shwartz, G., M.L. Rhoads, M.J. VanBaale, R.P. Rhoads, L.H Baumgard. 2009. Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 935-942.
  • Rhodas, M. L., Rhodas, R. P., VanBaale, M. J. , Collier R. J. , Sanders S. R., Weber, W. J., Crooker B. A., 2009. Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 1986–1997.
  • Roth, Z., 2008. Heat Stress, the Follicle, and Its Enclosed Oocyte: Mechanisms and Potential Strategies to Improve Fertility in Dairy Cows. Reprod Dom Anim, 43:2, 238–244.
  • Salem, M.B., Bouraoui, R., 2009. Heat Stress in Tunisia: Effects on dairy cows and potential means of alleviating it. South African J. Anim. Sci., 39:1, 256-259.
  • Sanders, A.H., Shearer, J.K., Vries, A.D., 2009. Seasonal incidence of lameness and risk factors associated with thin soles, white line disease, ulcers, and sole punctures in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 3165–3174.
  • Schütz, K.E., Rogers, A.R., Poulouin, Y., Cox, N.R., Tucker, C.B., 2010. The amount of shade influences the behavior and physiology of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci., 93, 125-133.
  • Shearer, J.K. 2011. Animal welfare issues and lameness. Herd Health and Nurtition Conferences, March’2011, Liverpool, NY, ABD.
  • Shiao, T.F., Chen, J.C., Yang, D.W., Lee, S.N., Lee, C.F., Cheng, W.T.K, 2011. Feasibility assessment of a tunnel-ventilated, water-padded barn on alleviation of heat stress for lactating Holstein cows in a humid area. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 5393–5404.
  • Silanikove, N., Shapiro, F., Shinder, D., 2009. Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the activity of the milk-borne negative feedback regulatory system. BMC Physiology, 2009, 9-13.
  • Smith, D.L., Smith, T., Rude, B. J., Ward, S. H., 20 Short communication: Comparison of the effects of heat stress on milk and component yields and somatic cell score in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci.,, in press. Smith, J.F., Collier, R.J. Harner, J.P., Bradford, B.J., 2012. Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle. 27th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference Book , 65-84.
  • Smith, T. R., Chapa, A., Willard, S., Herndon, C., Williams, R. J., Crouch, J., Riley, T., Pogue, D., 200 Evaporative Tunnel Cooling of Dairy Cows in the Southeast. I: Effect on Body Temperature and Respiration Rate. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 3904–3914.
  • Strickland, J.T., Bucklin, R.A., Nordstedt, R.A.,. Beede, D.K, Bray, D.R., 1988. Sprinkling and fan evaporative cooling for dairy cattle in Florida. ASAE Paper 88-4042. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engr., Rapid City, SD. 12 pages.
  • Suadsong, S., 2012. Chapter 15:Alleviating Heat Stress Leads to Improved Cow Reproductive Performance Book: Milk Production–An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health. pp. 309-330.
  • Tao, S., Bubolz, J. W., Amaral, B. C., Thompson, M., Hayen, M. J., Johnson, S. E., Dahl, G. E., 2011. Effect of heat stress during the dry period on mammary gland development. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 5976–5986.
  • Thatcher, W. W., Flamenbaum, I., Block, J., Bilby, T. R., 2010. Interrelationships of Heat Stress and Reproduction in Lactating Dairy Cows. High Plains Dairy Conference Amarillo, Texas.
  • Thom, E. C. 1959. The discomfort index. Weatherwise, 12, 57-59.
  • Tucker C. B., Rogers A. R., Schütz, K. E., 2008. Effect of solar radiation on dairy cattle behaviour, use of shade and body temperature in a pasture-based system. Animal Behaviour Science, 109, 141–154.
  • Ulberg, L.D., Burfening, P.J., 1967. Embryo death resulting from adverse environment on spermatozoa or ova. J. Anim. Sci., 26, 571–577.
  • Vermunt, Jos J., Tranter Bill P., 2010. Heat stress ın daıry cattle, A review, and some of the potential risks associated with the nutritional management of this condition. Large Animal Stream, 212-2
  • Vitali, A., Segnalini, M., Bertocchi, L., Bernabucci, U., Nardone, A., Lacetera, N., 2009. Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 3781–3790.
  • West, J.W., 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 86, 213121
  • Wheelock, J.B., R.P Rhoads, M.J. Vanbaale, S.R. Sanders, L.H. Baumgard. 2010. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93, 644-655.
  • Wheelock, J.B., Rhoads, R.P., VanBaale, M.J., Sanders, S.R., Baumgard, L.H., 2010. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93, 644–655.
  • Wise, M.E., Armstrong, D.V., Huber, J.T., Hunter, R., Wiersma, F., 1988a. Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress. J. Dairy Sci., 71, 2480-2485.
  • Wise, M.E., Rodriguez, R.E., Armstrong, D.V., Huber, J.T., Wiersma, F., Hunter, R., 1988b. Fertility and hormonal responses to temporary relief of heat stress in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 29, 1027-1035.
  • Wolfenson, D., I. Flamenbaum, and A. Berman. 19 Dry period heat stress relief effects on prepartum progesterone, calf birth weight, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 71, 809–818. Yousef, M. K. 1985. Stress Physiology in Livestock. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  • Zahner, M., Schrader, L., Hauser, R., Keck, M., Langhans, W., Wechsler, B., 2004. The influence of climatic conditions on physiological and behavioural parameter in dairy cows kept in pen stables. J. Anim. Sci., 78, 139–147.
  • Zimbelman, R.B., Rhoads, R.P., Rhoads, M.L., Duff, G.C., Baumgard, L.H., Collier, R.J., 2009. A re-evaluatio of the impact of temperature humidity index (THI) and black globe temperature humidity index (BGHI) on milk production in high producing dairy cows. Proc. 24 th Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, 158-168.

Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1, 19 - 30, 01.06.2013

Deniz Dinçel Serdal Dikmen

Öz

Son yıllarda, süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinde hem verim özellikleri hem de fonksiyonel özellikler sıcak stresinden artan oranda ve olumsuz yönde etkilendiği görülmektedir. Son yıllarda artan küresel sıcaklıklar ile birlikte tüm dünyadaki oldukça önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Ülkemizde de, süt sığırı yetiştiriciliğinin sıklıkla yapıldığı (Marmara, Ege, Akdeniz, Güneydoğu Anadolu) bölgelerde sıcak stresinin etkisi yoğun bir şekilde hissedilmektedir. Sıcak stresinin temel etkisi; yem tüketiminin azalması, verim özelliklerindeki düşüş ve bazı yetiştiricilik hastalıklarının görülme sıklığının artması şeklinde karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Ayak hastalıkları ve mastitis gibi hastalıkların daha sık görülmesi ve süt kalitesini belirleyen faktörlerden biri olan somatik hücre sayısındaki artış ile buna bağlı olarak süt kalitesinin bozulması gibi yetiştiriciye doğrudan ve dolaylı birçok zararı olmaktadır. Çevre sıcaklıkları ve nem oranının yıl boyunca yüksek olduğu bölgelerde (Marmara, Ege ve Akdeniz) sıcak stresi etkileri daha sık ve yoğun bir şekilde görülür. Yüksek sıcaklıklara, yüksek nem oranının da eşlik ettiği bölgelerde yetiştirilen ineklerde terleme yolu ile ısı kaybı mekanizmasının da etkinliğini kaybetmesi sonucu sıcak stresinin etkisi daha belirgin bir şekilde görülmektedir. Gündüzleri yüksek düzeyde sıcak stresine maruz kalan inekler gece boyunca sıcaklıkların uygun düzeye düştüğü durumlarda sıcak stresinin etkilerini tolare edebilirler. Ancak, gece sıcaklıklarının da yüksek olduğu durumlarda inekler sıcak stresinden daha fazla etkilenirler. Son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalarda, sıcak stresinin etkilerinin azaltılmasında etkili olabilecek genler araştırılmaktadır. Bu derlemede, süt sığırlarında sıcak stresinin tespitinde kullanılan yöntemler, verim özellikleri ile ilişkisi ve etkilerini azaltma yöntemleri üzerinde durulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sıcak Stresi Süt Sığırı Sıcaklık-Nem İndeksi.

Kaynakça

  • Adin, G., Gelman, A., Solomon, R., Flamenbaum, I., Nikbachat, M., Yosef, E., Zenou, A., Shamay, A., Feuermann, Y., Mabjeesh, S. J., Miron, J., 2009. Effects of cooling dry cows under heat load conditions on mammary gland enzymatic activity, intake of food and water, and performance during the dry period and after parturition. Livestock Science 124, 189–195.
  • Altınçekiç, Ş.Ö., Koyuncu, M., 2012. Derleme: Çiftlik Hayvanları ve Stress. Hayvansal Üretim, 53:1, 27-37.
  • Amaral, B.C., Connor, E.E., Tao, S, Hayen, J., Bubolz, J., Dahl, G.E., 2009. Heat-stress abatement during the dry period: Does cooling improve transition into lactation? J. Dairy Sci., 92, 5988–5999.
  • Amaral, B.C., Connor, E.E., Taoa, S., Hayena, J., Bubolz, J., Dahl, G.E., 2010. Heat stress abatement during the dry period influences prolactin signaling in lymphocytes. Domestic Animal Endocrinology, 38, 38–45.
  • Berman, A., 2009. Predicted limits for evaporative cooling in heat stress relief of cattle in warm conditions. J. Anim. Sci., 87, 3413-3417.
  • Berman, A., Folman, Y., Kaim, M., Mamen, M., Herz, Z., Wolfenson, D., Arieli, A., Graber, Y., 19 Upper critical temperatures and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate. J. Dairy Sci., 68, 1488-1495.
  • Bianca, W. 1962. Relative importance of dryand wet-bulb temperatures in causing heat stress in cattle. Nature, 195, 251–252.
  • Bohmanova J., Misztal I., Tsuruta S., Norman H.D., Lawlor T.J., 2008. Short Communication: Genotype by environment interaction due to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 840-846.
  • Bucklin, R.A., Turner, L.W., Beede, D.K., Bray, D.R., Hemken, R.W., 1991. Methods to relieve heat stress for dairy cows in hot, humid climates. Appl. Eng. Agric., 7, 241–247.
  • Chaiyabutr, N., Chanpongsang, S., Suadsong, S., 200 Effects of evaporative cooling on the regulation of body water and milk production in crossbred Holstein cattle in a tropical environment. Int J Biometeorol, 52, 575–585. Collier, R. J., Beede, D.K., Thatcher, W.W., Israel, L.A., Wilcox, C. J., 1982. Influences of environment and its modification on dairy animal health and production. J. Dairy Sci., 65,2213– 22
  • Collier, R. J., G. E. Dahl, and M. J. VanBaale. 200 Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 1244–1253.
  • Cook, N.B., R.L. Mentink, T.B. Bennett, and K. Burgi. 2007. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 1674-1682.
  • Cook, N.B., R.L. Mentink, T.B. Bennett, and K. Burgi. 2007. The effect of heat stress and lameness on time budgets of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 90, 1674–1682.
  • Dikmen S, Ustuner H, Orman A. 2012. The effect of body weight on some welfare indicators in feedlot cattle in a hot environment. Int J Biometeorol., 56(2), 297-303.
  • Dikmen, S., Alava, E., Pontes, E., Fear, J.M., Dikmen, B.Y., Olson, T.A., Hansen, P.J., 2008. Differences in thermoregulatory ability between slick-haired and wild-type lactating Holstein cows in response to acute heat stress. J. Dairy Sci., 91, 1-8.
  • Dikmen, S., Hansen, P.J., 2009. Is the temperature-humidity index the best indicator of heat stress in lactating dairy cows in a subtropical environment?. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 109-116.
  • Dikmen, S., Martins, L., Pontes, E., Hansen, P.J., 200 Genotype effects on body temperature in dairy cows under grazing conditions in a hot climate including evidence for heterosis. Int. J. Biometeorol., 53, 327-331. Dikmen, S., Null, D., Cole, J.J., Hansen, P.J., 20 Heritability of body temperature and genetic correlations with production traits in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., (Basımda). Drost, M., Ambrose, J.D.,. Thatcher, M.J., Cantrell, C.K., Wolsdorf, K.E., Hasler, J.F., Thatcher, W.W., 1999. Conception rates after artificial insemination or embryo transfer in lactating dairy cows during summer in Florida. Theriogenology, 52, 1161-1167.
  • Eigenberg, R.A., T.M. Brown-Brandl, J.A. Nienaber, and G.L. Hahn. 2005. Dynamic response indicators of heat stress in shaded and non-shaded feedlot cattle, Part 2: Predictive relationships. Biosys. Eng., 91, 111–118.
  • Fisher, A.D., Roberts, N., Bluett S.J., Verkerk, G.A., Matthew, L. R., 2008. Effects of shade provision on the behaviour, body temperature and milk production of grazing dairy cows during a New Zealand summer. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 51:2, 99-105.
  • Fuquay, J.W., 1981. Heat stress as it affects animal production. J. Anim. Sci., 52, 164–174.
  • Gangwar, P.C., Branton, C.C., Evans, D.L., 1965. Reproductive and physiological responses of Holstein heifers to controlled and natural climatic conditions. J. Dairy Sci., 48, 222–227.
  • Gantner, V., Mijić, P., Kuterovac, K., Solić, D., Gantner, R., 2011. Temperature-humidity index values and their significance on the daily production of dairy cattle. Mljekarstvo, 61:1, 56-63.
  • Gaughan, J.B., Holt, S.M., Hahn, G.L., Mader, T.L., Eigenberg, R.A., 2000. Respiration Rate - Is it a good measure of heat stress in cattle? J. Anim. Sci., 13, 329-332.
  • Gaughan, J.B., Mader, T.L., Holt, S.M., Lisle, A., 200 A new heat load index for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 86, 226-234. Giesecke, W. H. 1985. The effect of stress on udder health of dairy cows. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res., 52, 175–193.
  • Gwazdauskas, F.C., 1985. Effects of climate on reproduction in cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 68, 1568– 15
  • Hansen, P.J., 2007. Exploitation of genetic and physiological determinants of embryonic resistance to elevated temperature to improve embryonic survival in dairy cattle during heat stress. Theriogenology , 68, S242-S249.
  • Hansen, P.J., Are´chiga, C.F., 1999. Strategies for managing reproduction in the heat-stressed dairy cow. J. Dairy Sci., 82:2, 36–50.
  • Hansen, P.J., Drost, M., Rivera, R.M., Paula Lopes, F.F., AlKatanani, Y.M., Krininger, C.E., III, Chase, Jr. C.C., 2001. Adverse impact of heat stress on embryo production: Causes and strategies for mitigation. Theriogenology,55, 91–103.
  • Hansen, Peter., J., 2009. Review: Effects of heat stress on mammalian reproduction. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B., 364, 3341–3350.
  • Honig, H., Miron, J., Lehrer, H., Jackoby, S., Zachut, M., Zinou, A., Portnick,Y., Moallem U., 20 Performance and welfare of high-yielding dairy cows subjected to 5 or 8 cooling sessions daily under hot and humid climate. J. Dairy Sci., 95:7, 3736-3742.
  • Igono, M.O., Johnson, H.D., Steevens, B.J., Krause, G.F., Shanklin, M.D., 1987. Physiological, productive, and economic benefits of shade, spray, and fan system versus shade for Holstein cows during summer heat. J. Dairy Sci., 70, 1069–1079.
  • Ingraham, R.H., Stanley, R.W., Wagner, W.C., 19 Seasonal effects of tropical climate on shaded and nonshaded cows as measured by rectal temperature, adrenal cortex hormones, thyroid hormone, and milk production. Am. J. Vet. Res., 40, 1792–1797.
  • J.R.S. Torres-Ju´nior, M. F.A. Pires, W.F. Sa, A.M. Ferreira, J.H.M. Viana, L.S.A. Camargo, A.A. Ramos, I.M. Folhadella, J. Polisseni, C. Freitas, C.A.A. Clemente, M.F. Sa´ Filho, F.F. Paula-Lopes, P.S. Baruselli, 2008. Effect of maternal heat-stress on follicular growth and oocyte competence in Bos indicus cattle. Theriogenology, 69, 155–166.
  • Johnson, H.D., Ragsdale, A.C., Berry, I.L., Shanklin, M.D., 1963. Temperature-humidity effects including influence of acclimation in feed and water consumption of Holstein cattle. Missouri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res. Bul. 846.
  • Jordan, E.R. 2003. Effects of heat stress on reproduction. J. Dairy Sci. 86(E. Suppl.):E104– E
  • Kadzere, C.T., Murphy, M.R., Silanikove, N., Maltz, E., 2002. Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review. Livestock Prod. Sci., 77, 59-91.
  • Legrand, A., Schütz, K.E., Tucker, C.B., 2011. Using water to cool cattle: Behavioral and physiological changes associated with voluntary use of cow showers. J. Dairy Sci., 94:7, 3376–3386.
  • Leonel Avendaño-Reyes, John W. Fuquay, Reuben B. Moore, Zhanglin Liu, Bruce L. Clark, C. Vierhout, 2010. Relationship between accumulated heat stress during the dry period, body condition score and reproduction parameters of Holstein cows in tropical conditions. Trop Anim Health Prod, 42, 265–273.
  • Lough, D.S., Beede, D.L., Wilcox, C.J., 1990. Effects of feed intake and thermal stress on mammary blood flow and other physiological measurements in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci., 73, 325-332.
  • Mader, T. L., M. S. Davis, and T. Brown-Brandl. 200 Environmental factors influencing heat stress in feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 84, 712–719. Maia, A.S.C., daSilva, R.G., Loureiro, C.M.B., 200 Sensible and latent heat loss from the body surface of Holstein cows in a tropical environment. Int. J. Biometeorol., 50, 17-22. Moore, R.B., Fuquay, J.W., Drapala, W.J., 1992. Effects of late gestation heat stress on postpartum milk production and reproduction in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 75, 1877–1882.
  • NRC. 1971. A Guide to Environmental Research on Animals. Natl. Acad. Sci., Washington, DC.
  • Olson, T.A., Lucena, C., Chase, Jr, C.C., Hammond, A.C., 2003. Evidence of a major gene influencing hair length and heat tolerance in Bos taurus cattle. J. Anim. Sci., 81, 80-90.
  • Overton, M.W., Sischo, W.M., Temple, G.D., Moore, D.A., 2002. Using time-lapse video photography to assess dairy cattle lying behavior in a free-stall barn. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 2407–2413.
  • Ravagnolo O., Misztal, I., 2002. Effect of heat stress on nonreturn rate in Holsteins: fixed-model analyses. J. Dairy Sci., 85, 3101-3106.
  • Ravagnolo, O., Misztal, I., 2000. Genetic component of heat stress in dairy cattle, parameter estimation. J. Dairy Sci., 83, 2126–2130.
  • Rhoads, M.L., R.P. Rhoads, M.J. Van Baale, R.J. Collier, S.R. Sanders, W.J. Shwartz, G., M.L. Rhoads, M.J. VanBaale, R.P. Rhoads, L.H Baumgard. 2009. Effects of a supplemental yeast culture on heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 935-942.
  • Rhodas, M. L., Rhodas, R. P., VanBaale, M. J. , Collier R. J. , Sanders S. R., Weber, W. J., Crooker B. A., 2009. Effects of heat stress and plane of nutrition on lactating Holstein cows: I. Production, metabolism, and aspects of circulating somatotropin. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 1986–1997.
  • Roth, Z., 2008. Heat Stress, the Follicle, and Its Enclosed Oocyte: Mechanisms and Potential Strategies to Improve Fertility in Dairy Cows. Reprod Dom Anim, 43:2, 238–244.
  • Salem, M.B., Bouraoui, R., 2009. Heat Stress in Tunisia: Effects on dairy cows and potential means of alleviating it. South African J. Anim. Sci., 39:1, 256-259.
  • Sanders, A.H., Shearer, J.K., Vries, A.D., 2009. Seasonal incidence of lameness and risk factors associated with thin soles, white line disease, ulcers, and sole punctures in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 3165–3174.
  • Schütz, K.E., Rogers, A.R., Poulouin, Y., Cox, N.R., Tucker, C.B., 2010. The amount of shade influences the behavior and physiology of dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci., 93, 125-133.
  • Shearer, J.K. 2011. Animal welfare issues and lameness. Herd Health and Nurtition Conferences, March’2011, Liverpool, NY, ABD.
  • Shiao, T.F., Chen, J.C., Yang, D.W., Lee, S.N., Lee, C.F., Cheng, W.T.K, 2011. Feasibility assessment of a tunnel-ventilated, water-padded barn on alleviation of heat stress for lactating Holstein cows in a humid area. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 5393–5404.
  • Silanikove, N., Shapiro, F., Shinder, D., 2009. Acute heat stress brings down milk secretion in dairy cows by up-regulating the activity of the milk-borne negative feedback regulatory system. BMC Physiology, 2009, 9-13.
  • Smith, D.L., Smith, T., Rude, B. J., Ward, S. H., 20 Short communication: Comparison of the effects of heat stress on milk and component yields and somatic cell score in Holstein and Jersey cows. J. Dairy Sci.,, in press. Smith, J.F., Collier, R.J. Harner, J.P., Bradford, B.J., 2012. Strategies to Reduce Heat Stress in Dairy Cattle. 27th Annual Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference Book , 65-84.
  • Smith, T. R., Chapa, A., Willard, S., Herndon, C., Williams, R. J., Crouch, J., Riley, T., Pogue, D., 200 Evaporative Tunnel Cooling of Dairy Cows in the Southeast. I: Effect on Body Temperature and Respiration Rate. J. Dairy Sci., 89, 3904–3914.
  • Strickland, J.T., Bucklin, R.A., Nordstedt, R.A.,. Beede, D.K, Bray, D.R., 1988. Sprinkling and fan evaporative cooling for dairy cattle in Florida. ASAE Paper 88-4042. Amer. Soc. Agric. Engr., Rapid City, SD. 12 pages.
  • Suadsong, S., 2012. Chapter 15:Alleviating Heat Stress Leads to Improved Cow Reproductive Performance Book: Milk Production–An Up-to-Date Overview of Animal Nutrition, Management and Health. pp. 309-330.
  • Tao, S., Bubolz, J. W., Amaral, B. C., Thompson, M., Hayen, M. J., Johnson, S. E., Dahl, G. E., 2011. Effect of heat stress during the dry period on mammary gland development. J. Dairy Sci., 94, 5976–5986.
  • Thatcher, W. W., Flamenbaum, I., Block, J., Bilby, T. R., 2010. Interrelationships of Heat Stress and Reproduction in Lactating Dairy Cows. High Plains Dairy Conference Amarillo, Texas.
  • Thom, E. C. 1959. The discomfort index. Weatherwise, 12, 57-59.
  • Tucker C. B., Rogers A. R., Schütz, K. E., 2008. Effect of solar radiation on dairy cattle behaviour, use of shade and body temperature in a pasture-based system. Animal Behaviour Science, 109, 141–154.
  • Ulberg, L.D., Burfening, P.J., 1967. Embryo death resulting from adverse environment on spermatozoa or ova. J. Anim. Sci., 26, 571–577.
  • Vermunt, Jos J., Tranter Bill P., 2010. Heat stress ın daıry cattle, A review, and some of the potential risks associated with the nutritional management of this condition. Large Animal Stream, 212-2
  • Vitali, A., Segnalini, M., Bertocchi, L., Bernabucci, U., Nardone, A., Lacetera, N., 2009. Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature-humidity index in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 92, 3781–3790.
  • West, J.W., 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 86, 213121
  • Wheelock, J.B., R.P Rhoads, M.J. Vanbaale, S.R. Sanders, L.H. Baumgard. 2010. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93, 644-655.
  • Wheelock, J.B., Rhoads, R.P., VanBaale, M.J., Sanders, S.R., Baumgard, L.H., 2010. Effects of heat stress on energetic metabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 93, 644–655.
  • Wise, M.E., Armstrong, D.V., Huber, J.T., Hunter, R., Wiersma, F., 1988a. Hormonal alterations in the lactating dairy cow in response to thermal stress. J. Dairy Sci., 71, 2480-2485.
  • Wise, M.E., Rodriguez, R.E., Armstrong, D.V., Huber, J.T., Wiersma, F., Hunter, R., 1988b. Fertility and hormonal responses to temporary relief of heat stress in lactating dairy cows. Theriogenology, 29, 1027-1035.
  • Wolfenson, D., I. Flamenbaum, and A. Berman. 19 Dry period heat stress relief effects on prepartum progesterone, calf birth weight, and milk production. J. Dairy Sci., 71, 809–818. Yousef, M. K. 1985. Stress Physiology in Livestock. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.
  • Zahner, M., Schrader, L., Hauser, R., Keck, M., Langhans, W., Wechsler, B., 2004. The influence of climatic conditions on physiological and behavioural parameter in dairy cows kept in pen stables. J. Anim. Sci., 78, 139–147.
  • Zimbelman, R.B., Rhoads, R.P., Rhoads, M.L., Duff, G.C., Baumgard, L.H., Collier, R.J., 2009. A re-evaluatio of the impact of temperature humidity index (THI) and black globe temperature humidity index (BGHI) on milk production in high producing dairy cows. Proc. 24 th Southwest Nutrition and Management Conference, Tempe, AZ, 158-168.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deniz Dinçel Bu kişi benim

Serdal Dikmen Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dinçel, D., & Dikmen, S. (2013). Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, 32(1), 19-30.
AMA Dinçel D, Dikmen S. Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2013;32(1):19-30.
Chicago Dinçel, Deniz, ve Serdal Dikmen. “Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri Ve Korunma Yöntemleri”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32, sy. 1 (Haziran 2013): 19-30.
EndNote Dinçel D, Dikmen S (01 Haziran 2013) Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32 1 19–30.
IEEE D. Dinçel ve S. Dikmen, “Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri”, Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 32, sy. 1, ss. 19–30, 2013.
ISNAD Dinçel, Deniz - Dikmen, Serdal. “Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri Ve Korunma Yöntemleri”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 32/1 (Haziran 2013), 19-30.
JAMA Dinçel D, Dikmen S. Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2013;32:19–30.
MLA Dinçel, Deniz ve Serdal Dikmen. “Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri Ve Korunma Yöntemleri”. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 32, sy. 1, 2013, ss. 19-30.
Vancouver Dinçel D, Dikmen S. Süt Sığırlarında Sıcak Stresinin Tespiti, Verim Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri ve Korunma Yöntemleri. Uludağ Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi. 2013;32(1):19-30.